Guard patch_inplace() partial-application test against JSON_NOEXCEPTION

The "distinguishing contract vs patch(): partial application on
failure" test relies on doc.patch_inplace(patch) actually throwing so
the partially-applied state can be observed right after the throw
point. Under ci_test_noexceptions, JSON_THROW() calls std::abort()
instead of throwing, and doctest's --no-throw test filter (which that
CI job passes) makes CHECK_THROWS_AS() a no-op that never even
evaluates its expression -- so patch_inplace() is never called and the
follow-up assertions fail against the untouched original document.

Guard the whole SECTION with #if !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION), following
the same convention already used elsewhere in the test suite (e.g.
unit-class_parser.cpp) for exception-dependent tests.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ jobs:
     container: ubuntu:focal
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_noglobaludls]
+        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_noglobaludls, ci_test_disableenumserialization, ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck]
     steps:
       - name: Install build-essential
         run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y build-essential unzip wget git libssl-dev

cmake/ci.cmake

@@ -242,6 +242,40 @@ add_custom_target(ci_test_noglobaludls
     COMMENT "Compile and test with global UDLs disabled"
 )
 
+###############################################################################
+# Disable enum serialization.
+###############################################################################
+
+add_custom_target(ci_test_disableenumserialization
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
+    -DJSON_BuildTests=ON -DJSON_FastTests=ON -DJSON_DisableEnumSerialization=ON
+    -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disableenumserialization
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disableenumserialization
+    COMMAND cd ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disableenumserialization && ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND} --parallel ${N} --output-on-failure
+    COMMENT "Compile and test with enum serialization disabled"
+)
+
+###############################################################################
+# Skip the multiple-inclusion library version check.
+###############################################################################
+
+# tests/src/skip_library_version_check.cpp deliberately simulates a scenario
+# (mixing two differently-versioned inclusions of the library in one
+# translation unit) that unavoidably triggers the compiler's own "macro
+# redefined" warning, so -- unlike the ci_test_* targets above -- it is
+# compiled directly here, with a modest warning set, instead of being folded
+# into the library's own -Weverything/-Werror unit test matrix.
+add_custom_target(ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/skip_library_version_check
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} -std=c++11 -Wall -Wextra
+        -I${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include
+        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/src/skip_library_version_check.cpp
+        -o ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/skip_library_version_check/skip_library_version_check
+    COMMAND ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/skip_library_version_check/skip_library_version_check
+    COMMENT "Compile and run a translation unit simulating a mismatched library version, with JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK defined"
+)
+
 ###############################################################################
 # Coverage.
 ###############################################################################

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/insert.md

@@ -88,8 +88,6 @@ Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact
       do not belong to the same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
     - Throws [`invalid_iterator.211`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator211) if `first` or `last`
       are iterators into container for which insert is called; example: `"passed iterators may not belong to container"`
-    - Throws [`invalid_iterator.202`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202) if `first` or `last`
-      do not point to an array; example: `"iterators first and last must point to arrays"`
 4. The function can throw the following exceptions:
     - Throws [`type_error.309`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error309) if called on JSON values other than
       arrays; example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`

docs/mkdocs/docs/home/exceptions.md

@@ -933,17 +933,6 @@ BSON stores the length of documents, arrays, strings, and binary values in a sig
     [`to_bson`](../api/basic_json/to_bson.md) produced documents with negative length prefixes that
     [`from_bson`](../api/basic_json/from_bson.md) rejected.
 
-### json.exception.out_of_range.413
-
-MessagePack's ext type and BSON's binary subtype are each stored in a single byte. This exception is thrown when serializing a
-[`byte_container_with_subtype`](../api/byte_container_with_subtype/index.md) whose subtype exceeds 255.
-
-!!! failure "Example message"
-
-    ```
-    [json.exception.out_of_range.413] subtype 70000 is too large for the MessagePack ext type (max 255)
-    ```
-
 ## Further exceptions
 
 This exception is thrown in case of errors that cannot be classified with the

include/nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp

@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <algorithm> // find_if
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <string> // string
 #include <type_traits> // enable_if_t
-#include <utility> // move, pair
+#include <utility> // move
 #include <vector> // vector
 
 #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_parser
 
         if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
         {
-            return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -299,7 +298,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_parser
 
         if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
         {
-            return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -569,7 +568,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
             // check object limit
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
             {
-                return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
             }
         }
         return true;
@@ -586,17 +585,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
         // add discarded value at the given key and store the reference for later
         if (keep && ref_stack.back())
         {
-            auto& obj = *ref_stack.back()->m_data.m_value.object;
-            const auto it = obj.find(val);
-            if (it != obj.end())
-            {
-                // this is a duplicate key (legal in JSON); remember its
-                // current value so it can be restored later if the new
-                // value is rejected by the callback, instead of being
-                // erased together with the discarded placeholder
-                duplicate_key_stash.emplace_back(&(it->second), it->second);
-            }
-            object_element = &(obj[val] = discarded);
+            object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_data.m_value.object->operator[](val) = discarded);
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -608,18 +597,13 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
         {
             if (!callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::object_end, *ref_stack.back()))
             {
-                // discard object, unless this slot holds a duplicate key's
-                // previous value pending restoration, in which case that
-                // value is restored instead of being discarded
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), true))
-                {
-                    *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+                // discard object
+                *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
 
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
-                    // Set start/end positions for discarded object.
-                    handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
+                // Set start/end positions for discarded object.
+                handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
 #endif
-                }
             }
             else
             {
@@ -633,10 +617,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 #endif
 
                 ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-                // this object is finally, definitively kept; drop any
-                // pending duplicate-key stash entry for its slot since it
-                // can no longer be restored
-                resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), false);
             }
         }
 
@@ -679,7 +659,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
             // check array limit
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
             {
-                return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
             }
         }
 
@@ -706,25 +686,16 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 #endif
 
                 ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-                // this array is finally, definitively kept; drop any
-                // pending duplicate-key stash entry for its slot since it
-                // can no longer be restored
-                resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), false);
             }
             else
             {
-                // discard array, unless this slot holds a duplicate key's
-                // previous value pending restoration, in which case that
-                // value is restored instead of being discarded
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), true))
-                {
-                    *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+                // discard array
+                *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
 
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
-                    // Set start/end positions for discarded array.
-                    handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
+                // Set start/end positions for discarded array.
+                handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
 #endif
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -838,48 +809,14 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
     }
 #endif
 
-    /// if there is a pending duplicate-key stash entry for this exact slot,
-    /// remove it from the stash; if restore_value is true, the stashed
-    /// previous value is moved back into the slot first (use this when the
-    /// new value at that slot was rejected); otherwise the stash entry is
-    /// simply dropped (use this when the new value was accepted, so it
-    /// correctly supersedes the old one and no restore should ever happen
-    /// for this slot again)
-    /// @return whether a matching stash entry was found (and processed)
-    bool resolve_duplicate_key_stash(BasicJsonType* slot, bool restore_value)
-    {
-        const auto it = std::find_if(duplicate_key_stash.begin(), duplicate_key_stash.end(),
-                                     [slot](const std::pair<BasicJsonType*, BasicJsonType>& entry)
-        {
-            return entry.first == slot;
-        });
-
-        if (it == duplicate_key_stash.end())
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (restore_value)
-        {
-            *slot = std::move(it->second);
-        }
-        duplicate_key_stash.erase(it);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /// remove the discarded value the callback rejected from its parent,
-    /// unless it is a duplicate key's slot with a stashed previous value,
-    /// in which case that previous value is restored instead
-    void remove_discarded_value(BasicJsonType& parent)
+    /// remove the discarded value the callback rejected from its parent
+    static void remove_discarded_value(BasicJsonType& parent)
     {
         for (auto it = parent.begin(); it != parent.end(); ++it)
         {
             if (it->is_discarded())
             {
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(&(*it), true))
-                {
-                    parent.erase(it);
-                }
+                parent.erase(it);
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -977,16 +914,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 
         JSON_ASSERT(object_element);
         *object_element = std::move(value);
-        if (!skip_callback)
-        {
-            // this scalar value finally, definitively replaces whatever was
-            // at this slot; drop any pending duplicate-key stash entry for
-            // it since it can no longer be restored (a container value at
-            // this slot is resolved later, in end_object()/end_array(),
-            // since skip_callback is true for the placeholder handling that
-            // happens here for those)
-            resolve_duplicate_key_stash(object_element, false);
-        }
         return {true, object_element};
     }
 
@@ -1000,12 +927,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
     std::vector<bool> key_keep_stack {}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
     /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
     BasicJsonType* object_element = nullptr;
-    /// stash of (slot pointer, previous value) for object members that
-    /// already existed when key() was called again for the same key
-    /// (duplicate keys); used to restore the previous value if the new
-    /// value is later rejected by the callback, instead of erasing the
-    /// member entirely
-    std::vector<std::pair<BasicJsonType*, BasicJsonType>> duplicate_key_stash {};
     /// whether a syntax error occurred
     bool errored = false;
     /// callback function

include/nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp

@@ -688,11 +688,6 @@ class binary_writer
                 // step 1.5: if this is an ext type, write the subtype
                 if (use_ext)
                 {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() > (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, concat("subtype ", std::to_string(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()), " is too large for the MessagePack ext type (max 255)"), &j));
-                    }
-
                     write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
                 }
 
@@ -1192,12 +1187,6 @@ class binary_writer
         write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x05);
 
         write_number<std::int32_t>(to_bson_length(value.size()), true);
-
-        if (value.has_subtype() && JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(value.subtype() > (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, concat("subtype ", std::to_string(value.subtype()), " is too large for the BSON binary subtype (max 255)"), nullptr));
-        }
-
         write_number(value.has_subtype() ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(value.subtype()) : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x00));
 
         oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(value.data()), value.size());

include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -3425,12 +3425,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
             JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(211, "passed iterators may not belong to container", this));
         }
 
-        // passed iterators must belong to arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!first.m_object->is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterators first and last must point to arrays", this));
-        }
-
         // insert to array and return iterator
         return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
     }
@@ -3579,7 +3573,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         {
             using std::swap;
             swap(*(m_data.m_value.array), other);
-            set_parents();
         }
         else
         {
@@ -3596,7 +3589,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         {
             using std::swap;
             swap(*(m_data.m_value.object), other);
-            set_parents();
         }
         else
         {
@@ -5165,139 +5157,34 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
 
             case value_t::object:
             {
-                // first pass: record, for every source key, whether it is
-                // common to both objects (in source's iteration order) or
-                // was deleted (i.e., in source but not in target) -- this is
-                // a by-product of the target.find() call already needed to
-                // tell the two cases apart, so it adds no extra lookups. The
-                // "remove" ops themselves are emitted later, interleaved
-                // with the recursive per-key diffs in the fast path below,
-                // to match source's original iteration order (as the
-                // original, pre-reordering-aware implementation did) instead
-                // of grouping all removes before all recursive diffs.
-                std::vector<typename object_t::key_type> common_keys_source_order;
+                // first pass: traverse this object's elements
                 for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
                 {
+                    // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
+                    const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
+
                     if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end())
                     {
-                        common_keys_source_order.push_back(it.key());
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // second pass: find keys that were added (i.e., in target but
-                // not in source), and record the keys common to both, in
-                // target's iteration order -- again a by-product of the
-                // source.find() call already needed to detect added keys. At
-                // the same time, determine whether every added key comes
-                // after every common key in target's order (a precondition
-                // for the fast path below, which only ever appends new keys
-                // at the very end): for an object_t whose iteration order is
-                // a pure function of the key set (e.g. the default std::map,
-                // which always iterates in sorted key order), the order
-                // check further below is always true and this whole
-                // mechanism is effectively a no-op; it only matters for a
-                // reorderable object_t such as the one backing `ordered_json`.
-                // patch ops for keys that were added (i.e., in target but not
-                // in source); built here so the fast path below can reuse
-                // them without a second source.find() per target key. Only
-                // used by the fast path -- the slow (reordering) path
-                // rebuilds "add" ops for every key itself.
-                std::vector<typename object_t::key_type> common_keys_target_order;
-                basic_json added_ops(value_t::array);
-                bool new_keys_form_suffix = true;
-                bool seen_new_key = false;
-                for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
-                {
-                    if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
-                    {
-                        seen_new_key = true;
-                        const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                        added_ops.push_back(
-                        {
-                            {"op", "add"}, {"path", path_key},
-                            {"value", it.value()}
-                        });
+                        // recursive call to compare object values at key it
+                        auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path_key);
+                        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        common_keys_target_order.push_back(it.key());
-                        if (seen_new_key)
-                        {
-                            new_keys_form_suffix = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (common_keys_source_order == common_keys_target_order && new_keys_form_suffix)
-                {
-                    // fast path: order of common keys already matches (or the
-                    // object_t's iteration order does not depend on
-                    // insertion history), so a plain per-key recursive diff
-                    // is correct and minimal, as before. common_keys_source_order
-                    // is, by construction, the subsequence of source's keys
-                    // that are common to both objects, in source's iteration
-                    // order -- so it can be walked in lockstep with `source`
-                    // using a cheap key comparison instead of another lookup.
-                    // Deleted keys (those source keys not in common_keys_source_order)
-                    // are interleaved here too, in source's original order, to
-                    // match the historical (pre-reordering-aware) output order.
-                    auto common_it = common_keys_source_order.cbegin();
-                    for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        if (common_it != common_keys_source_order.cend() && it.key() == *common_it)
-                        {
-                            const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                            auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path_key);
-                            result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-                            ++common_it;
-                        }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            // found a key that is not in target -> remove it
-                            const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                            result.push_back(object(
-                            {
-                                {"op", "remove"}, {"path", path_key}
-                            }));
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // append the "add" ops for brand-new keys collected above
-                    // during the pass over target -- no second source.find()
-                    // per target key needed
-                    result.insert(result.end(), added_ops.begin(), added_ops.end());
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // slow path: the common keys are in a different relative
-                    // order in source and target (only possible for a
-                    // reorderable object_t like ordered_map). Building a
-                    // minimal reordering patch is a nontrivial (LCS-like)
-                    // problem; instead, remove every source key -- both
-                    // deleted keys (which must be removed regardless) and
-                    // common keys (removed so they can be re-added in
-                    // target's order) -- and re-add every key that should
-                    // remain, with its final target value, in target's
-                    // order. basic_json::patch()'s "add" operation on an
-                    // object uses operator[], which appends at the end for a
-                    // vector-backed insertion-ordered map when the key does
-                    // not already exist -- so removing a key and then adding
-                    // it moves it to the end, fixing its position.
-                    for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
+                        // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
                         result.push_back(object(
                         {
                             {"op", "remove"}, {"path", path_key}
                         }));
                     }
+                }
 
-                    // add every key that is either common (just removed
-                    // above) or brand new, in target's iteration order, so
-                    // that the final order after applying the patch matches
-                    // target exactly
-                    for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
+                // second pass: traverse other object's elements
+                for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
+                {
+                    if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
                     {
+                        // found a key that is not in this -> add it
                         const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
                         result.push_back(
                         {

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -7768,11 +7768,10 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
 
 
-#include <algorithm> // find_if
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <string> // string
 #include <type_traits> // enable_if_t
-#include <utility> // move, pair
+#include <utility> // move
 #include <vector> // vector
 
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
@@ -9778,7 +9777,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_parser
 
         if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
         {
-            return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -9827,7 +9826,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_parser
 
         if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
         {
-            return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -10097,7 +10096,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
             // check object limit
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
             {
-                return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive object size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
             }
         }
         return true;
@@ -10114,17 +10113,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
         // add discarded value at the given key and store the reference for later
         if (keep && ref_stack.back())
         {
-            auto& obj = *ref_stack.back()->m_data.m_value.object;
-            const auto it = obj.find(val);
-            if (it != obj.end())
-            {
-                // this is a duplicate key (legal in JSON); remember its
-                // current value so it can be restored later if the new
-                // value is rejected by the callback, instead of being
-                // erased together with the discarded placeholder
-                duplicate_key_stash.emplace_back(&(it->second), it->second);
-            }
-            object_element = &(obj[val] = discarded);
+            object_element = &(ref_stack.back()->m_data.m_value.object->operator[](val) = discarded);
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -10136,18 +10125,13 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
         {
             if (!callback(static_cast<int>(ref_stack.size()) - 1, parse_event_t::object_end, *ref_stack.back()))
             {
-                // discard object, unless this slot holds a duplicate key's
-                // previous value pending restoration, in which case that
-                // value is restored instead of being discarded
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), true))
-                {
-                    *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+                // discard object
+                *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
 
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
-                    // Set start/end positions for discarded object.
-                    handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
+                // Set start/end positions for discarded object.
+                handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
 #endif
-                }
             }
             else
             {
@@ -10161,10 +10145,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 #endif
 
                 ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-                // this object is finally, definitively kept; drop any
-                // pending duplicate-key stash entry for its slot since it
-                // can no longer be restored
-                resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), false);
             }
         }
 
@@ -10207,7 +10187,7 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
             // check array limit
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len != detail::unknown_size() && len > ref_stack.back()->max_size()))
             {
-                return parse_error(0, "", out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(408, concat("excessive array size: ", std::to_string(len)), ref_stack.back()));
             }
         }
 
@@ -10234,25 +10214,16 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 #endif
 
                 ref_stack.back()->set_parents();
-                // this array is finally, definitively kept; drop any
-                // pending duplicate-key stash entry for its slot since it
-                // can no longer be restored
-                resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), false);
             }
             else
             {
-                // discard array, unless this slot holds a duplicate key's
-                // previous value pending restoration, in which case that
-                // value is restored instead of being discarded
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(ref_stack.back(), true))
-                {
-                    *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
+                // discard array
+                *ref_stack.back() = discarded;
 
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
-                    // Set start/end positions for discarded array.
-                    handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
+                // Set start/end positions for discarded array.
+                handle_diagnostic_positions_for_json_value(*ref_stack.back());
 #endif
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -10366,48 +10337,14 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
     }
 #endif
 
-    /// if there is a pending duplicate-key stash entry for this exact slot,
-    /// remove it from the stash; if restore_value is true, the stashed
-    /// previous value is moved back into the slot first (use this when the
-    /// new value at that slot was rejected); otherwise the stash entry is
-    /// simply dropped (use this when the new value was accepted, so it
-    /// correctly supersedes the old one and no restore should ever happen
-    /// for this slot again)
-    /// @return whether a matching stash entry was found (and processed)
-    bool resolve_duplicate_key_stash(BasicJsonType* slot, bool restore_value)
-    {
-        const auto it = std::find_if(duplicate_key_stash.begin(), duplicate_key_stash.end(),
-                                     [slot](const std::pair<BasicJsonType*, BasicJsonType>& entry)
-        {
-            return entry.first == slot;
-        });
-
-        if (it == duplicate_key_stash.end())
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (restore_value)
-        {
-            *slot = std::move(it->second);
-        }
-        duplicate_key_stash.erase(it);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /// remove the discarded value the callback rejected from its parent,
-    /// unless it is a duplicate key's slot with a stashed previous value,
-    /// in which case that previous value is restored instead
-    void remove_discarded_value(BasicJsonType& parent)
+    /// remove the discarded value the callback rejected from its parent
+    static void remove_discarded_value(BasicJsonType& parent)
     {
         for (auto it = parent.begin(); it != parent.end(); ++it)
         {
             if (it->is_discarded())
             {
-                if (!resolve_duplicate_key_stash(&(*it), true))
-                {
-                    parent.erase(it);
-                }
+                parent.erase(it);
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -10505,16 +10442,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
 
         JSON_ASSERT(object_element);
         *object_element = std::move(value);
-        if (!skip_callback)
-        {
-            // this scalar value finally, definitively replaces whatever was
-            // at this slot; drop any pending duplicate-key stash entry for
-            // it since it can no longer be restored (a container value at
-            // this slot is resolved later, in end_object()/end_array(),
-            // since skip_callback is true for the placeholder handling that
-            // happens here for those)
-            resolve_duplicate_key_stash(object_element, false);
-        }
         return {true, object_element};
     }
 
@@ -10528,12 +10455,6 @@ class json_sax_dom_callback_parser
     std::vector<bool> key_keep_stack {}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
     /// helper to hold the reference for the next object element
     BasicJsonType* object_element = nullptr;
-    /// stash of (slot pointer, previous value) for object members that
-    /// already existed when key() was called again for the same key
-    /// (duplicate keys); used to restore the previous value if the new
-    /// value is later rejected by the callback, instead of erasing the
-    /// member entirely
-    std::vector<std::pair<BasicJsonType*, BasicJsonType>> duplicate_key_stash {};
     /// whether a syntax error occurred
     bool errored = false;
     /// callback function
@@ -17775,11 +17696,6 @@ class binary_writer
                 // step 1.5: if this is an ext type, write the subtype
                 if (use_ext)
                 {
-                    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype() > (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-                    {
-                        JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, concat("subtype ", std::to_string(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()), " is too large for the MessagePack ext type (max 255)"), &j));
-                    }
-
                     write_number(static_cast<std::int8_t>(j.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype()));
                 }
 
@@ -18279,12 +18195,6 @@ class binary_writer
         write_bson_entry_header(name, 0x05);
 
         write_number<std::int32_t>(to_bson_length(value.size()), true);
-
-        if (value.has_subtype() && JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(value.subtype() > (std::numeric_limits<std::uint8_t>::max)()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, concat("subtype ", std::to_string(value.subtype()), " is too large for the BSON binary subtype (max 255)"), nullptr));
-        }
-
         write_number(value.has_subtype() ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(value.subtype()) : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(0x00));
 
         oa->write_characters(reinterpret_cast<const CharType*>(value.data()), value.size());
@@ -24943,12 +24853,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
             JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(211, "passed iterators may not belong to container", this));
         }
 
-        // passed iterators must belong to arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!first.m_object->is_array()))
-        {
-            JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator::create(202, "iterators first and last must point to arrays", this));
-        }
-
         // insert to array and return iterator
         return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
     }
@@ -25097,7 +25001,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         {
             using std::swap;
             swap(*(m_data.m_value.array), other);
-            set_parents();
         }
         else
         {
@@ -25114,7 +25017,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         {
             using std::swap;
             swap(*(m_data.m_value.object), other);
-            set_parents();
         }
         else
         {
@@ -26683,139 +26585,34 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
 
             case value_t::object:
             {
-                // first pass: record, for every source key, whether it is
-                // common to both objects (in source's iteration order) or
-                // was deleted (i.e., in source but not in target) -- this is
-                // a by-product of the target.find() call already needed to
-                // tell the two cases apart, so it adds no extra lookups. The
-                // "remove" ops themselves are emitted later, interleaved
-                // with the recursive per-key diffs in the fast path below,
-                // to match source's original iteration order (as the
-                // original, pre-reordering-aware implementation did) instead
-                // of grouping all removes before all recursive diffs.
-                std::vector<typename object_t::key_type> common_keys_source_order;
+                // first pass: traverse this object's elements
                 for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
                 {
+                    // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
+                    const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
+
                     if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end())
                     {
-                        common_keys_source_order.push_back(it.key());
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // second pass: find keys that were added (i.e., in target but
-                // not in source), and record the keys common to both, in
-                // target's iteration order -- again a by-product of the
-                // source.find() call already needed to detect added keys. At
-                // the same time, determine whether every added key comes
-                // after every common key in target's order (a precondition
-                // for the fast path below, which only ever appends new keys
-                // at the very end): for an object_t whose iteration order is
-                // a pure function of the key set (e.g. the default std::map,
-                // which always iterates in sorted key order), the order
-                // check further below is always true and this whole
-                // mechanism is effectively a no-op; it only matters for a
-                // reorderable object_t such as the one backing `ordered_json`.
-                // patch ops for keys that were added (i.e., in target but not
-                // in source); built here so the fast path below can reuse
-                // them without a second source.find() per target key. Only
-                // used by the fast path -- the slow (reordering) path
-                // rebuilds "add" ops for every key itself.
-                std::vector<typename object_t::key_type> common_keys_target_order;
-                basic_json added_ops(value_t::array);
-                bool new_keys_form_suffix = true;
-                bool seen_new_key = false;
-                for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
-                {
-                    if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
-                    {
-                        seen_new_key = true;
-                        const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                        added_ops.push_back(
-                        {
-                            {"op", "add"}, {"path", path_key},
-                            {"value", it.value()}
-                        });
+                        // recursive call to compare object values at key it
+                        auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path_key);
+                        result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        common_keys_target_order.push_back(it.key());
-                        if (seen_new_key)
-                        {
-                            new_keys_form_suffix = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (common_keys_source_order == common_keys_target_order && new_keys_form_suffix)
-                {
-                    // fast path: order of common keys already matches (or the
-                    // object_t's iteration order does not depend on
-                    // insertion history), so a plain per-key recursive diff
-                    // is correct and minimal, as before. common_keys_source_order
-                    // is, by construction, the subsequence of source's keys
-                    // that are common to both objects, in source's iteration
-                    // order -- so it can be walked in lockstep with `source`
-                    // using a cheap key comparison instead of another lookup.
-                    // Deleted keys (those source keys not in common_keys_source_order)
-                    // are interleaved here too, in source's original order, to
-                    // match the historical (pre-reordering-aware) output order.
-                    auto common_it = common_keys_source_order.cbegin();
-                    for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        if (common_it != common_keys_source_order.cend() && it.key() == *common_it)
-                        {
-                            const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                            auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path_key);
-                            result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
-                            ++common_it;
-                        }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            // found a key that is not in target -> remove it
-                            const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
-                            result.push_back(object(
-                            {
-                                {"op", "remove"}, {"path", path_key}
-                            }));
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    // append the "add" ops for brand-new keys collected above
-                    // during the pass over target -- no second source.find()
-                    // per target key needed
-                    result.insert(result.end(), added_ops.begin(), added_ops.end());
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // slow path: the common keys are in a different relative
-                    // order in source and target (only possible for a
-                    // reorderable object_t like ordered_map). Building a
-                    // minimal reordering patch is a nontrivial (LCS-like)
-                    // problem; instead, remove every source key -- both
-                    // deleted keys (which must be removed regardless) and
-                    // common keys (removed so they can be re-added in
-                    // target's order) -- and re-add every key that should
-                    // remain, with its final target value, in target's
-                    // order. basic_json::patch()'s "add" operation on an
-                    // object uses operator[], which appends at the end for a
-                    // vector-backed insertion-ordered map when the key does
-                    // not already exist -- so removing a key and then adding
-                    // it moves it to the end, fixing its position.
-                    for (auto it = source.cbegin(); it != source.cend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
+                        // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
                         result.push_back(object(
                         {
                             {"op", "remove"}, {"path", path_key}
                         }));
                     }
+                }
 
-                    // add every key that is either common (just removed
-                    // above) or brand new, in target's iteration order, so
-                    // that the final order after applying the patch matches
-                    // target exactly
-                    for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
+                // second pass: traverse other object's elements
+                for (auto it = target.cbegin(); it != target.cend(); ++it)
+                {
+                    if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end())
                     {
+                        // found a key that is not in this -> add it
                         const auto path_key = detail::concat<string_t>(path, '/', detail::escape(it.key()));
                         result.push_back(
                         {

tests/src/skip_library_version_check.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//     __ _____ _____ _____
+//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
+// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
+// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Standalone compile-and-run check for the JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK
+// configuration macro, which (per #5423) was never exercised anywhere in the
+// test matrix.
+//
+// include/nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp normally emits a #warning if
+// NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR/MINOR/PATCH are already defined (as they would
+// be by an earlier inclusion of a different version of the library) with
+// values that mismatch the version about to be defined -- unless
+// JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK is defined, in which case the check (and
+// that #warning) is skipped.
+//
+// This file deliberately is not named tests/src/unit-*.cpp: it is compiled
+// directly (with a modest, non-strict warning set) by the dedicated
+// ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck target in cmake/ci.cmake, rather than being
+// folded into the library's own -Weverything/-Werror unit test matrix. That
+// is because the scenario simulated here -- mixing two different, already
+// differently-versioned inclusions of the library in one translation unit --
+// unavoidably also triggers the *compiler's own* "macro redefined" warning,
+// independent of (and unaffected by) JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK, which
+// only ever silences the library's own #warning. Building this file under
+// -Weverything -Werror would therefore fail for a reason unrelated to the
+// macro under test.
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR 0
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR 0
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH 0
+
+#define JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK 1
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+int main()
+{
+    // reaching this point at all already proves that the mismatched,
+    // pre-defined version macros above did not stop compilation -- which is
+    // exactly what JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK is for. The library must
+    // also still be fully usable.
+    const nlohmann::json j = {{"a", 1}, {"b", {1, 2, 3}}};
+    if (j.dump() != "{\"a\":1,\"b\":[1,2,3]}")
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // include/nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp unconditionally (re)defines the
+    // version macros to the library's real, current version right after the
+    // (here, skipped) mismatch check, regardless of the deliberately wrong
+    // stand-in values defined above.
+    if (NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR == 0 && NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH == 0)
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

tests/src/unit-byte_container_with_subtype.cpp

@@ -42,6 +42,39 @@ TEST_CASE("byte_container_with_subtype")
         CHECK(container.subtype() == static_cast<subtype_type>(-1));
     }
 
+    SECTION("move semantics")
+    {
+        // the rvalue-reference constructor (without a subtype) must actually move
+        // the passed-in container rather than copy it; comparing the buffer address
+        // before and after is a stronger check than just observing the source is
+        // empty afterward, since a copy-then-clear could also leave it empty
+        {
+            std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = {{0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}};
+            const auto* const data_ptr = bytes.data();
+
+            nlohmann::byte_container_with_subtype<std::vector<std::uint8_t>> container(std::move(bytes));
+
+            CHECK(container.size() == 4);
+            CHECK(container.data() == data_ptr);
+            CHECK(!container.has_subtype());
+            CHECK(bytes.empty()); // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move,clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move,hicpp-invalid-access-moved)
+        }
+
+        // same check for the rvalue-reference constructor that also takes a subtype
+        {
+            std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = {{0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}};
+            const auto* const data_ptr = bytes.data();
+
+            nlohmann::byte_container_with_subtype<std::vector<std::uint8_t>> container(std::move(bytes), 42);
+
+            CHECK(container.size() == 4);
+            CHECK(container.data() == data_ptr);
+            CHECK(container.has_subtype());
+            CHECK(container.subtype() == 42);
+            CHECK(bytes.empty()); // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move,clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move,hicpp-invalid-access-moved)
+        }
+    }
+
     SECTION("comparisons")
     {
         std::vector<std::uint8_t> const bytes = {{0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}};

tests/src/unit-conversions.cpp

@@ -1761,6 +1761,33 @@ TEST_CASE("std::filesystem::path")
 }
 #endif
 
+// the ADL to_json overload for std::u8string only exists under the same guard
+// as std::filesystem::path support (it is otherwise only reached indirectly,
+// via std::filesystem::path::u8string()) -- mirror both #if conditions from
+// include/nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp exactly
+#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t)
+TEST_CASE("std::u8string")
+{
+    SECTION("ascii")
+    {
+        const std::u8string s = u8"Path";
+        json const j = s;
+
+        CHECK(j.template get<std::string>() == "Path");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("utf-8")
+    {
+        const std::u8string s = u8"P\xc4\x9b\xc5\xa1ina";
+        json const j = s;
+
+        CHECK(j.template get<std::string>() == "P\xc4\x9b\xc5\xa1ina");
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
 TEST_CASE("std::optional")
 {
     SECTION("null")

tests/src/unit-diagnostics.cpp

@@ -273,36 +273,5 @@ TEST_CASE("Regression tests for extended diagnostics")
         CHECK(j1["numbers"]["two"] == 2);
         CHECK(j1["string"] == "t");
     }
-
-    SECTION("Regression test - swap(array_t&)/swap(object_t&) must update JSON_DIAGNOSTICS parent pointers")
-    {
-        // swap(array_t&)
-        {
-            json j = json::array();
-            json::array_t arr = {json::array({1})};
-            j.swap(arr);
-
-            // parent pointers of the moved-in elements must point into j, not
-            // into the now-defunct free-standing array_t
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j[0][0].get<std::string>(), "[json.exception.type_error.302] (/0/0) type must be string, but is number", json::type_error);
-
-            // must not trigger assert_invariant() in a debug/assert-enabled build
-            json const k = j;
-            CHECK(k == j);
-        }
-
-        // swap(object_t&)
-        {
-            json o = json::object();
-            json::object_t obj = {{"a", json::array({1})}};
-            o.swap(obj);
-
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(o["a"][0].get<std::string>(), "[json.exception.type_error.302] (/a/0) type must be string, but is number", json::type_error);
-
-            // must not trigger assert_invariant() in a debug/assert-enabled build
-            json const p = o;
-            CHECK(p == o);
-        }
-    }
 }
 

tests/src/unit-json_patch.cpp

@@ -672,6 +672,94 @@ TEST_CASE("JSON patch")
         }
     }
 
+    SECTION("patch_inplace")
+    {
+        SECTION("happy path: patch_inplace mirrors patch() on success")
+        {
+            // mirrors "A.5. Replacing a Value" above, but applies the patch with
+            // patch_inplace() to a mutable copy instead of using patch()'s
+            // returned copy
+            json doc = R"(
+                    {
+                        "baz": "qux",
+                        "foo": "bar"
+                    }
+                )"_json;
+
+            json const patch = R"(
+                    [
+                        { "op": "replace", "path": "/baz", "value": "boo" }
+                    ]
+                )"_json;
+
+            json const expected = R"(
+                    {
+                        "baz": "boo",
+                        "foo": "bar"
+                    }
+                )"_json;
+
+            doc.patch_inplace(patch);
+            CHECK(doc == expected);
+        }
+
+        // this test relies on the "test" operation actually throwing so the
+        // partial-application state can be observed right after the throw
+        // point; under JSON_NOEXCEPTION, JSON_THROW() calls std::abort()
+        // instead (there is no C++ exception to throw), and doctest's
+        // CHECK_THROWS_AS() is compiled out to a no-op that never even
+        // invokes the given expression (see doctest's "--no-throw" test
+        // filter, which ci_test_noexceptions passes) -- so patch()/
+        // patch_inplace() would never be called at all and the follow-up
+        // state assertions below would fail against the untouched original
+#if !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
+        SECTION("distinguishing contract vs patch(): partial application on failure")
+        {
+            // Unlike patch(), which is all-or-nothing because it applies the
+            // patch to an internal copy that is simply discarded when an
+            // exception is thrown (leaving the original untouched no matter
+            // what), patch_inplace() mutates the document it is called on
+            // directly and immediately, operation by operation. So if a JSON
+            // Patch fails partway through, whatever operations already
+            // succeeded remain applied -- the document is left in a partially
+            // patched state. This is empirically verified current behavior,
+            // not just documented intent, and is pinned here as such.
+            json const original = R"(
+                    {
+                        "baz": "qux",
+                        "foo": "bar"
+                    }
+                )"_json;
+
+            // the first operation ("replace") succeeds; the second ("test")
+            // fails because the value at "/baz" no longer (and never did)
+            // equal "not boo"
+            json const patch = R"(
+                    [
+                        { "op": "replace", "path": "/baz", "value": "boo" },
+                        { "op": "test", "path": "/baz", "value": "not boo" }
+                    ]
+                )"_json;
+
+            // patch() never modifies the object it is called on -- it always
+            // operates on (and returns) a separate copy, so the original is
+            // left completely untouched, regardless of success or failure
+            json copy_for_patch = original;
+            CHECK_THROWS_AS(copy_for_patch.patch(patch), json::other_error&);
+            CHECK(copy_for_patch == original);
+
+            // patch_inplace(), in contrast, already applied the successful
+            // "replace" operation to the document before the "test" operation
+            // threw -- that change is not rolled back
+            json doc = original;
+            CHECK_THROWS_AS(doc.patch_inplace(patch), json::other_error&);
+            CHECK(doc != original);
+            CHECK(doc.at("baz") == "boo");
+            CHECK(doc.at("foo") == "bar");
+        }
+#endif // !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
+    }
+
     SECTION("errors")
     {
         SECTION("unknown operation")

tests/src/unit-modifiers.cpp

@@ -641,20 +641,6 @@ TEST_CASE("modifiers")
                 CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j_array.insert(j_array.end(), j_other_array.begin(), j_other_array2.end()), "[json.exception.invalid_iterator.210] iterators do not fit",
                                      json::invalid_iterator&);
             }
-
-            SECTION("iterators not pointing into an array")
-            {
-                json j_object2 = {{"k", 1}, {"l", 2}};
-                json j_primitive = 5;
-                json j_null;
-
-                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j_array.insert(j_array.begin(), j_object2.begin(), j_object2.end()), "[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterators first and last must point to arrays",
-                                     json::invalid_iterator&);
-                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j_array.insert(j_array.begin(), j_primitive.begin(), j_primitive.end()), "[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterators first and last must point to arrays",
-                                     json::invalid_iterator&);
-                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j_array.insert(j_array.begin(), j_null.begin(), j_null.end()), "[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterators first and last must point to arrays",
-                                     json::invalid_iterator&);
-            }
         }
 
         SECTION("range for object")

tests/src/unit-no-mem-leak-on-adl-serialize.cpp

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ TEST_CASE("check_for_mem_leak_on_adl_to_json-2")
     }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("check_for_mem_leak_on_adl_to_json-2")
+TEST_CASE("check_for_mem_leak_on_adl_to_json-3")
 {
     try
     {

tests/src/unit-no_io_and_user_exceptions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//     __ _____ _____ _____
+//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
+// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
+// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// This translation unit is a dedicated, small compile-and-run check for two
+// configuration macros that (per #5423) were never exercised anywhere in the
+// test matrix:
+// - JSON_NO_IO, which removes the library's <istream>/<ostream> support
+//   (operator<<, operator>>, and the stream-based overloads of dump()/parse())
+// - the JSON_THROW_USER / JSON_TRY_USER / JSON_CATCH_USER trio, which lets a
+//   user replace the library's internal exception handling
+//
+// Both macros are about excluding/replacing a facility the library would
+// otherwise pull in on its own, and defining one has no bearing on the other,
+// so -- to keep the test matrix small -- they are exercised together in a
+// single dedicated file instead of two.
+//
+// JSON_NO_IO requires this file itself to never rely on <iostream>/<sstream>;
+// only string-based parsing/dumping is used below.
+#define JSON_NO_IO 1
+
+// The user-supplied exception macros below are a *conforming* replacement:
+// they simply forward to the real throw/try/catch keywords (via a counter so
+// the test can assert each macro was actually invoked, not just defined), so
+// every exception-related behavior the library relies on internally --
+// including rethrowing std::out_of_range as json::out_of_range in at() --
+// keeps working exactly as it would with the library's own default macros.
+static int json_throw_user_call_count = 0; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+#define JSON_THROW_USER(exception) do { ++json_throw_user_call_count; throw exception; } while (false) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage)
+#define JSON_TRY_USER try // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage)
+#define JSON_CATCH_USER(exception) catch (exception) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage)
+
+#include "doctest_compatibility.h"
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+TEST_CASE("JSON_NO_IO")
+{
+    // everything that does not touch <istream>/<ostream> must keep working:
+    // parsing from and dumping to std::string
+    const json j = json::parse("{\"a\":[1,2,3],\"b\":true}");
+    CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":[1,2,3],\"b\":true}");
+    CHECK(j.at("a").size() == 3);
+    CHECK(j.at("b").get<bool>() == true);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("JSON_THROW_USER, JSON_TRY_USER, JSON_CATCH_USER")
+{
+    json_throw_user_call_count = 0;
+
+    // a parse error goes through JSON_THROW directly, i.e., through our
+    // JSON_THROW_USER override
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(json::parse("this is not JSON"), json::parse_error&);
+    CHECK(json_throw_user_call_count > 0);
+
+    // at() on an out-of-range array index internally catches std::out_of_range
+    // (JSON_TRY_USER/JSON_CATCH_USER) and rethrows it as json::out_of_range
+    // (JSON_THROW_USER again), so this exercises all three macros together
+    const int count_before = json_throw_user_call_count;
+    const json arr = json::array({1, 2, 3});
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(arr.at(10), json::out_of_range&);
+    CHECK(json_throw_user_call_count > count_before);
+}

tests/src/unit-ordered_json.cpp

@@ -81,84 +81,3 @@ TEST_CASE("regression test for issue #3732 - iteration_proxy_value<iter_impl<ord
     };
     static_cast<void>(fn);
 }
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test - diff() must account for ordered_json member order")
-{
-    SECTION("pure reorder, no value changes")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"b", 2}, {"a", 1}};
-        CHECK(a != b); // order-sensitive equality
-        CHECK(a.patch(ordered_json::diff(a, b)) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("new key must land at the front")
-    {
-        ordered_json c = {{"b", 2}};
-        ordered_json e = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
-        CHECK(c.patch(ordered_json::diff(c, e)) == e);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("reorder plus a value change on one of the reordered keys")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"b", 20}, {"a", 1}};
-        CHECK(a != b);
-        CHECK(a.patch(ordered_json::diff(a, b)) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("reorder plus a deleted key")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}, {"c", 3}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"b", 2}, {"a", 1}};
-        CHECK(a != b);
-        CHECK(a.patch(ordered_json::diff(a, b)) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("reorder plus a nested value that itself needs a recursive diff")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", {{"x", 1}, {"y", 2}}}, {"b", 2}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"b", 2}, {"a", {{"x", 1}, {"y", 99}}}};
-        CHECK(a != b);
-        CHECK(a.patch(ordered_json::diff(a, b)) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("three or more keys shuffled into a different order")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}, {"c", 3}, {"d", 4}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"d", 4}, {"b", 2}, {"a", 1}, {"c", 3}};
-        CHECK(a != b);
-        CHECK(a.patch(ordered_json::diff(a, b)) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("matching order still produces a minimal patch (fast path unaffected)")
-    {
-        ordered_json a = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}, {"c", 3}};
-        ordered_json b = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 20}, {"c", 3}};
-        auto p = ordered_json::diff(a, b);
-        // only the changed value should be touched, not a wholesale remove+add
-        CHECK(p.size() == 1);
-        CHECK(p[0]["op"] == "replace");
-        CHECK(p[0]["path"] == "/b");
-        CHECK(a.patch(p) == b);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("plain json (std::map-backed) is unaffected by same-key-different-insertion-order")
-    {
-        json a;
-        a["b"] = 2;
-        a["a"] = 1;
-
-        json b;
-        b["a"] = 1;
-        b["b"] = 2;
-
-        // std::map iteration is always sorted by key, so a == b regardless of
-        // insertion order, and diff() must still produce the same minimal
-        // (empty) result as before this fix
-        CHECK(a == b);
-        auto p = json::diff(a, b);
-        CHECK(p.empty());
-        CHECK(a.patch(p) == b);
-    }
-}

tests/src/unit-regression2.cpp

@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@
 // for some reason including this after the json header leads to linker errors with VS 2017...
 #include <locale>
 
+// skip tests if JSON_DisableEnumSerialization=ON (#4384): std::byte is a
+// scoped enum, so get<std::byte>() (needed below to get<std::vector<std::byte>>()
+// from a plain JSON array, not just from an already-binary value) relies on
+// enum serialization being enabled
+#if defined(JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION) && (JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION == 1)
+    #define SKIP_TESTS_FOR_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
+#endif
+
 #define JSON_TESTS_PRIVATE
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 using json = nlohmann::json;
@@ -1136,6 +1144,7 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests 2")
         CHECK((decoded == json_4804::array()));
     }
 
+#ifndef SKIP_TESTS_FOR_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
     SECTION("discussion #4209 - custom BinaryType direct assignment and round-tripping")
     {
         // Test that assigning a custom BinaryType directly creates a binary value, not an array
@@ -1169,6 +1178,7 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests 2")
         CHECK(extracted[1] == std::byte{2});
         CHECK(extracted[2] == std::byte{3});
     }
+#endif
 
     SECTION("issue #5046 - implicit conversion of return json to std::optional no longer implicit")
     {
@@ -1566,132 +1576,4 @@ TEST_CASE("issue #5402 - update(merge_objects=true) overwrites a primitive with
     CHECK(mixed == json({{"keep", {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}}}, {"replace", {{"x", 2}}}}));
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("regression test - parser callback must not lose a duplicate key's prior value")
-{
-    // a callback that rejects only the scalar value 2
-    const json::parser_callback_t drop_value_2 = [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t ev, json & v) noexcept
-    {
-        return !(ev == json::parse_event_t::value && v == 2);
-    };
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key, second (scalar) value rejected - prior value is restored")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"a":2})", drop_value_2);
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":1}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key, second value is an object rejected at object_end - prior value is restored")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"a":{"x":2}})",
-                                   [](int depth, json::parse_event_t ev, json& /*parsed*/) noexcept
-        {
-            return !(ev == json::parse_event_t::object_end && depth == 1);
-        });
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":1}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key, second value is an array rejected at array_end - prior value is restored")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"a":[9,9]})",
-                                   [](int depth, json::parse_event_t ev, json& /*parsed*/) noexcept
-        {
-            return !(ev == json::parse_event_t::array_end && depth == 1);
-        });
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":1}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key, second value accepted (scalar) - last value wins")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"a":2})", [](int, json::parse_event_t, json&) noexcept
-        {
-            return true;
-        });
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":2}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key, second value accepted (object) - last value wins")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"a":{"x":2}})", [](int, json::parse_event_t, json&) noexcept
-        {
-            return true;
-        });
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":{\"x\":2}}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("brand new (non-duplicate) key, value rejected - member is fully absent")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"a":1,"b":2})", drop_value_2);
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"a\":1}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("duplicate key nested two levels deep")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"outer":{"a":1,"a":2}})", drop_value_2);
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"outer\":{\"a\":1}}");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("three occurrences of the same key - middle rejected, last accepted")
-    {
-        const json j = json::parse(R"({"k":1,"k":2,"k":3})", drop_value_2);
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "{\"k\":3}");
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test - excessive binary container size honors allow_exceptions=false")
-{
-    // CBOR array with declared length 2^63
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor = {0x9b, 0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-    // CBOR map with declared length 2^63
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_m = {0xbb, 0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-    // UBJSON array with declared length 2^63-1
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> ubj = {'[', '#', 'L', 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff};
-    // BJData array with declared length 2^63-1 (little endian)
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> bjd = {'[', '#', 'L', 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f};
-
-    // allow_exceptions=false must report failure instead of throwing/aborting
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor, true, false).is_discarded());
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_m, true, false).is_discarded());
-    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(ubj, true, false).is_discarded());
-    CHECK(json::from_bjdata(bjd, true, false).is_discarded());
-
-    // allow_exceptions=true (the default) must still throw exactly as before.
-    // The exact message text is not checked here: on platforms where
-    // std::size_t is 32-bit, the CBOR reader's own length-narrowing check
-    // (get_cbor_container_size(), unrelated to this fix) intercepts a
-    // declared length of 2^63 before it ever reaches the check this test
-    // targets, with different (but equally valid, and already correct)
-    // wording -- see unit-cbor.cpp for coverage of that message.
-    json _;
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(cbor), json::out_of_range);
-
-    // regression guard: a genuinely truncated CBOR input must remain discarded
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<std::uint8_t> {0x9b, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x02}, true, false).is_discarded());
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test - MessagePack/BSON writers reject binary subtypes that don't fit their wire format")
-{
-    // MessagePack: subtype 0-255 must still round-trip correctly (regression guard, pre-existing behavior)
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 0))).get_binary().subtype() == 0);
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 200))).get_binary().subtype() == 200);
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 255))).get_binary().subtype() == 255);
-
-    // MessagePack: subtype > 255 must now throw instead of silently truncating
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 256)), json::out_of_range);
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 70000)), json::out_of_range);
-    CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}, 70000)), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] subtype 70000 is too large for the MessagePack ext type (max 255)", json::out_of_range);
-
-    // BSON: same pattern
-    json doc255 = {{"b", json::binary({1, 2}, 255)}};
-    CHECK(json::from_bson(json::to_bson(doc255))["b"].get_binary().subtype() == 255);
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(json::to_bson(json{{"b", json::binary({1, 2}, 256)}}), json::out_of_range);
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(json::to_bson(json{{"b", json::binary({1, 2}, 300)}}), json::out_of_range);
-    CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json::to_bson(json{{"b", json::binary({1, 2}, 300)}}), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] subtype 300 is too large for the BSON binary subtype (max 255)", json::out_of_range);
-
-    // CBOR must remain unaffected (full 64-bit subtype range already supported correctly) - regression guard
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary({1, 2}, 70000)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store).get_binary().subtype() == 70000);
-
-    // a binary value with NO subtype at all must be completely unaffected by this change
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(json::to_msgpack(json::binary({1, 2}))).get_binary().has_subtype() == false);
-}
-
 DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP

tests/src/unit-std-format.cpp

@@ -52,6 +52,23 @@ TEST_CASE("std::formatter<nlohmann::json>")
         CHECK(std::format("{:2}", j) == j.dump(2));
         CHECK(std::format("{:#2}", j) == j.dump(2));
         CHECK(std::format("{:8}", j) == j.dump(8));
+        // multi-digit widths must accumulate every digit, not just the first
+        CHECK(std::format("{:12}", j) == j.dump(12));
+        CHECK(std::format("{:#12}", j) == j.dump(12));
+        CHECK(std::format("{:10}", j) == j.dump(10));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("bare alignment with no fill character defaults to a space indent character")
+    {
+        const json j = {{"foo", 1}, {"bar", {1, 2, 3}}};
+        // without a preceding fill character, the alignment character itself must not
+        // be mistaken for the indent character -- the default space is kept
+        CHECK(std::format("{:<}", j) == j.dump());
+        CHECK(std::format("{:>}", j) == j.dump());
+        CHECK(std::format("{:^}", j) == j.dump());
+        CHECK(std::format("{:<3}", j) == j.dump(3, ' '));
+        CHECK(std::format("{:>3}", j) == j.dump(3, ' '));
+        CHECK(std::format("{:^3}", j) == j.dump(3, ' '));
     }
 
     SECTION("fill-and-align sets the indent character, like dump(indent, indent_char)")