Add version for 0.10.0

init: Add `--copy-chunker-parameters` option

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-
-Welcome! If you have a question or are unsure if you should open an issue,
-please use the forum instead!
-
-   https://forum.restic.net
-
-The forum is a better place for questions about restic or general suggestions
-and topics, e.g. usage or documentation questions! This issue tracker is mainly
-for tracking bugs and feature requests directly relating to the development of
-the software itself, rather than the project.
-
-Thanks for understanding, and for contributing to the project!
--->
-
-
-Output of `restic version`
---------------------------
-
-<!--
-Please add the version of restic you're currently using here, this helps us
-later to see what has changed in restic when we revisit this issue after some
-time.
--->
-
-Describe the issue
-------------------

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Bug.md

@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ Do you have an idea how to solve the issue?
 
 
 
-Did restic help you or made you happy in any way?
--------------------------------------------------
+Did restic help you today? Did it make you happy in any way?
+------------------------------------------------------------
 
 <!--
 Answering this question is not required, but if you have anything positive to share, please do so here!

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Feature.md

@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ Please describe the feature you'd like us to add here.
 -->
 
 
-What are you trying to do?
---------------------------
+What are you trying to do? What problem would this solve?
+---------------------------------------------------------
 
 <!--
 This section should contain a brief description what you're trying to do, which
 would be possible after implementing the new feature.
 -->
 
-Did restic help you or made you happy in any way?
--------------------------------------------------
+Did restic help you today? Did it make you happy in any way?
+------------------------------------------------------------
 
 <!--
 Answering this question is not required, but if you have anything positive to share, please do so here!

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+contact_links:
+  - name: restic forum
+    url: https://forum.restic.net
+    about: Please ask questions about using restic here, do not open an issue for questions.

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ your time and add more commits. If you're done and ready for review, please
 check the last box.
 -->
 
-What is the purpose of this change? What does it change?
---------------------------------------------------------
+What does this PR change? What problem does it solve?
+-----------------------------------------------------
 
 <!--
-Describe the changes here, as detailed as needed.
+Describe the changes and their purpose here, as detailed as needed.
 -->
 
 Was the change discussed in an issue or in the forum before?
@@ -23,14 +23,15 @@ Was the change discussed in an issue or in the forum before?
 <!--
 Link issues and relevant forum posts here.
 
-If this PR resolves an issue on GitHub, use "closes #1234" so that the issue is
-closed automatically when this PR is merged.
+If this PR resolves an issue on GitHub, use "Closes #1234" so that the issue
+is closed automatically when this PR is merged.
 -->
 
 Checklist
 ---------
 
 - [ ] I have read the [Contribution Guidelines](https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#providing-patches)
+- [ ] I have enabled [maintainer edits for this PR](https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/allowing-changes-to-a-pull-request-branch-created-from-a-fork)
 - [ ] I have added tests for all changes in this PR
 - [ ] I have added documentation for the changes (in the manual)
 - [ ] There's a new file in `changelog/unreleased/` that describes the changes for our users (template [here](https://github.com/restic/restic/blob/master/changelog/TEMPLATE))

.travis.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ sudo: false
 matrix:
   include:
     - os: linux
-      go: "1.10.x"
+      go: "1.13.x"
       env: RESTIC_TEST_FUSE=0 RESTIC_TEST_CLOUD_BACKENDS=0
       cache:
         directories:
@@ -12,15 +12,7 @@ matrix:
           - $HOME/gopath/pkg/mod
 
     - os: linux
-      go: "1.11.x"
-      env: RESTIC_TEST_FUSE=0 RESTIC_TEST_CLOUD_BACKENDS=0
-      cache:
-        directories:
-          - $HOME/.cache/go-build
-          - $HOME/gopath/pkg/mod
-
-    - os: linux
-      go: "1.12.x"
+      go: "1.14.x"
       env: RESTIC_TEST_FUSE=0 RESTIC_TEST_CLOUD_BACKENDS=0
       cache:
         directories:
@@ -29,7 +21,7 @@ matrix:
 
     # only run fuse and cloud backends tests on Travis for the latest Go on Linux
     - os: linux
-      go: "1.13.x"
+      go: "1.15.x"
       sudo: true
       cache:
         directories:
@@ -37,7 +29,7 @@ matrix:
           - $HOME/gopath/pkg/mod
 
     - os: osx
-      go: "1.13.x"
+      go: "1.15.x"
       env: RESTIC_TEST_FUSE=0 RESTIC_TEST_CLOUD_BACKENDS=0
       cache:
         directories:

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,467 @@
+Changelog for restic 0.10.0 (2020-09-19)
+=======================================
+
+The following sections list the changes in restic 0.10.0 relevant to
+restic users. The changes are ordered by importance.
+
+Summary
+-------
+
+ * Fix #1863: Report correct number of directories processed by backup
+ * Fix #2254: Fix tar issues when dumping `/`
+ * Fix #2281: Handle format verbs like '%' properly in `find` output
+ * Fix #2298: Do not hang when run as a background job
+ * Fix #2389: Fix mangled json output of backup command
+ * Fix #2390: Refresh lock timestamp
+ * Fix #2429: Backup --json reports total_bytes_processed as 0
+ * Fix #2469: Fix incorrect bytes stats in `diff` command
+ * Fix #2518: Do not crash with Synology NAS sftp server
+ * Fix #2531: Fix incorrect size calculation in `stats --mode restore-size`
+ * Fix #2537: Fix incorrect file counts in `stats --mode restore-size`
+ * Fix #2592: SFTP backend supports IPv6 addresses
+ * Fix #2607: Honor RESTIC_CACHE_DIR environment variable on Mac and Windows
+ * Fix #2668: Don't abort the stats command when data blobs are missing
+ * Fix #2674: Add stricter prune error checks
+ * Fix #2899: Fix possible crash in the progress bar of check --read-data
+ * Chg #2482: Remove vendored dependencies
+ * Chg #2546: Return exit code 3 when failing to backup all source data
+ * Chg #2600: Update dependencies, require Go >= 1.13
+ * Chg #1597: Honor the --no-lock flag in the mount command
+ * Enh #1570: Support specifying multiple host flags for various commands
+ * Enh #1680: Optimize `restic mount`
+ * Enh #2072: Display snapshot date when using `restic find`
+ * Enh #2175: Allow specifying user and host when creating keys
+ * Enh #2277: Add support for ppc64le
+ * Enh #2395: Ignore sync errors when operation not supported by local filesystem
+ * Enh #2427: Add flag `--iexclude-file` to backup command
+ * Enh #2569: Support excluding files by their size
+ * Enh #2571: Self-heal missing file parts during backup of unchanged files
+ * Enh #2858: Support filtering snapshots by tag and path in the stats command
+ * Enh #323: Add command for copying snapshots between repositories
+ * Enh #551: Use optimized library for hash calculation of file chunks
+ * Enh #2195: Simplify and improve restore performance
+ * Enh #2328: Improve speed of check command
+ * Enh #2423: Support user@domain parsing as user
+ * Enh #2576: Improve the chunking algorithm
+ * Enh #2598: Improve speed of diff command
+ * Enh #2599: Slightly reduce memory usage of prune and stats commands
+ * Enh #2733: S3 backend: Add support for WebIdentityTokenFile
+ * Enh #2773: Optimize handling of new index entries
+ * Enh #2781: Reduce memory consumption of in-memory index
+ * Enh #2786: Optimize `list blobs` command
+ * Enh #2790: Optimized file access in restic mount
+ * Enh #2840: Speed-up file deletion in forget, prune and rebuild-index
+
+Details
+-------
+
+ * Bugfix #1863: Report correct number of directories processed by backup
+
+   The directory statistics calculation was fixed to report the actual number of processed
+   directories instead of always zero.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1863
+
+ * Bugfix #2254: Fix tar issues when dumping `/`
+
+   We've fixed an issue with dumping either `/` or files on the first sublevel e.g. `/foo` to tar.
+   This also fixes tar dumping issues on Windows where this issue could also happen.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2254
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2357
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2255
+
+ * Bugfix #2281: Handle format verbs like '%' properly in `find` output
+
+   The JSON or "normal" output of the `find` command can now deal with file names that contain
+   substrings which the Golang `fmt` package considers "format verbs" like `%s`.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2281
+
+ * Bugfix #2298: Do not hang when run as a background job
+
+   Restic did hang on exit while restoring the terminal configuration when it was started as a
+   background job, for example using `restic ... &`. This has been fixed by only restoring the
+   terminal configuration when restic is interrupted while reading a password from the
+   terminal.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2298
+
+ * Bugfix #2389: Fix mangled json output of backup command
+
+   We've fixed a race condition in the json output of the backup command that could cause multiple
+   lines to get mixed up. We've also ensured that the backup summary is printed last.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2389
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2545
+
+ * Bugfix #2390: Refresh lock timestamp
+
+   Long-running operations did not refresh lock timestamp, resulting in locks becoming stale.
+   This is now fixed.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2390
+
+ * Bugfix #2429: Backup --json reports total_bytes_processed as 0
+
+   We've fixed the json output of total_bytes_processed. The non-json output was already fixed
+   with pull request #2138 but left the json output untouched.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2429
+
+ * Bugfix #2469: Fix incorrect bytes stats in `diff` command
+
+   In some cases, the wrong number of bytes (e.g. 16777215.998 TiB) were reported by the `diff`
+   command. This is now fixed.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2469
+
+ * Bugfix #2518: Do not crash with Synology NAS sftp server
+
+   It was found that when restic is used to store data on an sftp server on a Synology NAS with a
+   relative path (one which does not start with a slash), it may go into an endless loop trying to
+   create directories on the server. We've fixed this bug by using a function in the sftp library
+   instead of our own implementation.
+
+   The bug was discovered because the Synology sftp server behaves erratic with non-absolute
+   path (e.g. `home/restic-repo`). This can be resolved by just using an absolute path instead
+   (`/home/restic-repo`). We've also added a paragraph in the FAQ.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2518
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2363
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2530
+
+ * Bugfix #2531: Fix incorrect size calculation in `stats --mode restore-size`
+
+   The restore-size mode of stats was counting hard-linked files as if they were independent.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2531
+
+ * Bugfix #2537: Fix incorrect file counts in `stats --mode restore-size`
+
+   The restore-size mode of stats was failing to count empty directories and some files with hard
+   links.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2537
+
+ * Bugfix #2592: SFTP backend supports IPv6 addresses
+
+   The SFTP backend now supports IPv6 addresses natively, without relying on aliases in the
+   external SSH configuration.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2592
+
+ * Bugfix #2607: Honor RESTIC_CACHE_DIR environment variable on Mac and Windows
+
+   On Mac and Windows, the RESTIC_CACHE_DIR environment variable was ignored. This variable can
+   now be used on all platforms to set the directory where restic stores caches.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2607
+
+ * Bugfix #2668: Don't abort the stats command when data blobs are missing
+
+   Runing the stats command in the blobs-per-file mode on a repository with missing data blobs
+   previously resulted in a crash.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2668
+
+ * Bugfix #2674: Add stricter prune error checks
+
+   Additional checks were added to the prune command in order to improve resiliency to backend,
+   hardware and/or networking issues. The checks now detect a few more cases where such outside
+   factors could potentially cause data loss.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2674
+
+ * Bugfix #2899: Fix possible crash in the progress bar of check --read-data
+
+   We've fixed a possible crash while displaying the progress bar for the check --read-data
+   command. The crash occurred when the length of the progress bar status exceeded the terminal
+   width, which only happened for very narrow terminal windows.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2899
+   https://forum.restic.net/t/restic-rclone-pcloud-connection-issues/2963/15
+
+ * Change #2482: Remove vendored dependencies
+
+   We've removed the vendored dependencies (in the subdir `vendor/`). When building restic, the
+   Go compiler automatically fetches the dependencies. It will also cryptographically verify
+   that the correct code has been fetched by using the hashes in `go.sum` (see the link to the
+   documentation below).
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2482
+   https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Module_downloading_and_verification
+
+ * Change #2546: Return exit code 3 when failing to backup all source data
+
+   The backup command used to return a zero exit code as long as a snapshot could be created
+   successfully, even if some of the source files could not be read (in which case the snapshot
+   would contain the rest of the files).
+
+   This made it hard for automation/scripts to detect failures/incomplete backups by looking at
+   the exit code. Restic now returns the following exit codes for the backup command:
+
+   - 0 when the command was successful - 1 when there was a fatal error (no snapshot created) - 3 when
+   some source data could not be read (incomplete snapshot created)
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/956
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2064
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2526
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2364
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2546
+
+ * Change #2600: Update dependencies, require Go >= 1.13
+
+   Restic now requires Go to be at least 1.13. This allows simplifications in the build process and
+   removing workarounds.
+
+   This is also probably the last version of restic still supporting mounting repositories via
+   fuse on macOS. The library we're using for fuse does not support macOS any more and osxfuse is not
+   open source any more.
+
+   https://github.com/bazil/fuse/issues/224
+   https://github.com/osxfuse/osxfuse/issues/590
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2600
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2852
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2927
+
+ * Change #1597: Honor the --no-lock flag in the mount command
+
+   The mount command now does not lock the repository if given the --no-lock flag. This allows to
+   mount repositories which are archived on a read only backend/filesystem.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1597
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2821
+
+ * Enhancement #1570: Support specifying multiple host flags for various commands
+
+   Previously commands didn't take more than one `--host` or `-H` argument into account, which
+   could be limiting with e.g. the `forget` command.
+
+   The `dump`, `find`, `forget`, `ls`, `mount`, `restore`, `snapshots`, `stats` and `tag`
+   commands will now take into account multiple `--host` and `-H` flags.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1570
+
+ * Enhancement #1680: Optimize `restic mount`
+
+   We've optimized the FUSE implementation used within restic. `restic mount` is now more
+   responsive and uses less memory.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1680
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2587
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2787
+
+ * Enhancement #2072: Display snapshot date when using `restic find`
+
+   Added the respective snapshot date to the output of `restic find`.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2072
+
+ * Enhancement #2175: Allow specifying user and host when creating keys
+
+   When adding a new key to the repository, the username and hostname for the new key can be
+   specified on the command line. This allows overriding the defaults, for example if you would
+   prefer to use the FQDN to identify the host or if you want to add keys for several different hosts
+   without having to run the key add command on those hosts.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2175
+
+ * Enhancement #2277: Add support for ppc64le
+
+   Adds support for ppc64le, the processor architecture from IBM.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2277
+
+ * Enhancement #2395: Ignore sync errors when operation not supported by local filesystem
+
+   The local backend has been modified to work with filesystems which doesn't support the `sync`
+   operation. This operation is normally used by restic to ensure that data files are fully
+   written to disk before continuing.
+
+   For these limited filesystems, saving a file in the backend would previously fail with an
+   "operation not supported" error. This error is now ignored, which means that e.g. an SMB mount
+   on macOS can now be used as storage location for a repository.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2395
+   https://forum.restic.net/t/sync-errors-on-mac-over-smb/1859
+
+ * Enhancement #2427: Add flag `--iexclude-file` to backup command
+
+   The backup command now supports the flag `--iexclude-file` which is a case-insensitive
+   version of `--exclude-file`.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2427
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2898
+
+ * Enhancement #2569: Support excluding files by their size
+
+   The `backup` command now supports the `--exclude-larger-than` option to exclude files which
+   are larger than the specified maximum size. This can for example be useful to exclude
+   unimportant files with a large file size.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2569
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2914
+
+ * Enhancement #2571: Self-heal missing file parts during backup of unchanged files
+
+   We've improved the resilience of restic to certain types of repository corruption.
+
+   For files that are unchanged since the parent snapshot, the backup command now verifies that
+   all parts of the files still exist in the repository. Parts that are missing, e.g. from a damaged
+   repository, are backed up again. This verification was already run for files that were
+   modified since the parent snapshot, but is now also done for unchanged files.
+
+   Note that restic will not backup file parts that are referenced in the index but where the actual
+   data is not present on disk, as this situation can only be detected by restic check. Please
+   ensure that you run `restic check` regularly.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2571
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2827
+
+ * Enhancement #2858: Support filtering snapshots by tag and path in the stats command
+
+   We've added filtering snapshots by `--tag tagList` and by `--path path` to the `stats`
+   command. This includes filtering of only 'latest' snapshots or all snapshots in a repository.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2858
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2859
+   https://forum.restic.net/t/stats-for-a-host-and-filtered-snapshots/3020
+
+ * Enhancement #323: Add command for copying snapshots between repositories
+
+   We've added a copy command, allowing you to copy snapshots from one repository to another.
+
+   Note that this process will have to read (download) and write (upload) the entire snapshot(s)
+   due to the different encryption keys used on the source and destination repository. Also, the
+   transferred files are not re-chunked, which may break deduplication between files already
+   stored in the destination repo and files copied there using this command.
+
+   To fully support deduplication between repositories when the copy command is used, the init
+   command now supports the `--copy-chunker-params` option, which initializes the new
+   repository with identical parameters for splitting files into chunks as an already existing
+   repository. This allows copied snapshots to be equally deduplicated in both repositories.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/323
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2606
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2928
+
+ * Enhancement #551: Use optimized library for hash calculation of file chunks
+
+   We've switched the library used to calculate the hashes of file chunks, which are used for
+   deduplication, to the optimized Minio SHA-256 implementation.
+
+   Depending on the CPU it improves the hashing throughput by 10-30%. Modern x86 CPUs with the SHA
+   Extension should be about two to three times faster.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/551
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2709
+
+ * Enhancement #2195: Simplify and improve restore performance
+
+   Significantly improves restore performance of large files (i.e. 50M+):
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2074
+   https://forum.restic.net/t/restore-using-rclone-gdrive-backend-is-slow/1112/8
+   https://forum.restic.net/t/degraded-restore-performance-s3-backend/1400
+
+   Fixes "not enough cache capacity" error during restore:
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2244
+
+   NOTE: This new implementation does not guarantee order in which blobs are written to the target
+   files and, for example, the last blob of a file can be written to the file before any of the
+   preceeding file blobs. It is therefore possible to have gaps in the data written to the target
+   files if restore fails or interrupted by the user.
+
+   The implementation will try to preallocate space for the restored files on the filesystem to
+   prevent file fragmentation. This ensures good read performance for large files, like for
+   example VM images. If preallocating space is not supported by the filesystem, then this step is
+   silently skipped.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2195
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2893
+
+ * Enhancement #2328: Improve speed of check command
+
+   We've improved the check command to traverse trees only once independent of whether they are
+   contained in multiple snapshots. The check command is now much faster for repositories with a
+   large number of snapshots.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2284
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2328
+
+ * Enhancement #2423: Support user@domain parsing as user
+
+   Added the ability for user@domain-like users to be authenticated over SFTP servers.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2423
+
+ * Enhancement #2576: Improve the chunking algorithm
+
+   We've updated the chunker library responsible for splitting files into smaller blocks. It
+   should improve the chunking throughput by 5-15% depending on the CPU.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2820
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2576
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2845
+
+ * Enhancement #2598: Improve speed of diff command
+
+   We've improved the performance of the diff command when comparing snapshots with similar
+   content. It should run up to twice as fast as before.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2598
+
+ * Enhancement #2599: Slightly reduce memory usage of prune and stats commands
+
+   The prune and the stats command kept directory identifiers in memory twice while searching for
+   used blobs.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2599
+
+ * Enhancement #2733: S3 backend: Add support for WebIdentityTokenFile
+
+   We've added support for EKS IAM roles for service accounts feature to the S3 backend.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2703
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2733
+
+ * Enhancement #2773: Optimize handling of new index entries
+
+   Restic now uses less memory for backups which add a lot of data, e.g. large initial backups. In
+   addition, we've improved the stability in some edge cases.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2773
+
+ * Enhancement #2781: Reduce memory consumption of in-memory index
+
+   We've improved how the index is stored in memory. This change can reduce memory usage for large
+   repositories by up to 50% (depending on the operation).
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2781
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2812
+
+ * Enhancement #2786: Optimize `list blobs` command
+
+   We've changed the implementation of `list blobs` which should be now a bit faster and consume
+   almost no memory even for large repositories.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2786
+
+ * Enhancement #2790: Optimized file access in restic mount
+
+   Reading large (> 100GiB) files from restic mountpoints is now faster, and the speedup is
+   greater for larger files.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2790
+
+ * Enhancement #2840: Speed-up file deletion in forget, prune and rebuild-index
+
+   We've sped up the file deletion for the commands forget, prune and rebuild-index, especially
+   for remote repositories. Deletion was sequential before and is now run in parallel.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2840
+
+
 Changelog for restic 0.9.6 (2019-11-22)
 =======================================
 
@@ -12,6 +476,7 @@ Summary
  * Fix #2249: Read fresh metadata for unmodified files
  * Fix #2301: Add upper bound for t in --read-data-subset=n/t
  * Fix #2321: Check errors when loading index files
+ * Enh #2179: Use ctime when checking for file changes
  * Enh #2306: Allow multiple retries for interactive password input
  * Enh #2330: Make `--group-by` accept both singular and plural
  * Enh #2350: Add option to configure S3 region
@@ -60,6 +525,21 @@ Details
    https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2321
    https://forum.restic.net/t/check-rebuild-index-prune/1848/13
 
+ * Enhancement #2179: Use ctime when checking for file changes
+
+   Previously, restic only checked a file's mtime (along with other non-timestamp metadata) to
+   decide if a file has changed. This could cause restic to not notice that a file has changed (and
+   therefore continue to store the old version, as opposed to the modified version) if something
+   edits the file and then resets the timestamp. Restic now also checks the ctime of files, so any
+   modifications to a file should be noticed, and the modified file will be backed up. The ctime
+   check will be disabled if the --ignore-inode flag was given.
+
+   If this change causes problems for you, please open an issue, and we can look in to adding a
+   seperate flag to disable just the ctime check.
+
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2179
+   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2212
+
  * Enhancement #2306: Allow multiple retries for interactive password input
 
    Restic used to quit if the repository password was typed incorrectly once. Restic will now ask
@@ -101,7 +581,6 @@ Summary
  * Enh #1895: Add case insensitive include & exclude options
  * Enh #1937: Support streaming JSON output for backup
  * Enh #2155: Add Openstack application credential auth for Swift
- * Enh #2179: Use ctime when checking for file changes
  * Enh #2184: Add --json support to forget command
  * Enh #2037: Add group-by option to snapshots command
  * Enh #2124: Ability to dump folders to tar via stdout
@@ -167,21 +646,6 @@ Details
 
    https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2155
 
- * Enhancement #2179: Use ctime when checking for file changes
-
-   Previously, restic only checked a file's mtime (along with other non-timestamp metadata) to
-   decide if a file has changed. This could cause restic to not notice that a file has changed (and
-   therefore continue to store the old version, as opposed to the modified version) if something
-   edits the file and then resets the timestamp. Restic now also checks the ctime of files, so any
-   modifications to a file should be noticed, and the modified file will be backed up. The ctime
-   check will be disabled if the --ignore-inode flag was given.
-
-   If this change causes problems for you, please open an issue, and we can look in to adding a
-   seperate flag to disable just the ctime check.
-
-   https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2179
-   https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2212
-
  * Enhancement #2184: Add --json support to forget command
 
    The forget command now supports the --json argument, outputting the information about what is
@@ -1361,10 +1825,10 @@ Details
 
    Exploiting the vulnerability requires a Linux/Unix system which saves backups via restic and
    a Windows systems which restores files from the repo. In addition, the attackers need to be able
-   to create create files with arbitrary names which are then saved to the restic repo. For
-   example, by creating a file named "..\test.txt" (which is a perfectly legal filename on Linux)
-   and restoring a snapshot containing this file on Windows, it would be written to the parent of
-   the target directory.
+   to create files with arbitrary names which are then saved to the restic repo. For example, by
+   creating a file named "..\test.txt" (which is a perfectly legal filename on Linux) and
+   restoring a snapshot containing this file on Windows, it would be written to the parent of the
+   target directory.
 
    We'd like to thank Tyler Spivey for reporting this responsibly!
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -46,15 +46,12 @@ Remember, the easier it is for us to reproduce the bug, the earlier it will be
 corrected!
 
 In addition, you can compile restic with debug support by running
-`go run -mod=vendor build.go -tags debug` and instructing it to create a debug
+`go run build.go -tags debug` and instructing it to create a debug
 log by setting the environment variable `DEBUG_LOG` to a file, e.g. like this:
 
     $ export DEBUG_LOG=/tmp/restic-debug.log
     $ restic backup ~/work
 
-For Go < 1.11, you need to remove the `-mod=vendor` option from the build
-command.
-
 Please be aware that the debug log file will contain potentially sensitive
 things like file and directory names, so please either redact it before
 uploading it somewhere or post only the parts that are really relevant.
@@ -63,16 +60,11 @@ uploading it somewhere or post only the parts that are really relevant.
 Development Environment
 =======================
 
-The repository contains several sets of directories with code: `cmd/` and
-`internal/` contain the code written for restic, whereas `vendor/` contains
-copies of libraries restic depends on. The libraries are managed with the
-command `go mod vendor`.
+The repository contains the code written for restic in the directories
+`cmd/` and `internal/`.
 
-Go >= 1.11
-----------
-
-For Go version 1.11 or later, you should clone the repo (without having
-`$GOPATH` set) and `cd` into the directory:
+Restic requires Go version 1.12 or later for compiling. Clone the repo (without
+having `$GOPATH` set) and `cd` into the directory:
 
     $ unset GOPATH
     $ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic
@@ -82,40 +74,12 @@ Then use the `go` tool to build restic:
 
     $ go build ./cmd/restic
     $ ./restic version
-    restic 0.9.2-dev (compiled manually) compiled with go1.11 on linux/amd64
+    restic 0.9.6-dev (compiled manually) compiled with go1.14 on linux/amd64
 
 You can run all tests with the following command:
 
     $ go test ./...
 
-Go < 1.11
----------
-
-In order to compile restic with Go before 1.11, it needs to be checked out at
-the right path within a `GOPATH`. The concept of a `GOPATH` is explained in
-["How to write Go code"](https://golang.org/doc/code.html).
-
-If you do not have a directory with Go code yet, executing the following
-instructions in your shell will create one for you and check out the restic
-repo:
-
-    $ export GOPATH="$HOME/go"
-    $ mkdir -p "$GOPATH/src/github.com/restic"
-    $ cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/restic"
-    $ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic
-    $ cd restic
-
-You can then build restic as follows:
-
-    $ go build ./cmd/restic
-    $ ./restic version
-    restic compiled manually
-    compiled with go1.8.3 on linux/amd64
-
-The following commands can be used to run all the tests:
-
-    $ go test ./...
-
 Providing Patches
 =================
 
@@ -128,20 +92,19 @@ down to the following steps:
     GitHub. For a new feature, please add an issue before starting to work on
     it, so that duplicate work is prevented.
 
- 1. First we would kindly ask you to fork our project on GitHub if you haven't
-    done so already.
+ 1. Next, fork our project on GitHub if you haven't done so already.
 
- 2. Clone the repository locally and create a new branch. If you are working on
-    the code itself, please set up the development environment as described in
-    the previous section.
+ 2. Clone your fork of the repository locally and **create a new branch** for
+    your changes. If you are working on the code itself, please set up the
+    development environment as described in the previous section.
 
- 3. Then commit your changes as fine grained as possible, as smaller patches,
-    that handle one and only one issue are easier to discuss and merge.
+ 3. Commit your changes to the new branch as fine grained as possible, as
+    smaller patches, for individual changes, are easier to discuss and merge.
 
  4. Push the new branch with your changes to your fork of the repository.
 
  5. Create a pull request by visiting the GitHub website, it will guide you
-    through the process.
+    through the process. Please [allow edits from maintainers](https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/allowing-changes-to-a-pull-request-branch-created-from-a-fork).
 
  6. You will receive comments on your code and the feature or bug that they
     address. Maybe you need to rework some minor things, in this case push new
@@ -149,20 +112,19 @@ down to the following steps:
     existing commit, use common sense to decide which is better), they will be
     automatically added to the pull request.
 
- 7. If your pull request changes anything that users should be aware
-    of (a bugfix, a new feature, ...) please add an entry as a new
-    file in `changelog/unreleased` including the issue number in the
-    filename (e.g. `issue-8756`). Use the template in
-    `changelog/TEMPLATE` for the content. It will be used in the
-    announcement of the next stable release. While writing, ask
-    yourself: If I were the user, what would I need to be aware of
-    with this change.
+ 7. If your pull request changes anything that users should be aware of
+    (a bugfix, a new feature, ...) please add an entry as a new file in
+    `changelog/unreleased` including the issue number in the filename (e.g.
+    `issue-8756`). Use the template in `changelog/TEMPLATE` for the content.
+    It will be used in the announcement of the next stable release. While
+    writing, ask yourself: If I were the user, what would I need to be aware
+    of with this change?
 
  8. Once your code looks good and passes all the tests, we'll merge it. Thanks
     a lot for your contribution!
 
 Please provide the patches for each bug or feature in a separate branch and
-open up a pull request for each.
+open up a pull request for each, as this simplifies discussion and merging.
 
 The restic project uses the `gofmt` tool for Go source indentation, so please
 run

Makefile

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 all: restic
 
 restic:
-	go run -mod=vendor build.go || go run build.go
+	go run build.go
 
 clean:
 	rm -f restic

README.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-|Documentation| |Build Status| |Build status| |Report Card| |Say Thanks| |TestCoverage| |Reviewed by Hound|
+|Documentation| |Build Status| |Build status| |Report Card| |Say Thanks| |Reviewed by Hound|
 
 Introduction
 ------------

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.9.6
+0.10.0

appveyor.yml

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ init:
 
 install:
   - rmdir c:\go /s /q
-  - appveyor DownloadFile https://dl.google.com/go/go1.13.4.windows-amd64.msi
-  - msiexec /i go1.13.4.windows-amd64.msi /q
+  - appveyor DownloadFile https://dl.google.com/go/go1.15.2.windows-amd64.msi
+  - msiexec /i go1.15.2.windows-amd64.msi /q
   - go version
   - go env
   - appveyor DownloadFile http://sourceforge.netcologne.de/project/gnuwin32/tar/1.13-1/tar-1.13-1-bin.zip -FileName tar.zip
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ install:
   - set PATH=bin/;%PATH%
 
 build_script:
-  - go run -mod=vendor run_integration_tests.go
+  - go run run_integration_tests.go

build.go

@@ -3,22 +3,15 @@
 // This program aims to make building Go programs for end users easier by just
 // calling it with `go run`, without having to setup a GOPATH.
 //
-// For Go < 1.11, it'll create a new GOPATH in a temporary directory, then run
-// `go build` on the package configured as Main in the Config struct.
-//
-// For Go >= 1.11 if the file go.mod is present, it'll use Go modules and not
-// setup a GOPATH. It builds the package configured as Main in the Config
-// struct with `go build -mod=vendor` to use the vendored dependencies.
-// The variable GOPROXY is set to `off` so that no network calls are made. All
-// files are copied to a temporary directory before `go build` is called within
-// that directory.
+// This program needs Go >= 1.12. It'll use Go modules for compilation. It
+// builds the package configured as Main in the Config struct.
 
 // BSD 2-Clause License
 //
 // Copyright (c) 2016-2018, Alexander Neumann <alexander@bumpern.de>
 // All rights reserved.
 //
-// This file has been copied from the repository at:
+// This file has been derived from the repository at:
 // https://github.com/fd0/build-go
 //
 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -65,7 +58,7 @@ var config = Config{
 	Main:             "./cmd/restic",                           // package name for the main package
 	DefaultBuildTags: []string{"selfupdate"},                   // specify build tags which are always used
 	Tests:            []string{"./..."},                        // tests to run
-	MinVersion:       GoVersion{Major: 1, Minor: 10, Patch: 0}, // minimum Go version supported
+	MinVersion:       GoVersion{Major: 1, Minor: 11, Patch: 0}, // minimum Go version supported
 }
 
 // Config configures the build.
@@ -79,125 +72,13 @@ type Config struct {
 }
 
 var (
-	verbose    bool
-	keepGopath bool
-	runTests   bool
-	enableCGO  bool
-	enablePIE  bool
-	goVersion  = ParseGoVersion(runtime.Version())
+	verbose   bool
+	runTests  bool
+	enableCGO bool
+	enablePIE bool
+	goVersion = ParseGoVersion(runtime.Version())
 )
 
-// copy all Go files in src to dst, creating directories on the fly, so calling
-//
-//   copy("/tmp/gopath/src/github.com/restic/restic", "/home/u/restic")
-//
-// with "/home/u/restic" containing the file "foo.go" yields the following tree
-// at "/tmp/gopath":
-//
-//   /tmp/gopath
-//   └── src
-//       └── github.com
-//           └── restic
-//               └── restic
-//                   └── foo.go
-func copy(dst, src string) error {
-	verbosePrintf("copy contents of %v to %v\n", src, dst)
-	return filepath.Walk(src, func(name string, fi os.FileInfo, err error) error {
-		if name == src {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if name == ".git" {
-			return filepath.SkipDir
-		}
-
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if fi.IsDir() {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		intermediatePath, err := filepath.Rel(src, name)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		fileSrc := filepath.Join(src, intermediatePath)
-		fileDst := filepath.Join(dst, intermediatePath)
-
-		return copyFile(fileDst, fileSrc)
-	})
-}
-
-func directoryExists(dirname string) bool {
-	stat, err := os.Stat(dirname)
-	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return stat.IsDir()
-}
-
-func fileExists(filename string) bool {
-	stat, err := os.Stat(filename)
-	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return stat.Mode().IsRegular()
-}
-
-// copyFile creates dst from src, preserving file attributes and timestamps.
-func copyFile(dst, src string) error {
-	fi, err := os.Stat(src)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fsrc, err := os.Open(src)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(dst), 0755); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("MkdirAll(%v)\n", filepath.Dir(dst))
-		return err
-	}
-
-	fdst, err := os.Create(dst)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = fsrc.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-
-	_, err = io.Copy(fdst, fsrc)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = fsrc.Close()
-		_ = fdst.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = fdst.Close()
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = fsrc.Close()
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = fsrc.Close()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = os.Chmod(dst, fi.Mode())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return os.Chtimes(dst, fi.ModTime(), fi.ModTime())
-}
-
 // die prints the message with fmt.Fprintf() to stderr and exits with an error
 // code.
 func die(message string, args ...interface{}) {
@@ -211,7 +92,6 @@ func showUsage(output io.Writer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "OPTIONS:\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "  -v     --verbose       output more messages\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "  -t     --tags          specify additional build tags\n")
-	fmt.Fprintf(output, "  -k     --keep-tempdir  do not remove the temporary directory after build\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "  -T     --test          run tests\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "  -o     --output        set output file name\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "         --enable-cgo    use CGO to link against libc\n")
@@ -219,7 +99,6 @@ func showUsage(output io.Writer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "         --goos value    set GOOS for cross-compilation\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "         --goarch value  set GOARCH for cross-compilation\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(output, "         --goarm value   set GOARM for cross-compilation\n")
-	fmt.Fprintf(output, "         --tempdir dir   use a specific directory for compilation\n")
 }
 
 func verbosePrintf(message string, args ...interface{}) {
@@ -230,49 +109,39 @@ func verbosePrintf(message string, args ...interface{}) {
 	fmt.Printf("build: "+message, args...)
 }
 
-// cleanEnv returns a clean environment with GOPATH, GOBIN and GO111MODULE
-// removed (if present).
-func cleanEnv() (env []string) {
-	removeKeys := map[string]struct{}{
-		"GOPATH":      struct{}{},
-		"GOBIN":       struct{}{},
-		"GO111MODULE": struct{}{},
-	}
-
-	for _, v := range os.Environ() {
-		data := strings.SplitN(v, "=", 2)
-		name := data[0]
-
-		if _, ok := removeKeys[name]; ok {
+// printEnv prints Go-relevant environment variables in a nice way using verbosePrintf.
+func printEnv(env []string) {
+	verbosePrintf("environment (GO*):\n")
+	for _, v := range env {
+		// ignore environment variables which do not start with GO*.
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "GO") {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		env = append(env, v)
+		verbosePrintf("  %s\n", v)
 	}
-
-	return env
 }
 
 // build runs "go build args..." with GOPATH set to gopath.
 func build(cwd string, env map[string]string, args ...string) error {
 	a := []string{"build"}
 
-	if goVersion.AtLeast(GoVersion{1, 10, 0}) {
-		verbosePrintf("Go version is at least 1.10, using new syntax for -gcflags\n")
-		// use new prefix
+	// try to remove all absolute paths from resulting binary
+	if goVersion.AtLeast(GoVersion{1, 13, 0}) {
+		// use the new flag introduced by Go 1.13
+		a = append(a, "-trimpath")
+	} else {
+		// otherwise try to trim as many paths as possible
 		a = append(a, "-asmflags", fmt.Sprintf("all=-trimpath=%s", cwd))
 		a = append(a, "-gcflags", fmt.Sprintf("all=-trimpath=%s", cwd))
-	} else {
-		a = append(a, "-asmflags", fmt.Sprintf("-trimpath=%s", cwd))
-		a = append(a, "-gcflags", fmt.Sprintf("-trimpath=%s", cwd))
 	}
+
 	if enablePIE {
 		a = append(a, "-buildmode=pie")
 	}
 
 	a = append(a, args...)
 	cmd := exec.Command("go", a...)
-	cmd.Env = append(cleanEnv(), "GOPROXY=off")
+	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
 	for k, v := range env {
 		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, k+"="+v)
 	}
@@ -280,6 +149,8 @@ func build(cwd string, env map[string]string, args ...string) error {
 		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "CGO_ENABLED=0")
 	}
 
+	printEnv(cmd.Env)
+
 	cmd.Dir = cwd
 	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
@@ -294,7 +165,7 @@ func build(cwd string, env map[string]string, args ...string) error {
 func test(cwd string, env map[string]string, args ...string) error {
 	args = append([]string{"test", "-count", "1"}, args...)
 	cmd := exec.Command("go", args...)
-	cmd.Env = append(cleanEnv(), "GOPROXY=off")
+	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
 	for k, v := range env {
 		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, k+"="+v)
 	}
@@ -305,6 +176,8 @@ func test(cwd string, env map[string]string, args ...string) error {
 	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
 
+	printEnv(cmd.Env)
+
 	verbosePrintf("chdir %q\n", cwd)
 	verbosePrintf("go %q\n", args)
 
@@ -454,6 +327,10 @@ func (v GoVersion) String() string {
 }
 
 func main() {
+	if !goVersion.AtLeast(GoVersion{1, 12, 0}) {
+		die("Go version (%v) is too old, restic requires Go >= 1.12\n", goVersion)
+	}
+
 	if !goVersion.AtLeast(config.MinVersion) {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s detected, this program requires at least %s\n", goVersion, config.MinVersion)
 		os.Exit(1)
@@ -464,15 +341,13 @@ func main() {
 	skipNext := false
 	params := os.Args[1:]
 
-	goEnv := map[string]string{}
-	buildEnv := map[string]string{
-		"GOOS":   runtime.GOOS,
-		"GOARCH": runtime.GOARCH,
-		"GOARM":  "",
+	env := map[string]string{
+		"GO111MODULE": "on", // make sure we build in Module mode
+		"GOOS":        runtime.GOOS,
+		"GOARCH":      runtime.GOARCH,
+		"GOARM":       "",
 	}
 
-	tempdir := ""
-
 	var outputFilename string
 
 	for i, arg := range params {
@@ -484,8 +359,6 @@ func main() {
 		switch arg {
 		case "-v", "--verbose":
 			verbose = true
-		case "-k", "--keep-gopath":
-			keepGopath = true
 		case "-t", "-tags", "--tags":
 			if i+1 >= len(params) {
 				die("-t given but no tag specified")
@@ -495,9 +368,6 @@ func main() {
 		case "-o", "--output":
 			skipNext = true
 			outputFilename = params[i+1]
-		case "--tempdir":
-			skipNext = true
-			tempdir = params[i+1]
 		case "-T", "--test":
 			runTests = true
 		case "--enable-cgo":
@@ -506,13 +376,13 @@ func main() {
 			enablePIE = true
 		case "--goos":
 			skipNext = true
-			buildEnv["GOOS"] = params[i+1]
+			env["GOOS"] = params[i+1]
 		case "--goarch":
 			skipNext = true
-			buildEnv["GOARCH"] = params[i+1]
+			env["GOARCH"] = params[i+1]
 		case "--goarm":
 			skipNext = true
-			buildEnv["GOARM"] = params[i+1]
+			env["GOARM"] = params[i+1]
 		case "-h":
 			showUsage(os.Stdout)
 			return
@@ -525,8 +395,12 @@ func main() {
 
 	verbosePrintf("detected Go version %v\n", goVersion)
 
+	preserveSymbols := false
 	for i := range buildTags {
 		buildTags[i] = strings.TrimSpace(buildTags[i])
+		if buildTags[i] == "debug" || buildTags[i] == "profile" {
+			preserveSymbols = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	verbosePrintf("build tags: %s\n", buildTags)
@@ -538,7 +412,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	if outputFilename == "" {
 		outputFilename = config.Name
-		if buildEnv["GOOS"] == "windows" {
+		if env["GOOS"] == "windows" {
 			outputFilename += ".exe"
 		}
 	}
@@ -553,7 +427,11 @@ func main() {
 	if version != "" {
 		constants["main.version"] = version
 	}
-	ldflags := "-s -w " + constants.LDFlags()
+	ldflags := constants.LDFlags()
+	if !preserveSymbols {
+		// Strip debug symbols.
+		ldflags = "-s -w " + ldflags
+	}
 	verbosePrintf("ldflags: %s\n", ldflags)
 
 	var (
@@ -567,57 +445,18 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	buildTarget := filepath.FromSlash(mainPackage)
-	buildCWD := ""
-
-	if goVersion.AtLeast(GoVersion{1, 11, 0}) && fileExists("go.mod") {
-		verbosePrintf("Go >= 1.11 and 'go.mod' found, building with modules\n")
-		buildCWD = root
-
-		buildArgs = append(buildArgs, "-mod=vendor")
-		testArgs = append(testArgs, "-mod=vendor")
-
-		goEnv["GO111MODULE"] = "on"
-		buildEnv["GO111MODULE"] = "on"
-	} else {
-		if tempdir == "" {
-			tempdir, err = ioutil.TempDir("", fmt.Sprintf("%v-build-", config.Name))
-			if err != nil {
-				die("TempDir(): %v\n", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		verbosePrintf("Go < 1.11 or 'go.mod' not found, create GOPATH at %v\n", tempdir)
-		targetdir := filepath.Join(tempdir, "src", filepath.FromSlash(config.Namespace))
-		if err = copy(targetdir, root); err != nil {
-			die("copying files from %v to %v/src failed: %v\n", root, tempdir, err)
-		}
-
-		defer func() {
-			if !keepGopath {
-				verbosePrintf("remove %v\n", tempdir)
-				if err = os.RemoveAll(tempdir); err != nil {
-					die("remove GOPATH at %s failed: %v\n", tempdir, err)
-				}
-			} else {
-				verbosePrintf("leaving temporary GOPATH at %v\n", tempdir)
-			}
-		}()
-
-		buildCWD = targetdir
-
-		goEnv["GOPATH"] = tempdir
-		buildEnv["GOPATH"] = tempdir
+	buildCWD, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		die("unable to determine current working directory: %v\n", err)
 	}
 
-	verbosePrintf("environment:\n  go: %v\n  build: %v\n", goEnv, buildEnv)
-
 	buildArgs = append(buildArgs,
 		"-tags", strings.Join(buildTags, " "),
 		"-ldflags", ldflags,
 		"-o", output, buildTarget,
 	)
 
-	err = build(buildCWD, buildEnv, buildArgs...)
+	err = build(buildCWD, env, buildArgs...)
 	if err != nil {
 		die("build failed: %v\n", err)
 	}
@@ -627,7 +466,7 @@ func main() {
 
 		testArgs = append(testArgs, config.Tests...)
 
-		err = test(buildCWD, goEnv, testArgs...)
+		err = test(buildCWD, env, testArgs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			die("running tests failed: %v\n", err)
 		}

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-1570

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Enhancement: Support specifying multiple host flags for various commands
+
+Previously commands didn't take more than one `--host` or `-H` argument into account, which could be limiting with e.g.
+the `forget` command.
+
+The `dump`, `find`, `forget`, `ls`, `mount`, `restore`, `snapshots`, `stats` and `tag` commands will now take into account
+multiple `--host` and `-H` flags.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1570

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-1680

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Enhancement: Optimize `restic mount`
+
+We've optimized the FUSE implementation used within restic.
+`restic mount` is now more responsive and uses less memory.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1680
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2587
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2787

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-1863

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bugfix: Report correct number of directories processed by backup
+
+The directory statistics calculation was fixed to report the actual number
+of processed directories instead of always zero.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1863

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2072

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Enhancement: Display snapshot date when using `restic find`
+
+Added the respective snapshot date to the output of `restic find`.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2072

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2175

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Enhancement: Allow specifying user and host when creating keys
+
+When adding a new key to the repository, the username and hostname for the new
+key can be specified on the command line. This allows overriding the defaults,
+for example if you would prefer to use the FQDN to identify the host or if you
+want to add keys for several different hosts without having to run the key add
+command on those hosts.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2175

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2254

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Bugfix: Fix tar issues when dumping `/`
+
+We've fixed an issue with dumping either `/` or files on the first sublevel
+e.g. `/foo` to tar. This also fixes tar dumping issues on Windows where this
+issue could also happen.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2254
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2357
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2255

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2277

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Enhancement: Add support for ppc64le
+
+Adds support for ppc64le, the processor architecture from IBM.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2277

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2281

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Bugfix: Handle format verbs like '%' properly in `find` output
+
+The JSON or "normal" output of the `find` command can now deal with file names
+that contain substrings which the Golang `fmt` package considers "format verbs"
+like `%s`.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2281

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2298

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Bugfix: Do not hang when run as a background job
+
+Restic did hang on exit while restoring the terminal configuration when it was
+started as a background job, for example using `restic ... &`. This has been
+fixed by only restoring the terminal configuration when restic is interrupted
+while reading a password from the terminal.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2298

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2389

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Bugfix: Fix mangled json output of backup command
+
+We've fixed a race condition in the json output of the backup command
+that could cause multiple lines to get mixed up. We've also ensured that
+the backup summary is printed last.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2389
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2545

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2390

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bugfix: Refresh lock timestamp
+
+Long-running operations did not refresh lock timestamp, resulting in locks becoming stale. This is now fixed.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2390

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2395

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Enhancement: Ignore sync errors when operation not supported by local filesystem
+
+The local backend has been modified to work with filesystems which doesn't support
+the `sync` operation. This operation is normally used by restic to ensure that data
+files are fully written to disk before continuing.
+
+For these limited filesystems, saving a file in the backend would previously fail with
+an "operation not supported" error. This error is now ignored, which means that e.g.
+an SMB mount on macOS can now be used as storage location for a repository.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2395
+https://forum.restic.net/t/sync-errors-on-mac-over-smb/1859

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2427

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Enhancement: Add flag `--iexclude-file` to backup command
+
+The backup command now supports the flag `--iexclude-file` which is a
+case-insensitive version of `--exclude-file`.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2427
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2898

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2429

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bugfix: backup --json reports total_bytes_processed as 0
+
+We've fixed the json output of total_bytes_processed. The non-json output
+was already fixed with pull request #2138 but left the json output untouched.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2429

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2469

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bugfix: Fix incorrect bytes stats in `diff` command
+
+In some cases, the wrong number of bytes (e.g. 16777215.998 TiB) were reported by the `diff` command. This is now fixed.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2469

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2482

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Change: Remove vendored dependencies
+
+We've removed the vendored dependencies (in the subdir `vendor/`). When
+building restic, the Go compiler automatically fetches the dependencies. It
+will also cryptographically verify that the correct code has been fetched by
+using the hashes in `go.sum` (see the link to the documentation below).
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2482
+https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Module_downloading_and_verification

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2518

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Bugfix: Do not crash with Synology NAS sftp server
+
+It was found that when restic is used to store data on an sftp server on a
+Synology NAS with a relative path (one which does not start with a slash), it
+may go into an endless loop trying to create directories on the server. We've
+fixed this bug by using a function in the sftp library instead of our own
+implementation.
+
+The bug was discovered because the Synology sftp server behaves erratic with
+non-absolute path (e.g. `home/restic-repo`). This can be resolved by just using
+an absolute path instead (`/home/restic-repo`). We've also added a paragraph in
+the FAQ.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2518
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2363
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2530

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2531

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bugfix: Fix incorrect size calculation in `stats --mode restore-size` 
+
+The restore-size mode of stats was counting hard-linked files as if they were independent.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2531

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2537

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bugfix: Fix incorrect file counts in `stats --mode restore-size` 
+
+The restore-size mode of stats was failing to count empty directories and some files with hard links.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2537

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2569

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Enhancement: Support excluding files by their size
+
+The `backup` command now supports the `--exclude-larger-than` option to exclude files which are
+larger than the specified maximum size. This can for example be useful to exclude unimportant
+files with a large file size.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2569
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2914

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2571

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Enhancement: Self-heal missing file parts during backup of unchanged files
+
+We've improved the resilience of restic to certain types of repository corruption.
+
+For files that are unchanged since the parent snapshot, the backup command now
+verifies that all parts of the files still exist in the repository. Parts that are
+missing, e.g. from a damaged repository, are backed up again. This verification
+was already run for files that were modified since the parent snapshot, but is
+now also done for unchanged files.
+
+Note that restic will not backup file parts that are referenced in the index but
+where the actual data is not present on disk, as this situation can only be
+detected by restic check. Please ensure that you run `restic check` regularly.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2571
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2827

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-2858

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Enhancement: Support filtering snapshots by tag and path in the stats command
+
+We've added filtering snapshots by `--tag tagList` and by `--path path` to
+the `stats` command. This includes filtering of only 'latest' snapshots or
+all snapshots in a repository.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2858
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2859
+https://forum.restic.net/t/stats-for-a-host-and-filtered-snapshots/3020

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-323

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Enhancement: Add command for copying snapshots between repositories
+
+We've added a copy command, allowing you to copy snapshots from one
+repository to another.
+
+Note that this process will have to read (download) and write (upload) the
+entire snapshot(s) due to the different encryption keys used on the source
+and destination repository. Also, the transferred files are not re-chunked,
+which may break deduplication between files already stored in the
+destination repo and files copied there using this command.
+
+To fully support deduplication between repositories when the copy command is
+used, the init command now supports the `--copy-chunker-params` option,
+which initializes the new repository with identical parameters for splitting
+files into chunks as an already existing repository. This allows copied
+snapshots to be equally deduplicated in both repositories.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/323
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2606
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2928

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/issue-551

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Enhancement: Use optimized library for hash calculation of file chunks
+
+We've switched the library used to calculate the hashes of file chunks, which
+are used for deduplication, to the optimized Minio SHA-256 implementation.
+
+Depending on the CPU it improves the hashing throughput by 10-30%. Modern x86
+CPUs with the SHA Extension should be about two to three times faster.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/551
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2709

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2195

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Enhancement: Simplify and improve restore performance
+
+Significantly improves restore performance of large files (i.e. 50M+):
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2074
+https://forum.restic.net/t/restore-using-rclone-gdrive-backend-is-slow/1112/8
+https://forum.restic.net/t/degraded-restore-performance-s3-backend/1400
+
+Fixes "not enough cache capacity" error during restore:
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2244
+
+NOTE: This new implementation does not guarantee order in which blobs
+are written to the target files and, for example, the last blob of a
+file can be written to the file before any of the preceeding file blobs.
+It is therefore possible to have gaps in the data written to the target
+files if restore fails or interrupted by the user.
+
+The implementation will try to preallocate space for the restored files
+on the filesystem to prevent file fragmentation. This ensures good read
+performance for large files, like for example VM images. If preallocating
+space is not supported by the filesystem, then this step is silently skipped.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2195
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2893

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2328

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Enhancement: Improve speed of check command
+
+We've improved the check command to traverse trees only once independent of
+whether they are contained in multiple snapshots. The check command is now much
+faster for repositories with a large number of snapshots.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2328
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2284

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2423

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Enhancement: support user@domain parsing as user
+
+Added the ability for user@domain-like users to be authenticated over SFTP servers.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2423

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2546

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Change: Return exit code 3 when failing to backup all source data
+
+The backup command used to return a zero exit code as long as a snapshot
+could be created successfully, even if some of the source files could not
+be read (in which case the snapshot would contain the rest of the files).
+
+This made it hard for automation/scripts to detect failures/incomplete
+backups by looking at the exit code. Restic now returns the following exit
+codes for the backup command:
+
+ - 0 when the command was successful
+ - 1 when there was a fatal error (no snapshot created)
+ - 3 when some source data could not be read (incomplete snapshot created)
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2546
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/956
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2064
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2526
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2364

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2576

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Enhancement: Improve the chunking algorithm
+
+We've updated the chunker library responsible for splitting files into smaller
+blocks. It should improve the chunking throughput by 5-15% depending on the
+CPU.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2576
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2845
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2820

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2592

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bugfix: SFTP backend supports IPv6 addresses
+
+The SFTP backend now supports IPv6 addresses natively, without relying on
+aliases in the external SSH configuration.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2592

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2598

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: Improve speed of diff command
+
+We've improved the performance of the diff command when comparing snapshots
+with similar content. It should run up to twice as fast as before.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2598

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2599

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: Slightly reduce memory usage of prune and stats commands
+
+The prune and the stats command kept directory identifiers in memory twice
+while searching for used blobs.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2599

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2600

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Change: Update dependencies, require Go >= 1.13
+
+Restic now requires Go to be at least 1.13. This allows simplifications in the
+build process and removing workarounds.
+
+This is also probably the last version of restic still supporting mounting
+repositories via fuse on macOS. The library we're using for fuse does not
+support macOS any more and osxfuse is not open source any more.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2600
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2852
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2927
+https://github.com/bazil/fuse/issues/224
+https://github.com/osxfuse/osxfuse/issues/590

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2607

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Bugfix: Honor RESTIC_CACHE_DIR environment variable on Mac and Windows
+
+On Mac and Windows, the RESTIC_CACHE_DIR environment variable was ignored.
+This variable can now be used on all platforms to set the directory where
+restic stores caches.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2607

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2668

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bugfix: Don't abort the stats command when data blobs are missing
+
+Runing the stats command in the blobs-per-file mode on a repository with
+missing data blobs previously resulted in a crash.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2668

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2674

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Bugfix: Add stricter prune error checks
+
+Additional checks were added to the prune command in order to improve
+resiliency to backend, hardware and/or networking issues. The checks now
+detect a few more cases where such outside factors could potentially cause
+data loss.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2674

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2733

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: S3 backend: Add support for WebIdentityTokenFile
+
+We've added support for EKS IAM roles for service accounts feature to the S3 backend.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2733
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/2703

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2773

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: Optimize handling of new index entries
+
+Restic now uses less memory for backups which add a lot of data, e.g. large initial backups.
+In addition, we've improved the stability in some edge cases.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2773

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2781

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Enhancement: Reduce memory consumption of in-memory index
+
+We've improved how the index is stored in memory.
+This change can reduce memory usage for large repositories by up to 50%
+(depending on the operation).
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2781
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2812

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2786

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: Optimize `list blobs` command
+
+We've changed the implementation of `list blobs` which should be now a bit faster
+and consume almost no memory even for large repositories.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2786

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2790

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Enhancement: Optimized file access in restic mount
+
+Reading large (> 100GiB) files from restic mountpoints is now faster,
+and the speedup is greater for larger files.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2790

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2821

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Change: Honor the --no-lock flag in the mount command
+
+The mount command now does not lock the repository if given the
+--no-lock flag. This allows to mount repositories which are archived
+on a read only backend/filesystem.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1597
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2821

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2840

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Enhancement: Speed-up file deletion in forget, prune and rebuild-index
+
+We've sped up the file deletion for the commands forget, prune and
+rebuild-index, especially for remote repositories.
+Deletion was sequential before and is now run in parallel.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2840

changelog/0.10.0_2020-09-19/pull-2899

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Bugfix: Fix possible crash in the progress bar of check --read-data
+
+We've fixed a possible crash while displaying the progress bar for the
+check --read-data command. The crash occurred when the length of the
+progress bar status exceeded the terminal width, which only happened for
+very narrow terminal windows.
+
+https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/2899
+https://forum.restic.net/t/restic-rclone-pcloud-connection-issues/2963/15

changelog/0.8.0_2017-11-26/issue-1445

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ vulnerability, but urge all users to upgrade to the latest version of restic.
 
 Exploiting the vulnerability requires a Linux/Unix system which saves backups
 via restic and a Windows systems which restores files from the repo. In
-addition, the attackers need to be able to create create files with arbitrary
+addition, the attackers need to be able to create files with arbitrary
 names which are then saved to the restic repo. For example, by creating a file
 named "..\test.txt" (which is a perfectly legal filename on Linux) and
 restoring a snapshot containing this file on Windows, it would be written to

changelog/CHANGELOG.tmpl

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Details
 {{ range $entry := .Entries }}{{ with $entry }}
  * {{ .Type }} #{{ .PrimaryID }}: {{ .Title }}
 {{ range $par := .Paragraphs }}
-   {{ wrap $par 80 3 }}
+   {{ wrapIndent $par 80 3 }}
 {{ end -}}
 {{ range $url := .IssueURLs }}
    {{ $url -}}

changelog/TEMPLATE

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ in case there aren't any issue links) is used as the primary ID.
 
 https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/1234
 https://github.com/restic/restic/pull/55555
-https://forum.restic/.net/foo/bar/baz
+https://forum.restic.net/foo/bar/baz

cmd/restic/cleanup.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"sync"
@@ -17,10 +16,8 @@ var cleanupHandlers struct {
 	ch   chan os.Signal
 }
 
-var stderr = os.Stderr
-
 func init() {
-	cleanupHandlers.ch = make(chan os.Signal)
+	cleanupHandlers.ch = make(chan os.Signal, 1)
 	go CleanupHandler(cleanupHandlers.ch)
 	signal.Notify(cleanupHandlers.ch, syscall.SIGINT)
 }
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ func RunCleanupHandlers() {
 	for _, f := range cleanupHandlers.list {
 		err := f()
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "error in cleanup handler: %v\n", err)
+			Warnf("error in cleanup handler: %v\n", err)
 		}
 	}
 	cleanupHandlers.list = nil
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ func RunCleanupHandlers() {
 func CleanupHandler(c <-chan os.Signal) {
 	for s := range c {
 		debug.Log("signal %v received, cleaning up", s)
-		fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "%ssignal %v received, cleaning up\n", ClearLine(), s)
+		Warnf("%ssignal %v received, cleaning up\n", ClearLine(), s)
 
 		code := 0
 

cmd/restic/cmd_backup.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/textfile"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/ui"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/ui/jsonstatus"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/ui/json"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/ui/termstatus"
 )
 
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ var cmdBackup = &cobra.Command{
 	Long: `
 The "backup" command creates a new snapshot and saves the files and directories
 given as the arguments.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful.
+Exit status is 1 if there was a fatal error (no snapshot created).
+Exit status is 3 if some source data could not be read (incomplete snapshot created).
 `,
 	PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		if backupOptions.Host == "" {
@@ -71,48 +78,55 @@ given as the arguments.
 
 // BackupOptions bundles all options for the backup command.
 type BackupOptions struct {
-	Parent              string
-	Force               bool
-	Excludes            []string
-	InsensitiveExcludes []string
-	ExcludeFiles        []string
-	ExcludeOtherFS      bool
-	ExcludeIfPresent    []string
-	ExcludeCaches       bool
-	Stdin               bool
-	StdinFilename       string
-	Tags                []string
-	Host                string
-	FilesFrom           []string
-	TimeStamp           string
-	WithAtime           bool
-	IgnoreInode         bool
+	Parent                  string
+	Force                   bool
+	Excludes                []string
+	InsensitiveExcludes     []string
+	ExcludeFiles            []string
+	InsensitiveExcludeFiles []string
+	ExcludeOtherFS          bool
+	ExcludeIfPresent        []string
+	ExcludeCaches           bool
+	ExcludeLargerThan       string
+	Stdin                   bool
+	StdinFilename           string
+	Tags                    []string
+	Host                    string
+	FilesFrom               []string
+	TimeStamp               string
+	WithAtime               bool
+	IgnoreInode             bool
 }
 
 var backupOptions BackupOptions
 
+// ErrInvalidSourceData is used to report an incomplete backup
+var ErrInvalidSourceData = errors.New("failed to read all source data during backup")
+
 func init() {
 	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdBackup)
 
 	f := cmdBackup.Flags()
-	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.Parent, "parent", "", "use this parent snapshot (default: last snapshot in the repo that has the same target files/directories)")
+	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.Parent, "parent", "", "use this parent `snapshot` (default: last snapshot in the repo that has the same target files/directories)")
 	f.BoolVarP(&backupOptions.Force, "force", "f", false, `force re-reading the target files/directories (overrides the "parent" flag)`)
 	f.StringArrayVarP(&backupOptions.Excludes, "exclude", "e", nil, "exclude a `pattern` (can be specified multiple times)")
-	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.InsensitiveExcludes, "iexclude", nil, "same as `--exclude` but ignores the casing of filenames")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.InsensitiveExcludes, "iexclude", nil, "same as --exclude `pattern` but ignores the casing of filenames")
 	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeFiles, "exclude-file", nil, "read exclude patterns from a `file` (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.InsensitiveExcludeFiles, "iexclude-file", nil, "same as --exclude-file but ignores casing of `file`names in patterns")
 	f.BoolVarP(&backupOptions.ExcludeOtherFS, "one-file-system", "x", false, "exclude other file systems")
-	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeIfPresent, "exclude-if-present", nil, "takes filename[:header], exclude contents of directories containing filename (except filename itself) if header of that file is as provided (can be specified multiple times)")
-	f.BoolVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeCaches, "exclude-caches", false, `excludes cache directories that are marked with a CACHEDIR.TAG file. See http://bford.info/cachedir/spec.html for the Cache Directory Tagging Standard`)
+	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeIfPresent, "exclude-if-present", nil, "takes `filename[:header]`, exclude contents of directories containing filename (except filename itself) if header of that file is as provided (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.BoolVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeCaches, "exclude-caches", false, `excludes cache directories that are marked with a CACHEDIR.TAG file. See https://bford.info/cachedir/ for the Cache Directory Tagging Standard`)
+	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.ExcludeLargerThan, "exclude-larger-than", "", "max `size` of the files to be backed up (allowed suffixes: k/K, m/M, g/G, t/T)")
 	f.BoolVar(&backupOptions.Stdin, "stdin", false, "read backup from stdin")
-	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.StdinFilename, "stdin-filename", "stdin", "file name to use when reading from stdin")
+	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.StdinFilename, "stdin-filename", "stdin", "`filename` to use when reading from stdin")
 	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.Tags, "tag", nil, "add a `tag` for the new snapshot (can be specified multiple times)")
 
 	f.StringVarP(&backupOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", "set the `hostname` for the snapshot manually. To prevent an expensive rescan use the \"parent\" flag")
 	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.Host, "hostname", "", "set the `hostname` for the snapshot manually")
 	f.MarkDeprecated("hostname", "use --host")
 
-	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.FilesFrom, "files-from", nil, "read the files to backup from file (can be combined with file args/can be specified multiple times)")
-	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.TimeStamp, "time", "", "time of the backup (ex. '2012-11-01 22:08:41') (default: now)")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&backupOptions.FilesFrom, "files-from", nil, "read the files to backup from `file` (can be combined with file args/can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.StringVar(&backupOptions.TimeStamp, "time", "", "`time` of the backup (ex. '2012-11-01 22:08:41') (default: now)")
 	f.BoolVar(&backupOptions.WithAtime, "with-atime", false, "store the atime for all files and directories")
 	f.BoolVar(&backupOptions.IgnoreInode, "ignore-inode", false, "ignore inode number changes when checking for modified files")
 }
@@ -229,6 +243,14 @@ func collectRejectByNameFuncs(opts BackupOptions, repo *repository.Repository, t
 		opts.Excludes = append(opts.Excludes, excludes...)
 	}
 
+	if len(opts.InsensitiveExcludeFiles) > 0 {
+		excludes, err := readExcludePatternsFromFiles(opts.InsensitiveExcludeFiles)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		opts.InsensitiveExcludes = append(opts.InsensitiveExcludes, excludes...)
+	}
+
 	if len(opts.InsensitiveExcludes) > 0 {
 		fs = append(fs, rejectByInsensitivePattern(opts.InsensitiveExcludes))
 	}
@@ -265,6 +287,14 @@ func collectRejectFuncs(opts BackupOptions, repo *repository.Repository, targets
 		fs = append(fs, f)
 	}
 
+	if len(opts.ExcludeLargerThan) != 0 && !opts.Stdin {
+		f, err := rejectBySize(opts.ExcludeLargerThan)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		fs = append(fs, f)
+	}
+
 	return fs, nil
 }
 
@@ -374,7 +404,7 @@ func findParentSnapshot(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, opts Backup
 
 	// Find last snapshot to set it as parent, if not already set
 	if !opts.Force && parentID == nil {
-		id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, targets, []restic.TagList{}, opts.Host)
+		id, err := restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, targets, []restic.TagList{}, []string{opts.Host})
 		if err == nil {
 			parentID = &id
 		} else if err != restic.ErrNoSnapshotFound {
@@ -407,7 +437,7 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 	var t tomb.Tomb
 
 	if gopts.verbosity >= 2 && !gopts.JSON {
-		term.Print("open repository\n")
+		Verbosef("open repository\n")
 	}
 
 	repo, err := OpenRepository(gopts)
@@ -439,7 +469,7 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 
 	var p ArchiveProgressReporter
 	if gopts.JSON {
-		p = jsonstatus.NewBackup(term, gopts.verbosity)
+		p = json.NewBackup(term, gopts.verbosity)
 	} else {
 		p = ui.NewBackup(term, gopts.verbosity)
 	}
@@ -549,7 +579,11 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 	arch.SelectByName = selectByNameFilter
 	arch.Select = selectFilter
 	arch.WithAtime = opts.WithAtime
-	arch.Error = p.Error
+	success := true
+	arch.Error = func(item string, fi os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+		success = false
+		return p.Error(item, fi, err)
+	}
 	arch.CompleteItem = p.CompleteItem
 	arch.StartFile = p.StartFile
 	arch.CompleteBlob = p.CompleteBlob
@@ -567,24 +601,6 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 		ParentSnapshot: *parentSnapshotID,
 	}
 
-	uploader := archiver.IndexUploader{
-		Repository: repo,
-		Start: func() {
-			if !gopts.JSON {
-				p.VV("uploading intermediate index")
-			}
-		},
-		Complete: func(id restic.ID) {
-			if !gopts.JSON {
-				p.V("uploaded intermediate index %v", id.Str())
-			}
-		},
-	}
-
-	t.Go(func() error {
-		return uploader.Upload(gopts.ctx, t.Context(gopts.ctx), 30*time.Second)
-	})
-
 	if !gopts.JSON {
 		p.V("start backup on %v", targets)
 	}
@@ -593,19 +609,21 @@ func runBackup(opts BackupOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, term *termstatus.Termina
 		return errors.Fatalf("unable to save snapshot: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	p.Finish(id)
-	if !gopts.JSON {
-		p.P("snapshot %s saved\n", id.Str())
-	}
-
 	// cleanly shutdown all running goroutines
 	t.Kill(nil)
 
 	// let's see if one returned an error
 	err = t.Wait()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+
+	// Report finished execution
+	p.Finish(id)
+	if !gopts.JSON {
+		p.P("snapshot %s saved\n", id.Str())
+	}
+	if !success {
+		return ErrInvalidSourceData
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	// Return error if any
+	return err
 }

cmd/restic/cmd_cache.go

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ var cmdCache = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Operate on local cache directories",
 	Long: `
 The "cache" command allows listing and cleaning local cache directories.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

cmd/restic/cmd_cat.go

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
@@ -18,6 +16,11 @@ var cmdCat = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Print internal objects to stdout",
 	Long: `
 The "cat" command is used to print internal objects to stdout.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Println(string(buf))
+		Println(string(buf))
 		return nil
 	case "index":
 		buf, err := repo.LoadAndDecrypt(gopts.ctx, nil, restic.IndexFile, id)
@@ -79,9 +82,8 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		_, err = os.Stdout.Write(append(buf, '\n'))
-		return err
-
+		Println(string(buf))
+		return nil
 	case "snapshot":
 		sn := &restic.Snapshot{}
 		err = repo.LoadJSONUnpacked(gopts.ctx, restic.SnapshotFile, id, sn)
@@ -94,8 +96,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Println(string(buf))
-
+		Println(string(buf))
 		return nil
 	case "key":
 		h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.KeyFile, Name: id.String()}
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Println(string(buf))
+		Println(string(buf))
 		return nil
 	case "masterkey":
 		buf, err := json.MarshalIndent(repo.Key(), "", "  ")
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Println(string(buf))
+		Println(string(buf))
 		return nil
 	case "lock":
 		lock, err := restic.LoadLock(gopts.ctx, repo, id)
@@ -136,8 +137,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Println(string(buf))
-
+		Println(string(buf))
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	switch tpe {
 	case "pack":
-		h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.DataFile, Name: id.String()}
+		h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.PackFile, Name: id.String()}
 		buf, err := backend.LoadAll(gopts.ctx, nil, repo.Backend(), h)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -157,28 +157,24 @@ func runCat(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 		hash := restic.Hash(buf)
 		if !hash.Equal(id) {
-			fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "Warning: hash of data does not match ID, want\n  %v\ngot:\n  %v\n", id.String(), hash.String())
+			Warnf("Warning: hash of data does not match ID, want\n  %v\ngot:\n  %v\n", id.String(), hash.String())
 		}
 
-		_, err = os.Stdout.Write(buf)
+		_, err = globalOptions.stdout.Write(buf)
 		return err
 
 	case "blob":
 		for _, t := range []restic.BlobType{restic.DataBlob, restic.TreeBlob} {
-			list, found := repo.Index().Lookup(id, t)
-			if !found {
+			if !repo.Index().Has(id, t) {
 				continue
 			}
-			blob := list[0]
 
-			buf := make([]byte, blob.Length)
-			n, err := repo.LoadBlob(gopts.ctx, t, id, buf)
+			buf, err := repo.LoadBlob(gopts.ctx, t, id, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			buf = buf[:n]
 
-			_, err = os.Stdout.Write(buf)
+			_, err = globalOptions.stdout.Write(buf)
 			return err
 		}
 

cmd/restic/cmd_check.go

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ package main
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
-	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
@@ -25,6 +23,11 @@ finds. It can also be used to read all data and therefore simulate a restore.
 
 By default, the "check" command will always load all data directly from the
 repository and not use a local cache.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -95,36 +98,6 @@ func stringToIntSlice(param string) (split []uint, err error) {
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func newReadProgress(gopts GlobalOptions, todo restic.Stat) *restic.Progress {
-	if gopts.Quiet {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	readProgress := restic.NewProgress()
-
-	readProgress.OnUpdate = func(s restic.Stat, d time.Duration, ticker bool) {
-		status := fmt.Sprintf("[%s] %s  %d / %d items",
-			formatDuration(d),
-			formatPercent(s.Blobs, todo.Blobs),
-			s.Blobs, todo.Blobs)
-
-		if w := stdoutTerminalWidth(); w > 0 {
-			if len(status) > w {
-				max := w - len(status) - 4
-				status = status[:max] + "... "
-			}
-		}
-
-		PrintProgress("%s", status)
-	}
-
-	readProgress.OnDone = func(s restic.Stat, d time.Duration, ticker bool) {
-		fmt.Printf("\nduration: %s\n", formatDuration(d))
-	}
-
-	return readProgress
-}
-
 // prepareCheckCache configures a special cache directory for check.
 //
 //  * if --with-cache is specified, the default cache is used
@@ -230,7 +203,7 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			continue
 		}
 		errorsFound = true
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+		Warnf("%v\n", err)
 	}
 
 	if orphanedPacks > 0 {
@@ -244,18 +217,18 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	for err := range errChan {
 		errorsFound = true
 		if e, ok := err.(checker.TreeError); ok {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "error for tree %v:\n", e.ID.Str())
+			Warnf("error for tree %v:\n", e.ID.Str())
 			for _, treeErr := range e.Errors {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  %v\n", treeErr)
+				Warnf("  %v\n", treeErr)
 			}
 		} else {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "error: %v\n", err)
+			Warnf("error: %v\n", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if opts.CheckUnused {
 		for _, id := range chkr.UnusedBlobs() {
-			Verbosef("unused blob %v\n", id.Str())
+			Verbosef("unused blob %v\n", id)
 			errorsFound = true
 		}
 	}
@@ -277,14 +250,14 @@ func runCheck(opts CheckOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			Verbosef("read all data\n")
 		}
 
-		p := newReadProgress(gopts, restic.Stat{Blobs: packCount})
+		p := newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, packCount, "packs")
 		errChan := make(chan error)
 
 		go chkr.ReadPacks(gopts.ctx, packs, p, errChan)
 
 		for err := range errChan {
 			errorsFound = true
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+			Warnf("%v\n", err)
 		}
 	}
 

cmd/restic/cmd_copy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+var cmdCopy = &cobra.Command{
+	Use:   "copy [flags] [snapshotID ...]",
+	Short: "Copy snapshots from one repository to another",
+	Long: `
+The "copy" command copies one or more snapshots from one repository to another
+repository. Note that this will have to read (download) and write (upload) the
+entire snapshot(s) due to the different encryption keys on the source and
+destination, and that transferred files are not re-chunked, which may break
+their deduplication. This can be mitigated by the "--copy-chunker-params"
+option when initializing a new destination repository using the "init" command.
+`,
+	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		return runCopy(copyOptions, globalOptions, args)
+	},
+}
+
+// CopyOptions bundles all options for the copy command.
+type CopyOptions struct {
+	secondaryRepoOptions
+	Hosts []string
+	Tags  restic.TagLists
+	Paths []string
+}
+
+var copyOptions CopyOptions
+
+func init() {
+	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdCopy)
+
+	f := cmdCopy.Flags()
+	initSecondaryRepoOptions(f, &copyOptions.secondaryRepoOptions, "destination", "to copy snapshots to")
+	f.StringArrayVarP(&copyOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.Var(&copyOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist`, when no snapshot ID is given")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&copyOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path`, when no snapshot ID is given")
+}
+
+func runCopy(opts CopyOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
+	dstGopts, err := fillSecondaryGlobalOpts(opts.secondaryRepoOptions, gopts, "destination")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(gopts.ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	srcRepo, err := OpenRepository(gopts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	dstRepo, err := OpenRepository(dstGopts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	srcLock, err := lockRepo(srcRepo)
+	defer unlockRepo(srcLock)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	dstLock, err := lockRepo(dstRepo)
+	defer unlockRepo(dstLock)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	debug.Log("Loading source index")
+	if err := srcRepo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	debug.Log("Loading destination index")
+	if err := dstRepo.LoadIndex(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	dstSnapshotByOriginal := make(map[restic.ID][]*restic.Snapshot)
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, dstRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, nil) {
+		if sn.Original != nil && !sn.Original.IsNull() {
+			dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.Original] = append(dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.Original], sn)
+		}
+		// also consider identical snapshot copies
+		dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.ID()] = append(dstSnapshotByOriginal[*sn.ID()], sn)
+	}
+
+	cloner := &treeCloner{
+		srcRepo:      srcRepo,
+		dstRepo:      dstRepo,
+		visitedTrees: restic.NewIDSet(),
+		buf:          nil,
+	}
+
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, srcRepo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+		Verbosef("\nsnapshot %s of %v at %s)\n", sn.ID().Str(), sn.Paths, sn.Time)
+
+		// check whether the destination has a snapshot with the same persistent ID which has similar snapshot fields
+		srcOriginal := *sn.ID()
+		if sn.Original != nil {
+			srcOriginal = *sn.Original
+		}
+		if originalSns, ok := dstSnapshotByOriginal[srcOriginal]; ok {
+			isCopy := false
+			for _, originalSn := range originalSns {
+				if similarSnapshots(originalSn, sn) {
+					Verbosef("skipping source snapshot %s, was already copied to snapshot %s\n", sn.ID().Str(), originalSn.ID().Str())
+					isCopy = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if isCopy {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		Verbosef("  copy started, this may take a while...\n")
+
+		if err := cloner.copyTree(ctx, *sn.Tree); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		debug.Log("tree copied")
+
+		if err = dstRepo.Flush(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		debug.Log("flushed packs and saved index")
+
+		// save snapshot
+		sn.Parent = nil // Parent does not have relevance in the new repo.
+		// Use Original as a persistent snapshot ID
+		if sn.Original == nil {
+			sn.Original = sn.ID()
+		}
+		newID, err := dstRepo.SaveJSONUnpacked(ctx, restic.SnapshotFile, sn)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		Verbosef("snapshot %s saved\n", newID.Str())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func similarSnapshots(sna *restic.Snapshot, snb *restic.Snapshot) bool {
+	// everything except Parent and Original must match
+	if !sna.Time.Equal(snb.Time) || !sna.Tree.Equal(*snb.Tree) || sna.Hostname != snb.Hostname ||
+		sna.Username != snb.Username || sna.UID != snb.UID || sna.GID != snb.GID ||
+		len(sna.Paths) != len(snb.Paths) || len(sna.Excludes) != len(snb.Excludes) ||
+		len(sna.Tags) != len(snb.Tags) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !sna.HasPaths(snb.Paths) || !sna.HasTags(snb.Tags) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i, a := range sna.Excludes {
+		if a != snb.Excludes[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+type treeCloner struct {
+	srcRepo      restic.Repository
+	dstRepo      restic.Repository
+	visitedTrees restic.IDSet
+	buf          []byte
+}
+
+func (t *treeCloner) copyTree(ctx context.Context, treeID restic.ID) error {
+	// We have already processed this tree
+	if t.visitedTrees.Has(treeID) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	tree, err := t.srcRepo.LoadTree(ctx, treeID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("LoadTree(%v) returned error %v", treeID.Str(), err)
+	}
+	t.visitedTrees.Insert(treeID)
+
+	// Do we already have this tree blob?
+	if !t.dstRepo.Index().Has(treeID, restic.TreeBlob) {
+		newTreeID, err := t.dstRepo.SaveTree(ctx, tree)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("SaveTree(%v) returned error %v", treeID.Str(), err)
+		}
+		// Assurance only.
+		if newTreeID != treeID {
+			return fmt.Errorf("SaveTree(%v) returned unexpected id %s", treeID.Str(), newTreeID.Str())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TODO: parellize this stuff, likely only needed inside a tree.
+
+	for _, entry := range tree.Nodes {
+		// If it is a directory, recurse
+		if entry.Type == "dir" && entry.Subtree != nil {
+			if err := t.copyTree(ctx, *entry.Subtree); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		// Copy the blobs for this file.
+		for _, blobID := range entry.Content {
+			// Do we already have this data blob?
+			if t.dstRepo.Index().Has(blobID, restic.DataBlob) {
+				continue
+			}
+			debug.Log("Copying blob %s\n", blobID.Str())
+			t.buf, err = t.srcRepo.LoadBlob(ctx, restic.DataBlob, blobID, t.buf)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("LoadBlob(%v) returned error %v", blobID, err)
+			}
+
+			_, _, err = t.dstRepo.SaveBlob(ctx, restic.DataBlob, t.buf, blobID, false)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("SaveBlob(%v) returned error %v", blobID, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_debug.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
@@ -27,7 +26,13 @@ var cmdDebugDump = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Dump data structures",
 	Long: `
 The "dump" command dumps data structures from the repository as JSON objects. It
-is used for debugging purposes only.`,
+is used for debugging purposes only.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
+`,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return runDebugDump(globalOptions, args)
@@ -79,12 +84,12 @@ type Blob struct {
 
 func printPacks(repo *repository.Repository, wr io.Writer) error {
 
-	return repo.List(context.TODO(), restic.DataFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
-		h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.DataFile, Name: id.String()}
+	return repo.List(context.TODO(), restic.PackFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
+		h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.PackFile, Name: id.String()}
 
 		blobs, err := pack.List(repo.Key(), restic.ReaderAt(repo.Backend(), h), size)
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "error for pack %v: %v\n", id.Str(), err)
+			Warnf("error for pack %v: %v\n", id.Str(), err)
 			return nil
 		}
 
@@ -101,22 +106,20 @@ func printPacks(repo *repository.Repository, wr io.Writer) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		return prettyPrintJSON(os.Stdout, p)
+		return prettyPrintJSON(wr, p)
 	})
-
-	return nil
 }
 
-func dumpIndexes(repo restic.Repository) error {
+func dumpIndexes(repo restic.Repository, wr io.Writer) error {
 	return repo.List(context.TODO(), restic.IndexFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
-		fmt.Printf("index_id: %v\n", id)
+		Printf("index_id: %v\n", id)
 
 		idx, err := repository.LoadIndex(context.TODO(), repo, id)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return idx.Dump(os.Stdout)
+		return idx.Dump(wr)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -138,29 +141,24 @@ func runDebugDump(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	tpe := args[0]
 
 	switch tpe {
 	case "indexes":
-		return dumpIndexes(repo)
+		return dumpIndexes(repo, gopts.stdout)
 	case "snapshots":
-		return debugPrintSnapshots(repo, os.Stdout)
+		return debugPrintSnapshots(repo, gopts.stdout)
 	case "packs":
-		return printPacks(repo, os.Stdout)
+		return printPacks(repo, gopts.stdout)
 	case "all":
-		fmt.Printf("snapshots:\n")
-		err := debugPrintSnapshots(repo, os.Stdout)
+		Printf("snapshots:\n")
+		err := debugPrintSnapshots(repo, gopts.stdout)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		fmt.Printf("\nindexes:\n")
-		err = dumpIndexes(repo)
+		Printf("\nindexes:\n")
+		err = dumpIndexes(repo, gopts.stdout)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

cmd/restic/cmd_diff.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdDiff = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "diff snapshot-ID snapshot-ID",
+	Use:   "diff [flags] snapshot-ID snapshot-ID",
 	Short: "Show differences between two snapshots",
 	Long: `
 The "diff" command shows differences from the first to the second snapshot. The
@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ directory:
 * U  The metadata (access mode, timestamps, ...) for the item was updated
 * M  The file's content was modified
 * T  The type was changed, e.g. a file was made a symlink
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ type Comparer struct {
 type DiffStat struct {
 	Files, Dirs, Others  int
 	DataBlobs, TreeBlobs int
-	Bytes                int
+	Bytes                uint64
 }
 
 // Add adds stats information for node to s.
@@ -111,10 +116,10 @@ func addBlobs(bs restic.BlobSet, node *restic.Node) {
 
 // DiffStats collects the differences between two snapshots.
 type DiffStats struct {
-	ChangedFiles            int
-	Added                   DiffStat
-	Removed                 DiffStat
-	BlobsBefore, BlobsAfter restic.BlobSet
+	ChangedFiles                         int
+	Added                                DiffStat
+	Removed                              DiffStat
+	BlobsBefore, BlobsAfter, BlobsCommon restic.BlobSet
 }
 
 // NewDiffStats creates new stats for a diff run.
@@ -122,6 +127,7 @@ func NewDiffStats() *DiffStats {
 	return &DiffStats{
 		BlobsBefore: restic.NewBlobSet(),
 		BlobsAfter:  restic.NewBlobSet(),
+		BlobsCommon: restic.NewBlobSet(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ func updateBlobs(repo restic.Repository, blobs restic.BlobSet, stats *DiffStat)
 			continue
 		}
 
-		stats.Bytes += int(size)
+		stats.Bytes += uint64(size)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -172,6 +178,27 @@ func (c *Comparer) printDir(ctx context.Context, mode string, stats *DiffStat, b
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (c *Comparer) collectDir(ctx context.Context, blobs restic.BlobSet, id restic.ID) error {
+	debug.Log("print tree %v", id)
+	tree, err := c.repo.LoadTree(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, node := range tree.Nodes {
+		addBlobs(blobs, node)
+
+		if node.Type == "dir" {
+			err := c.collectDir(ctx, blobs, *node.Subtree)
+			if err != nil {
+				Warnf("error: %v\n", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func uniqueNodeNames(tree1, tree2 *restic.Tree) (tree1Nodes, tree2Nodes map[string]*restic.Node, uniqueNames []string) {
 	names := make(map[string]struct{})
 	tree1Nodes = make(map[string]*restic.Node)
@@ -191,7 +218,7 @@ func uniqueNodeNames(tree1, tree2 *restic.Tree) (tree1Nodes, tree2Nodes map[stri
 		uniqueNames = append(uniqueNames, name)
 	}
 
-	sort.Sort(sort.StringSlice(uniqueNames))
+	sort.Strings(uniqueNames)
 	return tree1Nodes, tree2Nodes, uniqueNames
 }
 
@@ -243,7 +270,12 @@ func (c *Comparer) diffTree(ctx context.Context, stats *DiffStats, prefix string
 			}
 
 			if node1.Type == "dir" && node2.Type == "dir" {
-				err := c.diffTree(ctx, stats, name, *node1.Subtree, *node2.Subtree)
+				var err error
+				if (*node1.Subtree).Equal(*node2.Subtree) {
+					err = c.collectDir(ctx, stats.BlobsCommon, *node1.Subtree)
+				} else {
+					err = c.diffTree(ctx, stats, name, *node1.Subtree, *node2.Subtree)
+				}
 				if err != nil {
 					Warnf("error: %v\n", err)
 				}
@@ -340,8 +372,8 @@ func runDiff(opts DiffOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	both := stats.BlobsBefore.Intersect(stats.BlobsAfter)
-	updateBlobs(repo, stats.BlobsBefore.Sub(both), &stats.Removed)
-	updateBlobs(repo, stats.BlobsAfter.Sub(both), &stats.Added)
+	updateBlobs(repo, stats.BlobsBefore.Sub(both).Sub(stats.BlobsCommon), &stats.Removed)
+	updateBlobs(repo, stats.BlobsAfter.Sub(both).Sub(stats.BlobsCommon), &stats.Added)
 
 	Printf("\n")
 	Printf("Files:       %5d new, %5d removed, %5d changed\n", stats.Added.Files, stats.Removed.Files, stats.ChangedFiles)

cmd/restic/cmd_dump.go

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"archive/tar"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/dump"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/walker"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -22,11 +19,18 @@ var cmdDump = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "dump [flags] snapshotID file",
 	Short: "Print a backed-up file to stdout",
 	Long: `
-The "dump" command extracts a single file from a snapshot from the repository and
-prints its contents to stdout.
+The "dump" command extracts files from a snapshot from the repository. If a
+single file is selected, it prints its contents to stdout. Folders are output
+as a tar file containing the contents of the specified folder.  Pass "/" as
+file name to dump the whole snapshot as a tar file.
 
 The special snapshot "latest" can be used to use the latest snapshot in the
 repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ repository.
 
 // DumpOptions collects all options for the dump command.
 type DumpOptions struct {
-	Host  string
+	Hosts []string
 	Paths []string
 	Tags  restic.TagLists
 }
@@ -47,24 +51,21 @@ func init() {
 	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdDump)
 
 	flags := cmdDump.Flags()
-	flags.StringVarP(&dumpOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", `only consider snapshots for this host when the snapshot ID is "latest"`)
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&dumpOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, `only consider snapshots for this host when the snapshot ID is "latest" (can be specified multiple times)`)
 	flags.Var(&dumpOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist` for snapshot ID \"latest\"")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&dumpOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path` for snapshot ID \"latest\"")
 }
 
 func splitPath(p string) []string {
 	d, f := path.Split(p)
-	if d == "" {
+	if d == "" || d == "/" {
 		return []string{f}
 	}
-	if d == "/" {
-		return []string{d}
-	}
-	s := splitPath(path.Clean(d))
+	s := splitPath(path.Join("/", d))
 	return append(s, f)
 }
 
-func printFromTree(ctx context.Context, tree *restic.Tree, repo restic.Repository, prefix string, pathComponents []string, pathToPrint string) error {
+func printFromTree(ctx context.Context, tree *restic.Tree, repo restic.Repository, prefix string, pathComponents []string) error {
 
 	if tree == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("called with a nil tree")
@@ -76,24 +77,42 @@ func printFromTree(ctx context.Context, tree *restic.Tree, repo restic.Repositor
 	if l == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("empty path components")
 	}
+
+	// If we print / we need to assume that there are multiple nodes at that
+	// level in the tree.
+	if pathComponents[0] == "" {
+		if err := checkStdoutTar(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return dump.WriteTar(ctx, repo, tree, "/", os.Stdout)
+	}
+
 	item := filepath.Join(prefix, pathComponents[0])
 	for _, node := range tree.Nodes {
-		if node.Name == pathComponents[0] || pathComponents[0] == "/" {
+		// If dumping something in the highest level it will just take the
+		// first item it finds and dump that according to the switch case below.
+		if node.Name == pathComponents[0] {
 			switch {
-			case l == 1 && node.Type == "file":
-				return getNodeData(ctx, os.Stdout, repo, node)
-			case l > 1 && node.Type == "dir":
+			case l == 1 && dump.IsFile(node):
+				return dump.GetNodeData(ctx, os.Stdout, repo, node)
+			case l > 1 && dump.IsDir(node):
 				subtree, err := repo.LoadTree(ctx, *node.Subtree)
 				if err != nil {
 					return errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot load subtree for %q", item)
 				}
-				return printFromTree(ctx, subtree, repo, item, pathComponents[1:], pathToPrint)
-			case node.Type == "dir":
-				node.Path = pathToPrint
-				return tarTree(ctx, repo, node, pathToPrint)
+				return printFromTree(ctx, subtree, repo, item, pathComponents[1:])
+			case dump.IsDir(node):
+				if err := checkStdoutTar(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				subtree, err := repo.LoadTree(ctx, *node.Subtree)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return dump.WriteTar(ctx, repo, subtree, item, os.Stdout)
 			case l > 1:
 				return fmt.Errorf("%q should be a dir, but is a %q", item, node.Type)
-			case node.Type != "file":
+			case !dump.IsFile(node):
 				return fmt.Errorf("%q should be a file, but is a %q", item, node.Type)
 			}
 		}
@@ -136,9 +155,9 @@ func runDump(opts DumpOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	var id restic.ID
 
 	if snapshotIDString == "latest" {
-		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Host)
+		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts)
 		if err != nil {
-			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Host:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Host)
+			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Hosts:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Hosts)
 		}
 	} else {
 		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(repo, snapshotIDString)
@@ -157,7 +176,7 @@ func runDump(opts DumpOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		Exitf(2, "loading tree for snapshot %q failed: %v", snapshotIDString, err)
 	}
 
-	err = printFromTree(ctx, tree, repo, "", splittedPath, pathToPrint)
+	err = printFromTree(ctx, tree, repo, "/", splittedPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		Exitf(2, "cannot dump file: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -165,135 +184,9 @@ func runDump(opts DumpOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func getNodeData(ctx context.Context, output io.Writer, repo restic.Repository, node *restic.Node) error {
-	var buf []byte
-	for _, id := range node.Content {
-
-		size, found := repo.LookupBlobSize(id, restic.DataBlob)
-		if !found {
-			return errors.Errorf("id %v not found in repository", id)
-		}
-
-		buf = buf[:cap(buf)]
-		if len(buf) < restic.CiphertextLength(int(size)) {
-			buf = restic.NewBlobBuffer(int(size))
-		}
-
-		n, err := repo.LoadBlob(ctx, restic.DataBlob, id, buf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		buf = buf[:n]
-
-		_, err = output.Write(buf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "Write")
-		}
-
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func tarTree(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, rootNode *restic.Node, rootPath string) error {
-
+func checkStdoutTar() error {
 	if stdoutIsTerminal() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("stdout is the terminal, please redirect output")
 	}
-
-	tw := tar.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
-	defer tw.Close()
-
-	// If we want to dump "/" we'll need to add the name of the first node, too
-	// as it would get lost otherwise.
-	if rootNode.Path == "/" {
-		rootNode.Path = path.Join(rootNode.Path, rootNode.Name)
-		rootPath = rootNode.Path
-	}
-
-	// we know that rootNode is a folder and walker.Walk will already process
-	// the next node, so we have to tar this one first, too
-	if err := tarNode(ctx, tw, rootNode, repo); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err := walker.Walk(ctx, repo, *rootNode.Subtree, nil, func(_ restic.ID, nodepath string, node *restic.Node, err error) (bool, error) {
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, err
-		}
-		if node == nil {
-			return false, nil
-		}
-
-		node.Path = path.Join(rootPath, nodepath)
-
-		if node.Type == "file" || node.Type == "symlink" || node.Type == "dir" {
-			err := tarNode(ctx, tw, node, repo)
-			if err != err {
-				return false, err
-			}
-		}
-
-		return false, nil
-	})
-
-	return err
-}
-
-func tarNode(ctx context.Context, tw *tar.Writer, node *restic.Node, repo restic.Repository) error {
-
-	header := &tar.Header{
-		Name:       node.Path,
-		Size:       int64(node.Size),
-		Mode:       int64(node.Mode),
-		Uid:        int(node.UID),
-		Gid:        int(node.GID),
-		ModTime:    node.ModTime,
-		AccessTime: node.AccessTime,
-		ChangeTime: node.ChangeTime,
-		PAXRecords: parseXattrs(node.ExtendedAttributes),
-	}
-
-	if node.Type == "symlink" {
-		header.Typeflag = tar.TypeSymlink
-		header.Linkname = node.LinkTarget
-	}
-
-	if node.Type == "dir" {
-		header.Typeflag = tar.TypeDir
-	}
-
-	err := tw.WriteHeader(header)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "TarHeader ")
-	}
-
-	return getNodeData(ctx, tw, repo, node)
-
-}
-
-func parseXattrs(xattrs []restic.ExtendedAttribute) map[string]string {
-	tmpMap := make(map[string]string)
-
-	for _, attr := range xattrs {
-		attrString := string(attr.Value)
-
-		if strings.HasPrefix(attr.Name, "system.posix_acl_") {
-			na := acl{}
-			na.decode(attr.Value)
-
-			if na.String() != "" {
-				if strings.Contains(attr.Name, "system.posix_acl_access") {
-					tmpMap["SCHILY.acl.access"] = na.String()
-				} else if strings.Contains(attr.Name, "system.posix_acl_default") {
-					tmpMap["SCHILY.acl.default"] = na.String()
-				}
-			}
-
-		} else {
-			tmpMap["SCHILY.xattr."+attr.Name] = attrString
-		}
-	}
-
-	return tmpMap
+	return nil
 }

cmd/restic/cmd_dump_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
+)
+
+func TestDumpSplitPath(t *testing.T) {
+	testPaths := []struct {
+		path   string
+		result []string
+	}{
+		{"", []string{""}},
+		{"test", []string{"test"}},
+		{"test/dir", []string{"test", "dir"}},
+		{"test/dir/sub", []string{"test", "dir", "sub"}},
+		{"/", []string{""}},
+		{"/test", []string{"test"}},
+		{"/test/dir", []string{"test", "dir"}},
+		{"/test/dir/sub", []string{"test", "dir", "sub"}},
+	}
+	for _, path := range testPaths {
+		parts := splitPath(path.path)
+		rtest.Equals(t, path.result, parts)
+	}
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_find.go

@@ -27,7 +27,13 @@ restic find --json "*.yml" "*.json"
 restic find --json --blob 420f620f b46ebe8a ddd38656
 restic find --show-pack-id --blob 420f620f
 restic find --tree 577c2bc9 f81f2e22 a62827a9
-restic find --pack 025c1d06`,
+restic find --pack 025c1d06
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
+`,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return runFind(findOptions, globalOptions, args)
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ type FindOptions struct {
 	PackID, ShowPackID bool
 	CaseInsensitive    bool
 	ListLong           bool
-	Host               string
+	Hosts              []string
 	Paths              []string
 	Tags               restic.TagLists
 }
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ func init() {
 	f.BoolVarP(&findOptions.CaseInsensitive, "ignore-case", "i", false, "ignore case for pattern")
 	f.BoolVarP(&findOptions.ListLong, "long", "l", false, "use a long listing format showing size and mode")
 
-	f.StringVarP(&findOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given")
+	f.StringArrayVarP(&findOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given (can be specified multiple times)")
 	f.Var(&findOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist`, when no snapshot-ID is given")
 	f.StringArrayVar(&findOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path`, when no snapshot-ID is given")
 }
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ func (s *statefulOutput) PrintPatternJSON(path string, node *restic.Node) {
 	if s.hits > 0 {
 		Printf(",")
 	}
-	Printf(string(b))
+	Print(string(b))
 	s.hits++
 }
 
@@ -160,9 +166,9 @@ func (s *statefulOutput) PrintPatternNormal(path string, node *restic.Node) {
 			Verbosef("\n")
 		}
 		s.oldsn = s.newsn
-		Verbosef("Found matching entries in snapshot %s\n", s.oldsn.ID().Str())
+		Verbosef("Found matching entries in snapshot %s from %s\n", s.oldsn.ID().Str(), s.oldsn.Time.Local().Format(TimeFormat))
 	}
-	Printf(formatNode(path, node, s.ListLong) + "\n")
+	Println(formatNode(path, node, s.ListLong))
 }
 
 func (s *statefulOutput) PrintPattern(path string, node *restic.Node) {
@@ -201,7 +207,7 @@ func (s *statefulOutput) PrintObjectJSON(kind, id, nodepath, treeID string, sn *
 	if s.hits > 0 {
 		Printf(",")
 	}
-	Printf(string(b))
+	Print(string(b))
 	s.hits++
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +270,7 @@ func (f *Finder) findInSnapshot(ctx context.Context, sn *restic.Snapshot) error
 
 			Printf("Unable to load tree %s\n ... which belongs to snapshot %s.\n", parentTreeID, sn.ID())
 
-			return false, walker.SkipNode
+			return false, walker.ErrSkipNode
 		}
 
 		if node == nil {
@@ -308,7 +314,7 @@ func (f *Finder) findInSnapshot(ctx context.Context, sn *restic.Snapshot) error
 
 			if !childMayMatch {
 				ignoreIfNoMatch = true
-				errIfNoMatch = walker.SkipNode
+				errIfNoMatch = walker.ErrSkipNode
 			} else {
 				ignoreIfNoMatch = false
 			}
@@ -348,7 +354,7 @@ func (f *Finder) findIDs(ctx context.Context, sn *restic.Snapshot) error {
 
 			Printf("Unable to load tree %s\n ... which belongs to snapshot %s.\n", parentTreeID, sn.ID())
 
-			return false, walker.SkipNode
+			return false, walker.ErrSkipNode
 		}
 
 		if node == nil {
@@ -411,7 +417,7 @@ func (f *Finder) packsToBlobs(ctx context.Context, packs []string) error {
 	packsFound := 0
 
 	debug.Log("Looking for packs...")
-	err := f.repo.List(ctx, restic.DataFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
+	err := f.repo.List(ctx, restic.PackFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
 		if allPacksFound {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -459,8 +465,8 @@ func (f *Finder) findObjectPack(ctx context.Context, id string, t restic.BlobTyp
 		return
 	}
 
-	blobs, found := idx.Lookup(rid, t)
-	if !found {
+	blobs := idx.Lookup(rid, t)
+	if len(blobs) == 0 {
 		Printf("Object %s not found in the index\n", rid.Str())
 		return
 	}
@@ -561,7 +567,7 @@ func runFind(opts FindOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		f.packsToBlobs(ctx, []string{f.pat.pattern[0]}) // TODO: support multiple packs
 	}
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Host, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, opts.Snapshots) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, opts.Snapshots) {
 		if f.blobIDs != nil || f.treeIDs != nil {
 			if err = f.findIDs(ctx, sn); err != nil && err.Error() != "OK" {
 				return err

cmd/restic/cmd_forget.go

@@ -16,7 +16,13 @@ var cmdForget = &cobra.Command{
 The "forget" command removes snapshots according to a policy. Please note that
 this command really only deletes the snapshot object in the repository, which
 is a reference to data stored there. In order to remove this (now unreferenced)
-data after 'forget' was run successfully, see the 'prune' command. `,
+data after 'forget' was run successfully, see the 'prune' command.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
+`,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return runForget(forgetOptions, globalOptions, args)
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ type ForgetOptions struct {
 	Within   restic.Duration
 	KeepTags restic.TagLists
 
-	Host    string
+	Hosts   []string
 	Tags    restic.TagLists
 	Paths   []string
 	Compact bool
@@ -60,8 +66,8 @@ func init() {
 	f.VarP(&forgetOptions.Within, "keep-within", "", "keep snapshots that are newer than `duration` (eg. 1y5m7d2h) relative to the latest snapshot")
 
 	f.Var(&forgetOptions.KeepTags, "keep-tag", "keep snapshots with this `taglist` (can be specified multiple times)")
-	f.StringVar(&forgetOptions.Host, "host", "", "only consider snapshots with the given `host`")
-	f.StringVar(&forgetOptions.Host, "hostname", "", "only consider snapshots with the given `hostname`")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&forgetOptions.Hosts, "host", nil, "only consider snapshots with the given `host` (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&forgetOptions.Hosts, "hostname", nil, "only consider snapshots with the given `hostname` (can be specified multiple times)")
 	f.MarkDeprecated("hostname", "use --host")
 
 	f.Var(&forgetOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist` in the format `tag[,tag,...]` (can be specified multiple times)")
@@ -88,34 +94,22 @@ func runForget(opts ForgetOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	removeSnapshots := 0
-
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(gopts.ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	var snapshots restic.Snapshots
+	removeSnIDs := restic.NewIDSet()
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Host, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		snapshots = append(snapshots, sn)
 	}
 
+	var jsonGroups []*ForgetGroup
+
 	if len(args) > 0 {
 		// When explicit snapshots args are given, remove them immediately.
 		for _, sn := range snapshots {
-			if !opts.DryRun {
-				h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.SnapshotFile, Name: sn.ID().String()}
-				if err = repo.Backend().Remove(gopts.ctx, h); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				if !gopts.JSON {
-					Verbosef("removed snapshot %v\n", sn.ID().Str())
-				}
-				removeSnapshots++
-			} else {
-				if !gopts.JSON {
-					Verbosef("would have removed snapshot %v\n", sn.ID().Str())
-				}
-			}
+			removeSnIDs.Insert(*sn.ID())
 		}
 	} else {
 		snapshotGroups, _, err := restic.GroupSnapshots(snapshots, opts.GroupBy)
@@ -145,8 +139,6 @@ func runForget(opts ForgetOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 				Verbosef("Applying Policy: %v\n", policy)
 			}
 
-			var jsonGroups []*ForgetGroup
-
 			for k, snapshotGroup := range snapshotGroups {
 				if gopts.Verbose >= 1 && !gopts.JSON {
 					err = PrintSnapshotGroupHeader(gopts.stdout, k)
@@ -185,37 +177,37 @@ func runForget(opts ForgetOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 				jsonGroups = append(jsonGroups, &fg)
 
-				removeSnapshots += len(remove)
-
-				if !opts.DryRun {
-					for _, sn := range remove {
-						h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.SnapshotFile, Name: sn.ID().String()}
-						err = repo.Backend().Remove(gopts.ctx, h)
-						if err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			if gopts.JSON {
-				err = printJSONForget(gopts.stdout, jsonGroups)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
+				for _, sn := range remove {
+					removeSnIDs.Insert(*sn.ID())
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	if removeSnapshots > 0 && opts.Prune {
-		if !gopts.JSON {
-			Verbosef("%d snapshots have been removed, running prune\n", removeSnapshots)
-		}
+	if len(removeSnIDs) > 0 {
 		if !opts.DryRun {
-			return pruneRepository(gopts, repo)
+			err := DeleteFilesChecked(gopts, repo, removeSnIDs, restic.SnapshotFile)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else {
+			if !gopts.JSON {
+				Printf("Would have removed the following snapshots:\n%v\n\n", removeSnIDs)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
+	if gopts.JSON && len(jsonGroups) > 0 {
+		err = printJSONForget(gopts.stdout, jsonGroups)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(removeSnIDs) > 0 && opts.Prune && !opts.DryRun {
+		return pruneRepository(gopts, repo)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 

cmd/restic/cmd_generate.go

@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdGenerate = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "generate [command]",
+	Use:   "generate [flags]",
 	Short: "Generate manual pages and auto-completion files (bash, zsh)",
 	Long: `
 The "generate" command writes automatically generated files (like the man pages
 and the auto-completion files for bash and zsh).
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE:              runGenerate,

cmd/restic/cmd_init.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"github.com/restic/chunker"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
 
@@ -12,22 +13,44 @@ var cmdInit = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Initialize a new repository",
 	Long: `
 The "init" command initializes a new repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		return runInit(globalOptions, args)
+		return runInit(initOptions, globalOptions, args)
 	},
 }
 
-func init() {
-	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdInit)
+// InitOptions bundles all options for the init command.
+type InitOptions struct {
+	secondaryRepoOptions
+	CopyChunkerParameters bool
 }
 
-func runInit(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
+var initOptions InitOptions
+
+func init() {
+	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdInit)
+
+	f := cmdInit.Flags()
+	initSecondaryRepoOptions(f, &initOptions.secondaryRepoOptions, "secondary", "to copy chunker parameters from")
+	f.BoolVar(&initOptions.CopyChunkerParameters, "copy-chunker-params", false, "copy chunker parameters from the secondary repository (useful with the copy command)")
+}
+
+func runInit(opts InitOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	if gopts.Repo == "" {
 		return errors.Fatal("Please specify repository location (-r)")
 	}
 
+	chunkerPolynomial, err := maybeReadChunkerPolynomial(opts, gopts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	be, err := create(gopts.Repo, gopts.extended)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Fatalf("create repository at %s failed: %v\n", gopts.Repo, err)
@@ -42,7 +65,7 @@ func runInit(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	s := repository.New(be)
 
-	err = s.Init(gopts.ctx, gopts.password)
+	err = s.Init(gopts.ctx, gopts.password, chunkerPolynomial)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Fatalf("create key in repository at %s failed: %v\n", gopts.Repo, err)
 	}
@@ -55,3 +78,25 @@ func runInit(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func maybeReadChunkerPolynomial(opts InitOptions, gopts GlobalOptions) (*chunker.Pol, error) {
+	if opts.CopyChunkerParameters {
+		otherGopts, err := fillSecondaryGlobalOpts(opts.secondaryRepoOptions, gopts, "secondary")
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		otherRepo, err := OpenRepository(otherGopts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		pol := otherRepo.Config().ChunkerPolynomial
+		return &pol, nil
+	}
+
+	if opts.Repo != "" {
+		return nil, errors.Fatal("Secondary repository must only be specified when copying the chunker parameters")
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_key.go

@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdKey = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "key [list|add|remove|passwd] [ID]",
+	Use:   "key [flags] [list|add|remove|passwd] [ID]",
 	Short: "Manage keys (passwords)",
 	Long: `
 The "key" command manages keys (passwords) for accessing the repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -27,13 +32,19 @@ The "key" command manages keys (passwords) for accessing the repository.
 	},
 }
 
-var newPasswordFile string
+var (
+	newPasswordFile string
+	keyUsername     string
+	keyHostname     string
+)
 
 func init() {
 	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdKey)
 
 	flags := cmdKey.Flags()
-	flags.StringVarP(&newPasswordFile, "new-password-file", "", "", "the file from which to load a new password")
+	flags.StringVarP(&newPasswordFile, "new-password-file", "", "", "`file` from which to read the new password")
+	flags.StringVarP(&keyUsername, "user", "", "", "the username for new keys")
+	flags.StringVarP(&keyHostname, "host", "", "", "the hostname for new keys")
 }
 
 func listKeys(ctx context.Context, s *repository.Repository, gopts GlobalOptions) error {
@@ -105,7 +116,7 @@ func getNewPassword(gopts GlobalOptions) (string, error) {
 	newopts.password = ""
 
 	return ReadPasswordTwice(newopts,
-		"enter password for new key: ",
+		"enter new password: ",
 		"enter password again: ")
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +126,7 @@ func addKey(gopts GlobalOptions, repo *repository.Repository) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	id, err := repository.AddKey(gopts.ctx, repo, pw, repo.Key())
+	id, err := repository.AddKey(gopts.ctx, repo, pw, keyUsername, keyHostname, repo.Key())
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Fatalf("creating new key failed: %v\n", err)
 	}
@@ -146,7 +157,7 @@ func changePassword(gopts GlobalOptions, repo *repository.Repository) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	id, err := repository.AddKey(gopts.ctx, repo, pw, repo.Key())
+	id, err := repository.AddKey(gopts.ctx, repo, pw, "", "", repo.Key())
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Fatalf("creating new key failed: %v\n", err)
 	}

cmd/restic/cmd_list.go

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/index"
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/repository"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 var cmdList = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "list [blobs|packs|index|snapshots|keys|locks]",
+	Use:   "list [flags] [blobs|packs|index|snapshots|keys|locks]",
 	Short: "List objects in the repository",
 	Long: `
 The "list" command allows listing objects in the repository based on type.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ func runList(cmd *cobra.Command, opts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	var t restic.FileType
 	switch args[0] {
 	case "packs":
-		t = restic.DataFile
+		t = restic.PackFile
 	case "index":
 		t = restic.IndexFile
 	case "snapshots":
@@ -57,18 +60,17 @@ func runList(cmd *cobra.Command, opts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	case "locks":
 		t = restic.LockFile
 	case "blobs":
-		idx, err := index.Load(opts.ctx, repo, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		for _, pack := range idx.Packs {
-			for _, entry := range pack.Entries {
-				fmt.Printf("%v %v\n", entry.Type, entry.ID)
+		return repo.List(opts.ctx, restic.IndexFile, func(id restic.ID, size int64) error {
+			idx, err := repository.LoadIndex(opts.ctx, repo, id)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
-		}
+			for blobs := range idx.Each(opts.ctx) {
+				Printf("%v %v\n", blobs.Type, blobs.ID)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
 
-		return nil
 	default:
 		return errors.Fatal("invalid type")
 	}

cmd/restic/cmd_ls.go

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdLs = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "ls [flags] [snapshotID] [dir...]",
+	Use:   "ls [flags] snapshotID [dir...]",
 	Short: "List files in a snapshot",
 	Long: `
 The "ls" command lists files and directories in a snapshot.
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ will be listed. If the --recursive flag is used, then the filter
 will allow traversing into matching directories' subfolders.
 Any directory paths specified must be absolute (starting with
 a path separator); paths use the forward slash '/' as separator.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ a path separator); paths use the forward slash '/' as separator.
 // LsOptions collects all options for the ls command.
 type LsOptions struct {
 	ListLong  bool
-	Host      string
+	Hosts     []string
 	Tags      restic.TagLists
 	Paths     []string
 	Recursive bool
@@ -56,7 +61,7 @@ func init() {
 
 	flags := cmdLs.Flags()
 	flags.BoolVarP(&lsOptions.ListLong, "long", "l", false, "use a long listing format showing size and mode")
-	flags.StringVarP(&lsOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given")
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&lsOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given (can be specified multiple times)")
 	flags.Var(&lsOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist`, when no snapshot ID is given")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&lsOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path`, when no snapshot ID is given")
 	flags.BoolVar(&lsOptions.Recursive, "recursive", false, "include files in subfolders of the listed directories")
@@ -84,8 +89,8 @@ type lsNode struct {
 }
 
 func runLs(opts LsOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
-	if len(args) == 0 && opts.Host == "" && len(opts.Tags) == 0 && len(opts.Paths) == 0 {
-		return errors.Fatal("Invalid arguments, either give one or more snapshot IDs or set filters.")
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return errors.Fatal("no snapshot ID specified")
 	}
 
 	// extract any specific directories to walk
@@ -186,7 +191,7 @@ func runLs(opts LsOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Host, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args[:1]) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args[:1]) {
 		printSnapshot(sn)
 
 		err := walker.Walk(ctx, repo, *sn.Tree, nil, func(_ restic.ID, nodepath string, node *restic.Node, err error) (bool, error) {
@@ -217,7 +222,7 @@ func runLs(opts LsOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 			// otherwise, signal the walker to not walk recursively into any
 			// subdirs
 			if node.Type == "dir" {
-				return false, walker.SkipNode
+				return false, walker.ErrSkipNode
 			}
 			return false, nil
 		})

cmd/restic/cmd_migrate.go

@@ -8,11 +8,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdMigrate = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "migrate [name]",
+	Use:   "migrate [flags] [name]",
 	Short: "Apply migrations",
 	Long: `
 The "migrate" command applies migrations to a repository. When no migration
 name is explicitly given, a list of migrations that can be applied is printed.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

cmd/restic/cmd_mount.go

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-// +build !netbsd
-// +build !openbsd
-// +build !solaris
-// +build !windows
+// +build darwin freebsd linux
 
 package main
 
@@ -44,6 +41,11 @@ You need to specify a sample format for exactly the following timestamp:
 
 For details please see the documentation for time.Format() at:
   https://godoc.org/time#Time.Format
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -54,10 +56,9 @@ For details please see the documentation for time.Format() at:
 // MountOptions collects all options for the mount command.
 type MountOptions struct {
 	OwnerRoot            bool
-	AllowRoot            bool
 	AllowOther           bool
 	NoDefaultPermissions bool
-	Host                 string
+	Hosts                []string
 	Tags                 restic.TagLists
 	Paths                []string
 	SnapshotTemplate     string
@@ -70,11 +71,10 @@ func init() {
 
 	mountFlags := cmdMount.Flags()
 	mountFlags.BoolVar(&mountOptions.OwnerRoot, "owner-root", false, "use 'root' as the owner of files and dirs")
-	mountFlags.BoolVar(&mountOptions.AllowRoot, "allow-root", false, "allow root user to access the data in the mounted directory")
 	mountFlags.BoolVar(&mountOptions.AllowOther, "allow-other", false, "allow other users to access the data in the mounted directory")
 	mountFlags.BoolVar(&mountOptions.NoDefaultPermissions, "no-default-permissions", false, "for 'allow-other', ignore Unix permissions and allow users to read all snapshot files")
 
-	mountFlags.StringVarP(&mountOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", `only consider snapshots for this host`)
+	mountFlags.StringArrayVarP(&mountOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, `only consider snapshots for this host (can be specified multiple times)`)
 	mountFlags.Var(&mountOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist`")
 	mountFlags.StringArrayVar(&mountOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path`")
 
@@ -90,10 +90,12 @@ func mount(opts MountOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, mountpoint string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	lock, err := lockRepo(repo)
-	defer unlockRepo(lock)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	if !gopts.NoLock {
+		lock, err := lockRepo(repo)
+		defer unlockRepo(lock)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
 	err = repo.LoadIndex(gopts.ctx)
@@ -114,10 +116,6 @@ func mount(opts MountOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, mountpoint string) error {
 		systemFuse.FSName("restic"),
 	}
 
-	if opts.AllowRoot {
-		mountOptions = append(mountOptions, systemFuse.AllowRoot())
-	}
-
 	if opts.AllowOther {
 		mountOptions = append(mountOptions, systemFuse.AllowOther())
 
@@ -138,15 +136,12 @@ func mount(opts MountOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, mountpoint string) error {
 
 	cfg := fuse.Config{
 		OwnerIsRoot:      opts.OwnerRoot,
-		Host:             opts.Host,
+		Hosts:            opts.Hosts,
 		Tags:             opts.Tags,
 		Paths:            opts.Paths,
 		SnapshotTemplate: opts.SnapshotTemplate,
 	}
-	root, err := fuse.NewRoot(gopts.ctx, repo, cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	root := fuse.NewRoot(repo, cfg)
 
 	Printf("Now serving the repository at %s\n", mountpoint)
 	Printf("When finished, quit with Ctrl-c or umount the mountpoint.\n")
@@ -184,7 +179,7 @@ func runMount(opts MountOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 		debug.Log("running umount cleanup handler for mount at %v", mountpoint)
 		err := umount(mountpoint)
 		if err != nil {
-			Warnf("unable to umount (maybe already umounted?): %v\n", err)
+			Warnf("unable to umount (maybe already umounted or still in use?): %v\n", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	})

cmd/restic/cmd_options.go

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ var optionsCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Print list of extended options",
 	Long: `
 The "options" command prints a list of extended options.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	Hidden:            true,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,

cmd/restic/cmd_prune.go

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/index"
@@ -19,6 +16,11 @@ var cmdPrune = &cobra.Command{
 	Long: `
 The "prune" command checks the repository and removes data that is not
 referenced and therefore not needed any more.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -42,34 +44,6 @@ func shortenStatus(maxLength int, s string) string {
 	return s[:maxLength-3] + "..."
 }
 
-// newProgressMax returns a progress that counts blobs.
-func newProgressMax(show bool, max uint64, description string) *restic.Progress {
-	if !show {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	p := restic.NewProgress()
-
-	p.OnUpdate = func(s restic.Stat, d time.Duration, ticker bool) {
-		status := fmt.Sprintf("[%s] %s  %d / %d %s",
-			formatDuration(d),
-			formatPercent(s.Blobs, max),
-			s.Blobs, max, description)
-
-		if w := stdoutTerminalWidth(); w > 0 {
-			status = shortenStatus(w, status)
-		}
-
-		PrintProgress("%s", status)
-	}
-
-	p.OnDone = func(s restic.Stat, d time.Duration, ticker bool) {
-		fmt.Printf("\n")
-	}
-
-	return p
-}
-
 func runPrune(gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 	repo, err := OpenRepository(gopts)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -82,6 +56,9 @@ func runPrune(gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// we do not need index updates while pruning!
+	repo.DisableAutoIndexUpdate()
+
 	return pruneRepository(gopts, repo)
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +97,7 @@ func pruneRepository(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository) error {
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("counting files in repo\n")
-	err = repo.List(ctx, restic.DataFile, func(restic.ID, int64) error {
+	err = repo.List(ctx, restic.PackFile, func(restic.ID, int64) error {
 		stats.packs++
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -178,34 +155,22 @@ func pruneRepository(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository) error {
 
 	stats.snapshots = len(snapshots)
 
-	Verbosef("find data that is still in use for %d snapshots\n", stats.snapshots)
-
-	usedBlobs := restic.NewBlobSet()
-	seenBlobs := restic.NewBlobSet()
-
-	bar = newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(snapshots)), "snapshots")
-	bar.Start()
-	for _, sn := range snapshots {
-		debug.Log("process snapshot %v", sn.ID())
-
-		err = restic.FindUsedBlobs(ctx, repo, *sn.Tree, usedBlobs, seenBlobs)
-		if err != nil {
-			if repo.Backend().IsNotExist(err) {
-				return errors.Fatal("unable to load a tree from the repo: " + err.Error())
-			}
-
-			return err
-		}
-
-		debug.Log("processed snapshot %v", sn.ID())
-		bar.Report(restic.Stat{Blobs: 1})
+	usedBlobs, err := getUsedBlobs(gopts, repo, snapshots)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	bar.Done()
 
-	if len(usedBlobs) > stats.blobs {
-		return errors.Fatalf("number of used blobs is larger than number of available blobs!\n" +
-			"Please report this error (along with the output of the 'prune' run) at\n" +
-			"https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/new")
+	var missingBlobs []restic.BlobHandle
+	for h := range usedBlobs {
+		if _, ok := blobCount[h]; !ok {
+			missingBlobs = append(missingBlobs, h)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(missingBlobs) > 0 {
+		return errors.Fatalf("%v not found in the new index\n"+
+			"Data blobs seem to be missing, aborting prune to prevent further data loss!\n"+
+			"Please report this error (along with the output of the 'prune' run) at\n"+
+			"https://github.com/restic/restic/issues/new/choose", missingBlobs)
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("found %d of %d data blobs still in use, removing %d blobs\n",
@@ -273,13 +238,11 @@ func pruneRepository(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository) error {
 
 	var obsoletePacks restic.IDSet
 	if len(rewritePacks) != 0 {
-		bar = newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(rewritePacks)), "packs rewritten")
-		bar.Start()
+		bar := newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(rewritePacks)), "packs rewritten")
 		obsoletePacks, err = repository.Repack(ctx, repo, rewritePacks, usedBlobs, bar)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		bar.Done()
 	}
 
 	removePacks.Merge(obsoletePacks)
@@ -289,19 +252,38 @@ func pruneRepository(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository) error {
 	}
 
 	if len(removePacks) != 0 {
-		bar = newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(removePacks)), "packs deleted")
-		bar.Start()
-		for packID := range removePacks {
-			h := restic.Handle{Type: restic.DataFile, Name: packID.String()}
-			err = repo.Backend().Remove(ctx, h)
-			if err != nil {
-				Warnf("unable to remove file %v from the repository\n", packID.Str())
-			}
-			bar.Report(restic.Stat{Blobs: 1})
-		}
-		bar.Done()
+		Verbosef("remove %d old packs\n", len(removePacks))
+		DeleteFiles(gopts, repo, removePacks, restic.PackFile)
 	}
 
 	Verbosef("done\n")
 	return nil
 }
+
+func getUsedBlobs(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, snapshots []*restic.Snapshot) (usedBlobs restic.BlobSet, err error) {
+	ctx := gopts.ctx
+
+	Verbosef("find data that is still in use for %d snapshots\n", len(snapshots))
+
+	usedBlobs = restic.NewBlobSet()
+
+	bar := newProgressMax(!gopts.Quiet, uint64(len(snapshots)), "snapshots")
+	bar.Start()
+	defer bar.Done()
+	for _, sn := range snapshots {
+		debug.Log("process snapshot %v", sn.ID())
+
+		err = restic.FindUsedBlobs(ctx, repo, *sn.Tree, usedBlobs)
+		if err != nil {
+			if repo.Backend().IsNotExist(err) {
+				return nil, errors.Fatal("unable to load a tree from the repo: " + err.Error())
+			}
+
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		debug.Log("processed snapshot %v", sn.ID())
+		bar.Report(restic.Stat{Blobs: 1})
+	}
+	return usedBlobs, nil
+}

cmd/restic/cmd_rebuild_index.go

@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ var cmdRebuildIndex = &cobra.Command{
 	Long: `
 The "rebuild-index" command creates a new index based on the pack files in the
 repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ func rebuildIndex(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, ignorePacks resti
 	Verbosef("counting files in repo\n")
 
 	var packs uint64
-	err := repo.List(ctx, restic.DataFile, func(restic.ID, int64) error {
+	err := repo.List(ctx, restic.PackFile, func(restic.ID, int64) error {
 		packs++
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -57,11 +62,17 @@ func rebuildIndex(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, ignorePacks resti
 	}
 
 	bar := newProgressMax(!globalOptions.Quiet, packs-uint64(len(ignorePacks)), "packs")
-	idx, _, err := index.New(ctx, repo, ignorePacks, bar)
+	idx, invalidFiles, err := index.New(ctx, repo, ignorePacks, bar)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if globalOptions.verbosity >= 2 {
+		for _, id := range invalidFiles {
+			Printf("skipped incomplete pack file: %v\n", id)
+		}
+	}
+
 	Verbosef("finding old index files\n")
 
 	var supersedes restic.IDs
@@ -81,14 +92,9 @@ func rebuildIndex(ctx context.Context, repo restic.Repository, ignorePacks resti
 	Verbosef("saved new indexes as %v\n", ids)
 
 	Verbosef("remove %d old index files\n", len(supersedes))
-
-	for _, id := range supersedes {
-		if err := repo.Backend().Remove(ctx, restic.Handle{
-			Type: restic.IndexFile,
-			Name: id.String(),
-		}); err != nil {
-			Warnf("error removing old index %v: %v\n", id.Str(), err)
-		}
+	err = DeleteFilesChecked(globalOptions, repo, restic.NewIDSet(supersedes...), restic.IndexFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Fatalf("unable to remove an old index: %v\n", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

cmd/restic/cmd_recover.go

@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ var cmdRecover = &cobra.Command{
 The "recover" command build a new snapshot from all directories it can find in
 the raw data of the repository. It can be used if, for example, a snapshot has
 been removed by accident with "forget".
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -125,11 +130,6 @@ func runRecover(gopts GlobalOptions) error {
 		return errors.Fatalf("unable to save blobs to the repo: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	err = repo.SaveIndex(gopts.ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Fatalf("unable to save new index to the repo: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	sn, err := restic.NewSnapshot([]string{"/recover"}, []string{}, hostname, time.Now())
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Fatalf("unable to save snapshot: %v", err)

cmd/restic/cmd_restore.go

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"strings"
+
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/filter"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restorer"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -20,6 +21,11 @@ a directory.
 
 The special snapshot "latest" can be used to restore the latest snapshot in the
 repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ type RestoreOptions struct {
 	Include            []string
 	InsensitiveInclude []string
 	Target             string
-	Host               string
+	Hosts              []string
 	Paths              []string
 	Tags               restic.TagLists
 	Verify             bool
@@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ func init() {
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&restoreOptions.InsensitiveInclude, "iinclude", nil, "same as `--include` but ignores the casing of filenames")
 	flags.StringVarP(&restoreOptions.Target, "target", "t", "", "directory to extract data to")
 
-	flags.StringVarP(&restoreOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", `only consider snapshots for this host when the snapshot ID is "latest"`)
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&restoreOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, `only consider snapshots for this host when the snapshot ID is "latest" (can be specified multiple times)`)
 	flags.Var(&restoreOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist` for snapshot ID \"latest\"")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&restoreOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path` for snapshot ID \"latest\"")
 	flags.BoolVar(&restoreOptions.Verify, "verify", false, "verify restored files content")
@@ -111,9 +117,9 @@ func runRestore(opts RestoreOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	var id restic.ID
 
 	if snapshotIDString == "latest" {
-		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Host)
+		id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, opts.Paths, opts.Tags, opts.Hosts)
 		if err != nil {
-			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Host:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Host)
+			Exitf(1, "latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v Paths:%v Hosts:%v", err, opts.Paths, opts.Hosts)
 		}
 	} else {
 		id, err = restic.FindSnapshot(repo, snapshotIDString)

cmd/restic/cmd_self_update.go

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ The command "self-update" downloads the latest stable release of restic from
 GitHub and replaces the currently running binary. After download, the
 authenticity of the binary is verified using the GPG signature on the release
 files.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

cmd/restic/cmd_snapshots.go

@@ -14,10 +14,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 var cmdSnapshots = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "snapshots [snapshotID ...]",
+	Use:   "snapshots [flags] [snapshotID ...]",
 	Short: "List all snapshots",
 	Long: `
 The "snapshots" command lists all snapshots stored in the repository.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ The "snapshots" command lists all snapshots stored in the repository.
 
 // SnapshotOptions bundles all options for the snapshots command.
 type SnapshotOptions struct {
-	Host    string
+	Hosts   []string
 	Tags    restic.TagLists
 	Paths   []string
 	Compact bool
@@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ func init() {
 	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdSnapshots)
 
 	f := cmdSnapshots.Flags()
-	f.StringVarP(&snapshotOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", "only consider snapshots for this `host`")
+	f.StringArrayVarP(&snapshotOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `host` (can be specified multiple times)")
 	f.Var(&snapshotOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist` (can be specified multiple times)")
 	f.StringArrayVar(&snapshotOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `path` (can be specified multiple times)")
 	f.BoolVarP(&snapshotOptions.Compact, "compact", "c", false, "use compact format")
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ func runSnapshots(opts SnapshotOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) erro
 	defer cancel()
 
 	var snapshots restic.Snapshots
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Host, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		snapshots = append(snapshots, sn)
 	}
 	snapshotGroups, grouped, err := restic.GroupSnapshots(snapshots, opts.GroupBy)
@@ -246,9 +251,8 @@ func PrintSnapshots(stdout io.Writer, list restic.Snapshots, reasons []restic.Ke
 // Prints nothing, if we did not group at all.
 func PrintSnapshotGroupHeader(stdout io.Writer, groupKeyJSON string) error {
 	var key restic.SnapshotGroupKey
-	var err error
 
-	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(groupKeyJSON), &key)
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(groupKeyJSON), &key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

cmd/restic/cmd_stats.go

@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
-	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
 	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/walker"
+
+	"github.com/minio/sha256-simd"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 var cmdStats = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "stats [flags] [snapshot-ID]",
+	Use:   "stats [flags] [snapshot ID] [...]",
 	Short: "Scan the repository and show basic statistics",
 	Long: `
-The "stats" command walks one or all snapshots in a repository and
-accumulates statistics about the data stored therein. It reports on
-the number of unique files and their sizes, according to one of
+The "stats" command walks one or multiple snapshots in a repository
+and accumulates statistics about the data stored therein. It reports 
+on the number of unique files and their sizes, according to one of
 the counting modes as given by the --mode flag.
 
-If no snapshot is specified, all snapshots will be considered. Some
-modes make more sense over just a single snapshot, while others
-are useful across all snapshots, depending on what you are trying
-to calculate.
+It operates on all snapshots matching the selection criteria or all
+snapshots if nothing is specified. The special snapshot ID "latest"
+is also supported. Some modes make more sense over 
+just a single snapshot, while others are useful across all snapshots,
+depending on what you are trying to calculate.
 
 The modes are:
 
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ The modes are:
 * blobs-per-file: A combination of files-by-contents and raw-data.
 
 Refer to the online manual for more details about each mode.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -45,11 +50,26 @@ Refer to the online manual for more details about each mode.
 	},
 }
 
+// StatsOptions collects all options for the stats command.
+type StatsOptions struct {
+	// the mode of counting to perform (see consts for available modes)
+	countMode string
+
+	// filter snapshots by, if given by user
+	Hosts []string
+	Tags  restic.TagLists
+	Paths []string
+}
+
+var statsOptions StatsOptions
+
 func init() {
 	cmdRoot.AddCommand(cmdStats)
 	f := cmdStats.Flags()
-	f.StringVar(&countMode, "mode", countModeRestoreSize, "counting mode: restore-size (default), files-by-contents, blobs-per-file, or raw-data")
-	f.StringVarP(&snapshotByHost, "host", "H", "", "filter latest snapshot by this hostname")
+	f.StringVar(&statsOptions.countMode, "mode", countModeRestoreSize, "counting mode: restore-size (default), files-by-contents, blobs-per-file or raw-data")
+	f.StringArrayVarP(&statsOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots with the given `host` (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.Var(&statsOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist` in the format `tag[,tag,...]` (can be specified multiple times)")
+	f.StringArrayVar(&statsOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path` (can be specified multiple times)")
 }
 
 func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
@@ -84,49 +104,25 @@ func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	// create a container for the stats (and other needed state)
 	stats := &statsContainer{
-		uniqueFiles: make(map[fileID]struct{}),
-		fileBlobs:   make(map[string]restic.IDSet),
-		blobs:       restic.NewBlobSet(),
-		blobsSeen:   restic.NewBlobSet(),
+		uniqueFiles:    make(map[fileID]struct{}),
+		uniqueInodes:   make(map[uint64]struct{}),
+		fileBlobs:      make(map[string]restic.IDSet),
+		blobs:          restic.NewBlobSet(),
+		snapshotsCount: 0,
 	}
 
-	if snapshotIDString != "" {
-		// scan just a single snapshot
-
-		var sID restic.ID
-		if snapshotIDString == "latest" {
-			sID, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, []string{}, []restic.TagList{}, snapshotByHost)
-			if err != nil {
-				return errors.Fatalf("latest snapshot for criteria not found: %v", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			sID, err = restic.FindSnapshot(repo, snapshotIDString)
-			if err != nil {
-				return errors.Fatalf("error loading snapshot: %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		snapshot, err := restic.LoadSnapshot(ctx, repo, sID)
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, statsOptions.Hosts, statsOptions.Tags, statsOptions.Paths, args) {
+		err = statsWalkSnapshot(ctx, sn, repo, stats)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Fatalf("error loading snapshot from repo: %v", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error walking snapshot: %v", err)
 		}
-
-		err = statsWalkSnapshot(ctx, snapshot, repo, stats)
-	} else {
-		// iterate every snapshot in the repo
-		err = repo.List(ctx, restic.SnapshotFile, func(snapshotID restic.ID, size int64) error {
-			snapshot, err := restic.LoadSnapshot(ctx, repo, snapshotID)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("Error loading snapshot %s: %v", snapshotID.Str(), err)
-			}
-			return statsWalkSnapshot(ctx, snapshot, repo, stats)
-		})
 	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if countMode == countModeRawData {
+	if statsOptions.countMode == countModeRawData {
 		// the blob handles have been collected, but not yet counted
 		for blobHandle := range stats.blobs {
 			blobSize, found := repo.LookupBlobSize(blobHandle.ID, blobHandle.Type)
@@ -139,29 +135,23 @@ func runStats(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	if gopts.JSON {
-		err = json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(stats)
+		err = json.NewEncoder(globalOptions.stdout).Encode(stats)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("encoding output: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// inform the user what was scanned and how it was scanned
-	snapshotsScanned := snapshotIDString
-	if snapshotsScanned == "latest" {
-		snapshotsScanned = "the latest snapshot"
-	} else if snapshotsScanned == "" {
-		snapshotsScanned = "all snapshots"
-	}
-	Printf("Stats for %s in %s mode:\n", snapshotsScanned, countMode)
+	Printf("Stats in %s mode:\n", statsOptions.countMode)
+	Printf("Snapshots processed:   %d\n", stats.snapshotsCount)
 
 	if stats.TotalBlobCount > 0 {
-		Printf("  Total Blob Count:   %d\n", stats.TotalBlobCount)
+		Printf("   Total Blob Count:   %d\n", stats.TotalBlobCount)
 	}
 	if stats.TotalFileCount > 0 {
-		Printf("  Total File Count:   %d\n", stats.TotalFileCount)
+		Printf("   Total File Count:   %d\n", stats.TotalFileCount)
 	}
-	Printf("        Total Size:   %-5s\n", formatBytes(stats.TotalSize))
+	Printf("         Total Size:   %-5s\n", formatBytes(stats.TotalSize))
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -171,21 +161,24 @@ func statsWalkSnapshot(ctx context.Context, snapshot *restic.Snapshot, repo rest
 		return fmt.Errorf("snapshot %s has nil tree", snapshot.ID().Str())
 	}
 
-	if countMode == countModeRawData {
+	stats.snapshotsCount++
+
+	if statsOptions.countMode == countModeRawData {
 		// count just the sizes of unique blobs; we don't need to walk the tree
 		// ourselves in this case, since a nifty function does it for us
-		return restic.FindUsedBlobs(ctx, repo, *snapshot.Tree, stats.blobs, stats.blobsSeen)
+		return restic.FindUsedBlobs(ctx, repo, *snapshot.Tree, stats.blobs)
 	}
 
 	err := walker.Walk(ctx, repo, *snapshot.Tree, restic.NewIDSet(), statsWalkTree(repo, stats))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("walking tree %s: %v", *snapshot.Tree, err)
 	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
 func statsWalkTree(repo restic.Repository, stats *statsContainer) walker.WalkFunc {
-	return func(_ restic.ID, npath string, node *restic.Node, nodeErr error) (bool, error) {
+	return func(parentTreeID restic.ID, npath string, node *restic.Node, nodeErr error) (bool, error) {
 		if nodeErr != nil {
 			return true, nodeErr
 		}
@@ -193,19 +186,19 @@ func statsWalkTree(repo restic.Repository, stats *statsContainer) walker.WalkFun
 			return true, nil
 		}
 
-		if countMode == countModeUniqueFilesByContents || countMode == countModeBlobsPerFile {
+		if statsOptions.countMode == countModeUniqueFilesByContents || statsOptions.countMode == countModeBlobsPerFile {
 			// only count this file if we haven't visited it before
 			fid := makeFileIDByContents(node)
 			if _, ok := stats.uniqueFiles[fid]; !ok {
 				// mark the file as visited
 				stats.uniqueFiles[fid] = struct{}{}
 
-				if countMode == countModeUniqueFilesByContents {
+				if statsOptions.countMode == countModeUniqueFilesByContents {
 					// simply count the size of each unique file (unique by contents only)
 					stats.TotalSize += node.Size
 					stats.TotalFileCount++
 				}
-				if countMode == countModeBlobsPerFile {
+				if statsOptions.countMode == countModeBlobsPerFile {
 					// count the size of each unique blob reference, which is
 					// by unique file (unique by contents and file path)
 					for _, blobID := range node.Content {
@@ -220,7 +213,7 @@ func statsWalkTree(repo restic.Repository, stats *statsContainer) walker.WalkFun
 							// is always a data blob since we're accessing it via a file's Content array
 							blobSize, found := repo.LookupBlobSize(blobID, restic.DataBlob)
 							if !found {
-								return true, fmt.Errorf("blob %s not found for tree %s", blobID, *node.Subtree)
+								return true, fmt.Errorf("blob %s not found for tree %s", blobID, parentTreeID)
 							}
 
 							// count the blob's size, then add this blob by this
@@ -235,12 +228,20 @@ func statsWalkTree(repo restic.Repository, stats *statsContainer) walker.WalkFun
 			}
 		}
 
-		if countMode == countModeRestoreSize {
+		if statsOptions.countMode == countModeRestoreSize {
 			// as this is a file in the snapshot, we can simply count its
 			// size without worrying about uniqueness, since duplicate files
 			// will still be restored
-			stats.TotalSize += node.Size
 			stats.TotalFileCount++
+
+			// if inodes are present, only count each inode once
+			// (hard links do not increase restore size)
+			if _, ok := stats.uniqueInodes[node.Inode]; !ok || node.Inode == 0 {
+				stats.uniqueInodes[node.Inode] = struct{}{}
+				stats.TotalSize += node.Size
+			}
+
+			return false, nil
 		}
 
 		return true, nil
@@ -259,23 +260,13 @@ func makeFileIDByContents(node *restic.Node) fileID {
 
 func verifyStatsInput(gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	// require a recognized counting mode
-	switch countMode {
+	switch statsOptions.countMode {
 	case countModeRestoreSize:
 	case countModeUniqueFilesByContents:
 	case countModeBlobsPerFile:
 	case countModeRawData:
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown counting mode: %s (use the -h flag to get a list of supported modes)", countMode)
-	}
-
-	// ensure at most one snapshot was specified
-	if len(args) > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("only one snapshot may be specified")
-	}
-
-	// if a snapshot was specified, mark it as the one to scan
-	if len(args) == 1 {
-		snapshotIDString = args[0]
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown counting mode: %s (use the -h flag to get a list of supported modes)", statsOptions.countMode)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -293,30 +284,25 @@ type statsContainer struct {
 	// contents (hashed sequence of content blob IDs)
 	uniqueFiles map[fileID]struct{}
 
+	// uniqueInodes marks visited files according to their
+	// inode # (hashed sequence of inode numbers)
+	uniqueInodes map[uint64]struct{}
+
 	// fileBlobs maps a file name (path) to the set of
 	// blobs that have been seen as a part of the file
 	fileBlobs map[string]restic.IDSet
 
-	// blobs and blobsSeen are used to count individual
-	// unique blobs, independent of references to files
-	blobs, blobsSeen restic.BlobSet
+	// blobs is used to count individual unique blobs,
+	// independent of references to files
+	blobs restic.BlobSet
+
+	// holds count of all considered snapshots
+	snapshotsCount int
 }
 
 // fileID is a 256-bit hash that distinguishes unique files.
 type fileID [32]byte
 
-var (
-	// the mode of counting to perform
-	countMode string
-
-	// the snapshot to scan, as given by the user
-	snapshotIDString string
-
-	// snapshotByHost is the host to filter latest
-	// snapshot by, if given by user
-	snapshotByHost string
-)
-
 const (
 	countModeRestoreSize           = "restore-size"
 	countModeUniqueFilesByContents = "files-by-contents"

cmd/restic/cmd_tag.go

@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ You can either set/replace the entire set of tags on a snapshot, or
 add tags to/remove tags from the existing set.
 
 When no snapshot-ID is given, all snapshots matching the host, tag and path filter criteria are modified.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -30,7 +35,7 @@ When no snapshot-ID is given, all snapshots matching the host, tag and path filt
 
 // TagOptions bundles all options for the 'tag' command.
 type TagOptions struct {
-	Host       string
+	Hosts      []string
 	Paths      []string
 	Tags       restic.TagLists
 	SetTags    []string
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ func init() {
 	tagFlags.StringSliceVar(&tagOptions.AddTags, "add", nil, "`tag` which will be added to the existing tags (can be given multiple times)")
 	tagFlags.StringSliceVar(&tagOptions.RemoveTags, "remove", nil, "`tag` which will be removed from the existing tags (can be given multiple times)")
 
-	tagFlags.StringVarP(&tagOptions.Host, "host", "H", "", "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given")
+	tagFlags.StringArrayVarP(&tagOptions.Hosts, "host", "H", nil, "only consider snapshots for this `host`, when no snapshot ID is given (can be specified multiple times)")
 	tagFlags.Var(&tagOptions.Tags, "tag", "only consider snapshots which include this `taglist`, when no snapshot-ID is given")
 	tagFlags.StringArrayVar(&tagOptions.Paths, "path", nil, "only consider snapshots which include this (absolute) `path`, when no snapshot-ID is given")
 }
@@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ func runTag(opts TagOptions, gopts GlobalOptions, args []string) error {
 	changeCnt := 0
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(gopts.ctx)
 	defer cancel()
-	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Host, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
+	for sn := range FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, opts.Hosts, opts.Tags, opts.Paths, args) {
 		changed, err := changeTags(ctx, repo, sn, opts.SetTags, opts.AddTags, opts.RemoveTags)
 		if err != nil {
 			Warnf("unable to modify the tags for snapshot ID %q, ignoring: %v\n", sn.ID(), err)

cmd/restic/cmd_unlock.go

@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ var unlockCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Short: "Remove locks other processes created",
 	Long: `
 The "unlock" command removes stale locks that have been created by other restic processes.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {

cmd/restic/cmd_version.go

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Long: `
 The "version" command prints detailed information about the build environment
 and the version of this software.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+===========
+
+Exit status is 0 if the command was successful, and non-zero if there was any error.
 `,
 	DisableAutoGenTag: true,
 	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {

cmd/restic/delete.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+
+	"github.com/restic/restic/internal/restic"
+)
+
+// DeleteFiles deletes the given fileList of fileType in parallel
+// it will print a warning if there is an error, but continue deleting the remaining files
+func DeleteFiles(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, fileList restic.IDSet, fileType restic.FileType) {
+	deleteFiles(gopts, true, repo, fileList, fileType)
+}
+
+// DeleteFilesChecked deletes the given fileList of fileType in parallel
+// if an error occurs, it will cancel and return this error
+func DeleteFilesChecked(gopts GlobalOptions, repo restic.Repository, fileList restic.IDSet, fileType restic.FileType) error {
+	return deleteFiles(gopts, false, repo, fileList, fileType)
+}
+
+const numDeleteWorkers = 8
+
+// deleteFiles deletes the given fileList of fileType in parallel
+// if ignoreError=true, it will print a warning if there was an error, else it will abort.
+func deleteFiles(gopts GlobalOptions, ignoreError bool, repo restic.Repository, fileList restic.IDSet, fileType restic.FileType) error {
+	totalCount := len(fileList)
+	fileChan := make(chan restic.ID)
+	go func() {
+		for id := range fileList {
+			fileChan <- id
+		}
+		close(fileChan)
+	}()
+
+	bar := newProgressMax(!gopts.JSON && !gopts.Quiet, uint64(totalCount), "files deleted")
+	wg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(gopts.ctx)
+	bar.Start()
+	for i := 0; i < numDeleteWorkers; i++ {
+		wg.Go(func() error {
+			for id := range fileChan {
+				h := restic.Handle{Type: fileType, Name: id.String()}
+				err := repo.Backend().Remove(ctx, h)
+				if err != nil {
+					if !gopts.JSON {
+						Warnf("unable to remove %v from the repository\n", h)
+					}
+					if !ignoreError {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				if !gopts.JSON && gopts.verbosity >= 2 {
+					Verbosef("removed %v\n", h)
+				}
+				bar.Report(restic.Stat{Blobs: 1})
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	err := wg.Wait()
+	bar.Done()
+	return err
+}

cmd/restic/exclude.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ func rejectIfPresent(excludeFileSpec string) (RejectByNameFunc, error) {
 }
 
 // isExcludedByFile interprets filename as a path and returns true if that file
-// is in a excluded directory. A directory is identified as excluded if it contains a
+// is in an excluded directory. A directory is identified as excluded if it contains a
 // tagfile which bears the name specified in tagFilename and starts with
 // header. If rc is non-nil, it is used to expedite the evaluation of a
 // directory based on previous visits.
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ func isDirExcludedByFile(dir, tagFilename, header string) bool {
 		Warnf("could not read signature from exclusion tagfile %q: %v\n", tf, err)
 		return false
 	}
-	if bytes.Compare(buf, []byte(header)) != 0 {
+	if !bytes.Equal(buf, []byte(header)) {
 		Warnf("invalid signature in exclusion tagfile %q\n", tf)
 		return false
 	}
@@ -292,3 +293,50 @@ func rejectResticCache(repo *repository.Repository) (RejectByNameFunc, error) {
 		return false
 	}, nil
 }
+
+func rejectBySize(maxSizeStr string) (RejectFunc, error) {
+	maxSize, err := parseSizeStr(maxSizeStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return func(item string, fi os.FileInfo) bool {
+		// directory will be ignored
+		if fi.IsDir() {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		filesize := fi.Size()
+		if filesize > maxSize {
+			debug.Log("file %s is oversize: %d", item, filesize)
+			return true
+		}
+
+		return false
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func parseSizeStr(sizeStr string) (int64, error) {
+	numStr := sizeStr[:len(sizeStr)-1]
+	var unit int64 = 1
+
+	switch sizeStr[len(sizeStr)-1] {
+	case 'b', 'B':
+		// use initialized values, do nothing here
+	case 'k', 'K':
+		unit = 1024
+	case 'm', 'M':
+		unit = 1024 * 1024
+	case 'g', 'G':
+		unit = 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+	case 't', 'T':
+		unit = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+	default:
+		numStr = sizeStr
+	}
+	value, err := strconv.ParseInt(numStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return value * unit, nil
+}

cmd/restic/exclude_test.go

@@ -189,3 +189,113 @@ func TestMultipleIsExcludedByFile(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParseSizeStr(t *testing.T) {
+	sizeStrTests := []struct {
+		in       string
+		expected int64
+	}{
+		{"1024", 1024},
+		{"1024b", 1024},
+		{"1024B", 1024},
+		{"1k", 1024},
+		{"100k", 102400},
+		{"100K", 102400},
+		{"10M", 10485760},
+		{"100m", 104857600},
+		{"20G", 21474836480},
+		{"10g", 10737418240},
+		{"2T", 2199023255552},
+		{"2t", 2199023255552},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range sizeStrTests {
+		actual, err := parseSizeStr(tt.in)
+		test.OK(t, err)
+
+		if actual != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("parseSizeStr(%s) = %d; expected %d", tt.in, actual, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestIsExcludedByFileSize is for testing the instance of
+// --exclude-larger-than parameters
+func TestIsExcludedByFileSize(t *testing.T) {
+	tempDir, cleanup := test.TempDir(t)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	// Max size of file is set to be 1k
+	maxSizeStr := "1k"
+
+	// Create some files in a temporary directory.
+	// Files in UPPERCASE will be used as exclusion triggers later on.
+	// We will test the inclusion later, so we add the expected value as
+	// a bool.
+	files := []struct {
+		path string
+		size int64
+		incl bool
+	}{
+		{"42", 100, true},
+
+		// everything in foodir except the FOOLARGE tagfile
+		// should not be included.
+		{"foodir/FOOLARGE", 2048, false},
+		{"foodir/foo", 1002, true},
+		{"foodir/foosub/underfoo", 100, true},
+
+		// everything in bardir except the BARLARGE tagfile
+		// should not be included.
+		{"bardir/BARLARGE", 1030, false},
+		{"bardir/bar", 1000, true},
+		{"bardir/barsub/underbar", 500, true},
+
+		// everything in bazdir should be included.
+		{"bazdir/baz", 100, true},
+		{"bazdir/bazsub/underbaz", 200, true},
+	}
+	var errs []error
+	for _, f := range files {
+		// create directories first, then the file
+		p := filepath.Join(tempDir, filepath.FromSlash(f.path))
+		errs = append(errs, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0700))
+		file, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+		if err == nil {
+			// create a file with given size
+			errs = append(errs, file.Truncate(f.size))
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, file.Close())
+	}
+	test.OKs(t, errs) // see if anything went wrong during the creation
+
+	// create rejection function
+	sizeExclude, _ := rejectBySize(maxSizeStr)
+
+	// To mock the archiver scanning walk, we create filepath.WalkFn
+	// that tests against the two rejection functions and stores
+	// the result in a map against we can test later.
+	m := make(map[string]bool)
+	walk := func(p string, fi os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		excluded := sizeExclude(p, fi)
+		// the log message helps debugging in case the test fails
+		t.Logf("%q: dir:%t; size:%d; excluded:%v", p, fi.IsDir(), fi.Size(), excluded)
+		m[p] = !excluded
+		return nil
+	}
+	// walk through the temporary file and check the error
+	test.OK(t, filepath.Walk(tempDir, walk))
+
+	// compare whether the walk gave the expected values for the test cases
+	for _, f := range files {
+		p := filepath.Join(tempDir, filepath.FromSlash(f.path))
+		if m[p] != f.incl {
+			t.Errorf("inclusion status of %s is wrong: want %v, got %v", f.path, f.incl, m[p])
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/restic/find.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // FindFilteredSnapshots yields Snapshots, either given explicitly by `snapshotIDs` or filtered from the list of all snapshots.
-func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, host string, tags []restic.TagList, paths []string, snapshotIDs []string) <-chan *restic.Snapshot {
+func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hosts []string, tags []restic.TagList, paths []string, snapshotIDs []string) <-chan *restic.Snapshot {
 	out := make(chan *restic.Snapshot)
 	go func() {
 		defer close(out)
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hos
 			// Process all snapshot IDs given as arguments.
 			for _, s := range snapshotIDs {
 				if s == "latest" {
-					id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, paths, tags, host)
+					usedFilter = true
+					id, err = restic.FindLatestSnapshot(ctx, repo, paths, tags, hosts)
 					if err != nil {
-						Warnf("Ignoring %q, no snapshot matched given filter (Paths:%v Tags:%v Host:%v)\n", s, paths, tags, host)
-						usedFilter = true
+						Warnf("Ignoring %q, no snapshot matched given filter (Paths:%v Tags:%v Hosts:%v)\n", s, paths, tags, hosts)
 						continue
 					}
 				} else {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hos
 			}
 
 			// Give the user some indication their filters are not used.
-			if !usedFilter && (host != "" || len(tags) != 0 || len(paths) != 0) {
+			if !usedFilter && (len(hosts) != 0 || len(tags) != 0 || len(paths) != 0) {
 				Warnf("Ignoring filters as there are explicit snapshot ids given\n")
 			}
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx context.Context, repo *repository.Repository, hos
 			return
 		}
 
-		snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, host, tags, paths)
+		snapshots, err := restic.FindFilteredSnapshots(ctx, repo, hosts, tags, paths)
 		if err != nil {
 			Warnf("could not load snapshots: %v\n", err)
 			return

cmd/restic/format.go

@@ -51,12 +51,6 @@ func formatPercent(numerator uint64, denominator uint64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%3.2f%%", percent)
 }
 
-func formatRate(bytes uint64, duration time.Duration) string {
-	sec := float64(duration) / float64(time.Second)
-	rate := float64(bytes) / sec / (1 << 20)
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMiB/s", rate)
-}
-
 func formatDuration(d time.Duration) string {
 	sec := uint64(d / time.Second)
 	return formatSeconds(sec)

cmd/restic/global.go

@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/terminal"
 )
 
-var version = "0.9.6"
+var version = "0.10.0"
 
 // TimeFormat is the format used for all timestamps printed by restic.
 const TimeFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
 
+type backendWrapper func(r restic.Backend) (restic.Backend, error)
+
 // GlobalOptions hold all global options for restic.
 type GlobalOptions struct {
 	Repo            string
@@ -68,11 +70,13 @@ type GlobalOptions struct {
 	stdout   io.Writer
 	stderr   io.Writer
 
+	backendTestHook backendWrapper
+
 	// verbosity is set as follows:
 	//  0 means: don't print any messages except errors, this is used when --quiet is specified
 	//  1 is the default: print essential messages
 	//  2 means: print more messages, report minor things, this is used when --verbose is specified
-	//  3 means: print very detailed debug messages, this is used when --verbose 2 is specified
+	//  3 means: print very detailed debug messages, this is used when --verbose=2 is specified
 	verbosity uint
 
 	Options []string
@@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ var globalOptions = GlobalOptions{
 	stderr: os.Stderr,
 }
 
+var isReadingPassword bool
+
 func init() {
 	var cancel context.CancelFunc
 	globalOptions.ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -94,18 +100,18 @@ func init() {
 	})
 
 	f := cmdRoot.PersistentFlags()
-	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.Repo, "repo", "r", os.Getenv("RESTIC_REPOSITORY"), "repository to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY)")
-	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.PasswordFile, "password-file", "p", os.Getenv("RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE"), "read the repository password from a file (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE)")
-	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.KeyHint, "key-hint", "", os.Getenv("RESTIC_KEY_HINT"), "key ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)")
-	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.PasswordCommand, "password-command", "", os.Getenv("RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND"), "specify a shell command to obtain a password (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND)")
+	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.Repo, "repo", "r", os.Getenv("RESTIC_REPOSITORY"), "`repository` to backup to or restore from (default: $RESTIC_REPOSITORY)")
+	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.PasswordFile, "password-file", "p", os.Getenv("RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE"), "`file` to read the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_FILE)")
+	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.KeyHint, "key-hint", "", os.Getenv("RESTIC_KEY_HINT"), "`key` ID of key to try decrypting first (default: $RESTIC_KEY_HINT)")
+	f.StringVarP(&globalOptions.PasswordCommand, "password-command", "", os.Getenv("RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND"), "shell `command` to obtain the repository password from (default: $RESTIC_PASSWORD_COMMAND)")
 	f.BoolVarP(&globalOptions.Quiet, "quiet", "q", false, "do not output comprehensive progress report")
-	f.CountVarP(&globalOptions.Verbose, "verbose", "v", "be verbose (specify --verbose multiple times or level `n`)")
+	f.CountVarP(&globalOptions.Verbose, "verbose", "v", "be verbose (specify --verbose multiple times or level --verbose=`n`)")
 	f.BoolVar(&globalOptions.NoLock, "no-lock", false, "do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos")
 	f.BoolVarP(&globalOptions.JSON, "json", "", false, "set output mode to JSON for commands that support it")
-	f.StringVar(&globalOptions.CacheDir, "cache-dir", "", "set the cache directory. (default: use system default cache directory)")
+	f.StringVar(&globalOptions.CacheDir, "cache-dir", "", "set the cache `directory`. (default: use system default cache directory)")
 	f.BoolVar(&globalOptions.NoCache, "no-cache", false, "do not use a local cache")
 	f.StringSliceVar(&globalOptions.CACerts, "cacert", nil, "`file` to load root certificates from (default: use system certificates)")
-	f.StringVar(&globalOptions.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert", "", "path to a file containing PEM encoded TLS client certificate and private key")
+	f.StringVar(&globalOptions.TLSClientCert, "tls-client-cert", "", "path to a `file` containing PEM encoded TLS client certificate and private key")
 	f.BoolVar(&globalOptions.CleanupCache, "cleanup-cache", false, "auto remove old cache directories")
 	f.IntVar(&globalOptions.LimitUploadKb, "limit-upload", 0, "limits uploads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)")
 	f.IntVar(&globalOptions.LimitDownloadKb, "limit-download", 0, "limits downloads to a maximum rate in KiB/s. (default: unlimited)")
@@ -146,7 +152,10 @@ func stdoutTerminalWidth() int {
 }
 
 // restoreTerminal installs a cleanup handler that restores the previous
-// terminal state on exit.
+// terminal state on exit. This handler is only intended to restore the
+// terminal configuration if restic exits after receiving a signal. A regular
+// program execution must revert changes to the terminal configuration itself.
+// The terminal configuration is only restored while reading a password.
 func restoreTerminal() {
 	if !stdoutIsTerminal() {
 		return
@@ -160,9 +169,17 @@ func restoreTerminal() {
 	}
 
 	AddCleanupHandler(func() error {
+		// Restoring the terminal configuration while restic runs in the
+		// background, causes restic to get stopped on unix systems with
+		// a SIGTTOU signal. Thus only restore the terminal settings if
+		// they might have been modified, which is the case while reading
+		// a password.
+		if !isReadingPassword {
+			return nil
+		}
 		err := checkErrno(terminal.Restore(fd, state))
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unable to get restore terminal state: %#+v\n", err)
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unable to restore terminal state: %v\n", err)
 		}
 		return err
 	})
@@ -189,6 +206,22 @@ func Printf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Print writes the message to the configured stdout stream.
+func Print(args ...interface{}) {
+	_, err := fmt.Fprint(globalOptions.stdout, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unable to write to stdout: %v\n", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Println writes the message to the configured stdout stream.
+func Println(args ...interface{}) {
+	_, err := fmt.Fprintln(globalOptions.stdout, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unable to write to stdout: %v\n", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // Verbosef calls Printf to write the message when the verbose flag is set.
 func Verbosef(format string, args ...interface{}) {
 	if globalOptions.verbosity >= 1 {
@@ -232,7 +265,7 @@ func Warnf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
 // Exitf uses Warnf to write the message and then terminates the process with
 // the given exit code.
 func Exitf(exitcode int, format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if format[len(format)-1] != '\n' {
+	if !(strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n")) {
 		format += "\n"
 	}
 
@@ -241,7 +274,7 @@ func Exitf(exitcode int, format string, args ...interface{}) {
 }
 
 // resolvePassword determines the password to be used for opening the repository.
-func resolvePassword(opts GlobalOptions) (string, error) {
+func resolvePassword(opts GlobalOptions, envStr string) (string, error) {
 	if opts.PasswordFile != "" && opts.PasswordCommand != "" {
 		return "", errors.Fatalf("Password file and command are mutually exclusive options")
 	}
@@ -266,7 +299,7 @@ func resolvePassword(opts GlobalOptions) (string, error) {
 		return strings.TrimSpace(string(s)), errors.Wrap(err, "Readfile")
 	}
 
-	if pwd := os.Getenv("RESTIC_PASSWORD"); pwd != "" {
+	if pwd := os.Getenv(envStr); pwd != "" {
 		return pwd, nil
 	}
 
@@ -286,7 +319,9 @@ func readPassword(in io.Reader) (password string, err error) {
 // password.
 func readPasswordTerminal(in *os.File, out io.Writer, prompt string) (password string, err error) {
 	fmt.Fprint(out, prompt)
+	isReadingPassword = true
 	buf, err := terminal.ReadPassword(int(in.Fd()))
+	isReadingPassword = false
 	fmt.Fprintln(out)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrap(err, "ReadPassword")
@@ -364,6 +399,14 @@ func OpenRepository(opts GlobalOptions) (*repository.Repository, error) {
 		Warnf("%v returned error, retrying after %v: %v\n", msg, d, err)
 	})
 
+	// wrap backend if a test specified a hook
+	if opts.backendTestHook != nil {
+		be, err = opts.backendTestHook(be)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	s := repository.New(be)
 
 	passwordTriesLeft := 1

cmd/restic/global_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	rtest "github.com/restic/restic/internal/test"
+)
+
+func Test_PrintFunctionsRespectsGlobalStdout(t *testing.T) {
+	gopts := globalOptions
+	defer func() {
+		globalOptions = gopts
+	}()
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	globalOptions.stdout = buf
+
+	for _, p := range []func(){
+		func() { Println("message") },
+		func() { Print("message\n") },
+		func() { Printf("mes%s\n", "sage") },
+	} {
+		p()
+		rtest.Equals(t, "message\n", buf.String())
+		buf.Reset()
+	}
+}

cmd/restic/integration_helpers_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ func walkDir(dir string) <-chan *dirEntry {
 	}()
 
 	// first element is root
-	_ = <-ch
+	<-ch
 
 	return ch
 }
@@ -72,27 +73,16 @@ func sameModTime(fi1, fi2 os.FileInfo) bool {
 		}
 	}
 
-	same := fi1.ModTime().Equal(fi2.ModTime())
-	if !same && (runtime.GOOS == "darwin" || runtime.GOOS == "openbsd") {
-		// Allow up to 1μs difference, because macOS <10.13 cannot restore
-		// with nanosecond precision and the current version of Go (1.9.2)
-		// does not yet support the new syscall. (#1087)
-		mt1 := fi1.ModTime()
-		mt2 := fi2.ModTime()
-		usecDiff := (mt1.Nanosecond()-mt2.Nanosecond())/1000 + (mt1.Second()-mt2.Second())*1000000
-		same = usecDiff <= 1 && usecDiff >= -1
-	}
-	return same
+	return fi1.ModTime().Equal(fi2.ModTime())
 }
 
-// directoriesEqualContents checks if both directories contain exactly the same
-// contents.
-func directoriesEqualContents(dir1, dir2 string) bool {
+// directoriesContentsDiff returns a diff between both directories. If these
+// contain exactly the same contents, then the diff is an empty string.
+func directoriesContentsDiff(dir1, dir2 string) string {
+	var out bytes.Buffer
 	ch1 := walkDir(dir1)
 	ch2 := walkDir(dir2)
 
-	changes := false
-
 	var a, b *dirEntry
 	for {
 		var ok bool
@@ -116,36 +106,27 @@ func directoriesEqualContents(dir1, dir2 string) bool {
 		}
 
 		if ch1 == nil {
-			fmt.Printf("+%v\n", b.path)
-			changes = true
+			fmt.Fprintf(&out, "+%v\n", b.path)
 		} else if ch2 == nil {
-			fmt.Printf("-%v\n", a.path)
-			changes = true
-		} else if !a.equals(b) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&out, "-%v\n", a.path)
+		} else if !a.equals(&out, b) {
 			if a.path < b.path {
-				fmt.Printf("-%v\n", a.path)
-				changes = true
+				fmt.Fprintf(&out, "-%v\n", a.path)
 				a = nil
 				continue
 			} else if a.path > b.path {
-				fmt.Printf("+%v\n", b.path)
-				changes = true
+				fmt.Fprintf(&out, "+%v\n", b.path)
 				b = nil
 				continue
 			} else {
-				fmt.Printf("%%%v\n", a.path)
-				changes = true
+				fmt.Fprintf(&out, "%%%v\n", a.path)
 			}
 		}
 
 		a, b = nil, nil
 	}
 
-	if changes {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return true
+	return out.String()
 }
 
 type dirStat struct {