Chore: bump Docker index version to 1 (Tantivy); add language change detection

- Reset index_version to 1 — Tantivy is a full format change so
  versioning restarts from scratch; all existing v9 installs trigger
  an automatic reindex on next container start
- Add PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE change detection: track raw env var in
  .index_language so changing the language setting auto-reindexes;
  raw env var (not resolved language) avoids false positives from
  OCR_LANGUAGE inference
- docs/administration.md: clarify that Docker handles the post-upgrade
  reindex automatically; bare metal users need to run
  document_index reindex manually; add that as step 4 in the
  bare metal upgrade guide

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docker/rootfs/etc/s6-overlay/s6-rc.d/init-search-index/run

@@ -3,9 +3,14 @@
 
 declare -r log_prefix="[init-index]"
 
-declare -r index_version=9
+# Version 1: Tantivy backend (replaces Whoosh; resets versioning from scratch)
+declare -r index_version=1
 declare -r data_dir="${PAPERLESS_DATA_DIR:-/usr/src/paperless/data}"
 declare -r index_version_file="${data_dir}/.index_version"
+declare -r index_language_file="${data_dir}/.index_language"
+# Track the raw env var (not the resolved language) so inference changes
+# don't cause spurious reindexes — only explicit setting changes trigger one.
+declare -r search_language="${PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE:-}"
 
 update_index () {
 	echo "${log_prefix} Search index out of date. Updating..."
@@ -13,16 +18,24 @@ update_index () {
 	if [[ -n "${USER_IS_NON_ROOT}" ]]; then
 		python3 manage.py document_index reindex --no-progress-bar
 		echo ${index_version} | tee "${index_version_file}" > /dev/null
+		echo "${search_language}" | tee "${index_language_file}" > /dev/null
 	else
 		s6-setuidgid paperless python3 manage.py document_index reindex --no-progress-bar
 		echo ${index_version} | s6-setuidgid paperless tee "${index_version_file}" > /dev/null
+		echo "${search_language}" | s6-setuidgid paperless tee "${index_language_file}" > /dev/null
 	fi
 }
 
-if [[ (! -f "${index_version_file}") ]]; then
+if [[ ! -f "${index_version_file}" ]]; then
 	echo "${log_prefix} No index version file found"
 	update_index
-elif [[ $(<"${index_version_file}") != "$index_version" ]]; then
-	echo "${log_prefix} index version updated"
+elif [[ $(<"${index_version_file}") != "${index_version}" ]]; then
+	echo "${log_prefix} Index version updated"
+	update_index
+elif [[ ! -f "${index_language_file}" ]]; then
+	echo "${log_prefix} No language file found"
+	update_index
+elif [[ $(<"${index_language_file}") != "${search_language}" ]]; then
+	echo "${log_prefix} Search language changed"
 	update_index
 fi

docs/administration.md

@@ -180,6 +180,17 @@ following:
     This might not actually do anything. Not every new paperless version
     comes with new database migrations.
 
+4.  Rebuild the search index.
+
+    ```shell-session
+    cd src
+    python3 manage.py document_index reindex
+    ```
+
+    This is required when the search backend has changed (e.g. the upgrade
+    to Tantivy). It is safe to run on every upgrade — if the index is already
+    current it completes quickly.
+
 ### Database Upgrades
 
 Paperless-ngx is compatible with Django-supported versions of PostgreSQL and MariaDB and it is generally
@@ -459,11 +470,31 @@ document_index {reindex,optimize}
 Specify `reindex` to have the index created from scratch. This may take
 some time.
 
-Specify `optimize` to optimize the index. This updates certain aspects
-of the index and usually makes queries faster and also ensures that the
-autocompletion works properly. This command is regularly invoked by the
+Specify `optimize` to optimize the index. This command is regularly invoked by the
 task scheduler.
 
+!!! note
+
+    The `optimize` subcommand is deprecated and is now a no-op. Tantivy manages
+    segment merging automatically; no manual optimization step is needed.
+
+!!! note
+
+    **Docker users:** On first startup after upgrading, the container automatically
+    detects the index format change and runs a full reindex before starting the
+    webserver. No manual step is required.
+
+    **Bare metal users:** After upgrading, run the following command once to rebuild
+    the search index in the new format:
+
+    ```shell-session
+    cd src
+    python3 manage.py document_index reindex
+    ```
+
+    Changing `PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE` also requires a manual reindex on bare
+    metal (Docker handles this automatically).
+
 ### Clearing the database read cache
 
 If the database read cache is enabled, **you must run this command** after making any changes to the database outside the application context.

docs/api.md

@@ -167,9 +167,8 @@ Query parameters:
 - `term`: The incomplete term.
 - `limit`: Amount of results. Defaults to 10.
 
-Results returned by the endpoint are ordered by importance of the term
-in the document index. The first result is the term that has the highest
-[Tf/Idf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf) score in the index.
+Results are ordered by how many of the user's visible documents contain
+each matching word. The first result is the word that appears in the most documents.
 
 ```json
 ["term1", "term3", "term6", "term4"]

docs/configuration.md

@@ -1103,6 +1103,32 @@ should be a valid crontab(5) expression describing when to run.
 
     Defaults to `0 0 * * *` or daily at midnight.
 
+#### [`PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE=<language>`](#PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE) {#PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE}
+
+: Sets the stemmer language for the full-text search index.
+Stemming improves recall by matching word variants (e.g. "running" matches "run").
+Changing this setting causes the index to be rebuilt automatically on next startup.
+An invalid value raises an error at startup.
+
+: Use the ISO 639-1 two-letter code (e.g. `en`, `de`, `fr`). Lowercase full names
+(e.g. `english`, `german`, `french`) are also accepted. The capitalized names shown
+in the [Tantivy Language enum](https://docs.rs/tantivy/latest/tantivy/tokenizer/enum.Language.html)
+documentation are **not** valid — use the lowercase equivalent.
+
+: If not set, paperless infers the language from
+[`PAPERLESS_OCR_LANGUAGE`](#PAPERLESS_OCR_LANGUAGE). If the OCR language has no
+Tantivy stemmer equivalent, stemming is disabled.
+
+    Defaults to unset (inferred from `PAPERLESS_OCR_LANGUAGE`).
+
+#### [`PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD=<float>`](#PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD) {#PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD}
+
+: When set to a float value, approximate/fuzzy matching is applied alongside exact
+matching. Fuzzy results rank below exact matches. A value of `0.5` is a reasonable
+starting point. Leave unset to disable fuzzy matching entirely.
+
+    Defaults to unset (disabled).
+
 #### [`PAPERLESS_SANITY_TASK_CRON=<cron expression>`](#PAPERLESS_SANITY_TASK_CRON) {#PAPERLESS_SANITY_TASK_CRON}
 
 : Configures the scheduled sanity checker frequency. The value should be a

docs/usage.md

@@ -839,18 +839,28 @@ Matching inexact words:
 produ*name
 ```
 
-!!! note
+Matching natural date keywords:
 
-    Inexact terms are hard for search indexes. These queries might take a
-    while to execute. That's why paperless offers auto complete and query
-    correction.
+```
+added:today
+modified:yesterday
+created:this_week
+added:last_month
+modified:this_year
+```
+
+Supported date keywords: `today`, `yesterday`, `this_week`, `last_week`,
+`this_month`, `last_month`, `this_year`, `last_year`.
 
 All of these constructs can be combined as you see fit. If you want to
-learn more about the query language used by paperless, paperless uses
-Whoosh's default query language. Head over to [Whoosh query
-language](https://whoosh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/querylang.html). For
-details on what date parsing utilities are available, see [Date
-parsing](https://whoosh.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dates.html#parsing-date-queries).
+learn more about the query language used by paperless, see the
+[Tantivy query language documentation](https://docs.rs/tantivy/latest/tantivy/query/struct.QueryParser.html).
+
+!!! note
+
+    Fuzzy (approximate) matching can be enabled by setting
+    [`PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD`](configuration.md#PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD).
+    When enabled, paperless will include near-miss results ranked below exact matches.
 
 ## Keyboard shortcuts / hotkeys
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ dependencies = [
   "scikit-learn~=1.8.0",
   "sentence-transformers>=4.1",
   "setproctitle~=1.3.4",
+  "tantivy>=0.25.1",
   "tika-client~=0.10.0",
   "torch~=2.10.0",
   "watchfiles>=1.1.1",
   "whitenoise~=6.11",
-  "whoosh-reloaded>=2.7.5",
   "zxing-cpp~=3.0.0",
 ]
 
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ testing = [
   "pytest-rerunfailures~=16.1",
   "pytest-sugar",
   "pytest-xdist~=3.8.0",
+  "time-machine>=2.13",
 ]
 
 lint = [
@@ -299,6 +300,7 @@ markers = [
   "greenmail: Tests requiring Greenmail service",
   "date_parsing: Tests which cover date parsing from content or filename",
   "management: Tests which cover management commands/functionality",
+  "search: Tests for the Tantivy search backend",
 ]
 
 [tool.pytest_env]

src/documents/admin.py

@@ -100,24 +100,23 @@ class DocumentAdmin(GuardedModelAdmin):
         return Document.global_objects.all()
 
     def delete_queryset(self, request, queryset):
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
+        with get_backend().batch_update() as batch:
             for o in queryset:
-                index.remove_document(writer, o)
-
+                batch.remove(o.pk)
         super().delete_queryset(request, queryset)
 
     def delete_model(self, request, obj):
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        index.remove_document_from_index(obj)
+        get_backend().remove(obj.pk)
         super().delete_model(request, obj)
 
     def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        index.add_or_update_document(obj)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(obj)
         super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
 
 

src/documents/bulk_edit.py

@@ -349,11 +349,11 @@ def delete(doc_ids: list[int]) -> Literal["OK"]:
 
         Document.objects.filter(id__in=delete_ids).delete()
 
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
+        with get_backend().batch_update() as batch:
             for id in delete_ids:
-                index.remove_document_by_id(writer, id)
+                batch.remove(id)
 
         status_mgr = DocumentsStatusManager()
         status_mgr.send_documents_deleted(delete_ids)

src/documents/index.py

@@ -1,655 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import logging
-import math
-import re
-from collections import Counter
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from datetime import UTC
-from datetime import datetime
-from datetime import time
-from datetime import timedelta
-from shutil import rmtree
-from time import sleep
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Literal
-
-from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import timezone as django_timezone
-from django.utils.timezone import get_current_timezone
-from django.utils.timezone import now
-from guardian.shortcuts import get_users_with_perms
-from whoosh import classify
-from whoosh import highlight
-from whoosh import query
-from whoosh.fields import BOOLEAN
-from whoosh.fields import DATETIME
-from whoosh.fields import KEYWORD
-from whoosh.fields import NUMERIC
-from whoosh.fields import TEXT
-from whoosh.fields import Schema
-from whoosh.highlight import HtmlFormatter
-from whoosh.idsets import BitSet
-from whoosh.idsets import DocIdSet
-from whoosh.index import FileIndex
-from whoosh.index import LockError
-from whoosh.index import create_in
-from whoosh.index import exists_in
-from whoosh.index import open_dir
-from whoosh.qparser import MultifieldParser
-from whoosh.qparser import QueryParser
-from whoosh.qparser.dateparse import DateParserPlugin
-from whoosh.qparser.dateparse import English
-from whoosh.qparser.plugins import FieldsPlugin
-from whoosh.scoring import TF_IDF
-from whoosh.util.times import timespan
-from whoosh.writing import AsyncWriter
-
-from documents.models import CustomFieldInstance
-from documents.models import Document
-from documents.models import Note
-from documents.models import User
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from django.db.models import QuerySet
-    from whoosh.reading import IndexReader
-    from whoosh.searching import ResultsPage
-    from whoosh.searching import Searcher
-
-logger = logging.getLogger("paperless.index")
-
-
-def get_schema() -> Schema:
-    return Schema(
-        id=NUMERIC(stored=True, unique=True),
-        title=TEXT(sortable=True),
-        content=TEXT(),
-        asn=NUMERIC(sortable=True, signed=False),
-        correspondent=TEXT(sortable=True),
-        correspondent_id=NUMERIC(),
-        has_correspondent=BOOLEAN(),
-        tag=KEYWORD(commas=True, scorable=True, lowercase=True),
-        tag_id=KEYWORD(commas=True, scorable=True),
-        has_tag=BOOLEAN(),
-        type=TEXT(sortable=True),
-        type_id=NUMERIC(),
-        has_type=BOOLEAN(),
-        created=DATETIME(sortable=True),
-        modified=DATETIME(sortable=True),
-        added=DATETIME(sortable=True),
-        path=TEXT(sortable=True),
-        path_id=NUMERIC(),
-        has_path=BOOLEAN(),
-        notes=TEXT(),
-        num_notes=NUMERIC(sortable=True, signed=False),
-        custom_fields=TEXT(),
-        custom_field_count=NUMERIC(sortable=True, signed=False),
-        has_custom_fields=BOOLEAN(),
-        custom_fields_id=KEYWORD(commas=True),
-        owner=TEXT(),
-        owner_id=NUMERIC(),
-        has_owner=BOOLEAN(),
-        viewer_id=KEYWORD(commas=True),
-        checksum=TEXT(),
-        page_count=NUMERIC(sortable=True),
-        original_filename=TEXT(sortable=True),
-        is_shared=BOOLEAN(),
-    )
-
-
-def open_index(*, recreate=False) -> FileIndex:
-    transient_exceptions = (FileNotFoundError, LockError)
-    max_retries = 3
-    retry_delay = 0.1
-
-    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
-        try:
-            if exists_in(settings.INDEX_DIR) and not recreate:
-                return open_dir(settings.INDEX_DIR, schema=get_schema())
-            break
-        except transient_exceptions as exc:
-            is_last_attempt = attempt == max_retries or recreate
-            if is_last_attempt:
-                logger.exception(
-                    "Error while opening the index after retries, recreating.",
-                )
-                break
-
-            logger.warning(
-                "Transient error while opening the index (attempt %s/%s): %s. Retrying.",
-                attempt + 1,
-                max_retries + 1,
-                exc,
-            )
-            sleep(retry_delay)
-        except Exception:
-            logger.exception("Error while opening the index, recreating.")
-            break
-
-    # create_in doesn't handle corrupted indexes very well, remove the directory entirely first
-    if settings.INDEX_DIR.is_dir():
-        rmtree(settings.INDEX_DIR)
-    settings.INDEX_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    return create_in(settings.INDEX_DIR, get_schema())
-
-
-@contextmanager
-def open_index_writer(*, optimize=False) -> AsyncWriter:
-    writer = AsyncWriter(open_index())
-
-    try:
-        yield writer
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.exception(str(e))
-        writer.cancel()
-    finally:
-        writer.commit(optimize=optimize)
-
-
-@contextmanager
-def open_index_searcher() -> Searcher:
-    searcher = open_index().searcher()
-
-    try:
-        yield searcher
-    finally:
-        searcher.close()
-
-
-def update_document(
-    writer: AsyncWriter,
-    doc: Document,
-    effective_content: str | None = None,
-) -> None:
-    tags = ",".join([t.name for t in doc.tags.all()])
-    tags_ids = ",".join([str(t.id) for t in doc.tags.all()])
-    notes = ",".join([str(c.note) for c in Note.objects.filter(document=doc)])
-    custom_fields = ",".join(
-        [str(c) for c in CustomFieldInstance.objects.filter(document=doc)],
-    )
-    custom_fields_ids = ",".join(
-        [str(f.field.id) for f in CustomFieldInstance.objects.filter(document=doc)],
-    )
-    asn: int | None = doc.archive_serial_number
-    if asn is not None and (
-        asn < Document.ARCHIVE_SERIAL_NUMBER_MIN
-        or asn > Document.ARCHIVE_SERIAL_NUMBER_MAX
-    ):
-        logger.error(
-            f"Not indexing Archive Serial Number {asn} of document {doc.pk}. "
-            f"ASN is out of range "
-            f"[{Document.ARCHIVE_SERIAL_NUMBER_MIN:,}, "
-            f"{Document.ARCHIVE_SERIAL_NUMBER_MAX:,}.",
-        )
-        asn = 0
-    users_with_perms = get_users_with_perms(
-        doc,
-        only_with_perms_in=["view_document"],
-    )
-    viewer_ids: str = ",".join([str(u.id) for u in users_with_perms])
-    writer.update_document(
-        id=doc.pk,
-        title=doc.title,
-        content=effective_content or doc.content,
-        correspondent=doc.correspondent.name if doc.correspondent else None,
-        correspondent_id=doc.correspondent.id if doc.correspondent else None,
-        has_correspondent=doc.correspondent is not None,
-        tag=tags if tags else None,
-        tag_id=tags_ids if tags_ids else None,
-        has_tag=len(tags) > 0,
-        type=doc.document_type.name if doc.document_type else None,
-        type_id=doc.document_type.id if doc.document_type else None,
-        has_type=doc.document_type is not None,
-        created=datetime.combine(doc.created, time.min),
-        added=doc.added,
-        asn=asn,
-        modified=doc.modified,
-        path=doc.storage_path.name if doc.storage_path else None,
-        path_id=doc.storage_path.id if doc.storage_path else None,
-        has_path=doc.storage_path is not None,
-        notes=notes,
-        num_notes=len(notes),
-        custom_fields=custom_fields,
-        custom_field_count=len(doc.custom_fields.all()),
-        has_custom_fields=len(custom_fields) > 0,
-        custom_fields_id=custom_fields_ids if custom_fields_ids else None,
-        owner=doc.owner.username if doc.owner else None,
-        owner_id=doc.owner.id if doc.owner else None,
-        has_owner=doc.owner is not None,
-        viewer_id=viewer_ids if viewer_ids else None,
-        checksum=doc.checksum,
-        page_count=doc.page_count,
-        original_filename=doc.original_filename,
-        is_shared=len(viewer_ids) > 0,
-    )
-    logger.debug(f"Index updated for document {doc.pk}.")
-
-
-def remove_document(writer: AsyncWriter, doc: Document) -> None:
-    remove_document_by_id(writer, doc.pk)
-
-
-def remove_document_by_id(writer: AsyncWriter, doc_id) -> None:
-    writer.delete_by_term("id", doc_id)
-
-
-def add_or_update_document(
-    document: Document,
-    effective_content: str | None = None,
-) -> None:
-    with open_index_writer() as writer:
-        update_document(writer, document, effective_content=effective_content)
-
-
-def remove_document_from_index(document: Document) -> None:
-    with open_index_writer() as writer:
-        remove_document(writer, document)
-
-
-class MappedDocIdSet(DocIdSet):
-    """
-    A DocIdSet backed by a set of `Document` IDs.
-    Supports efficiently looking up if a whoosh docnum is in the provided `filter_queryset`.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, filter_queryset: QuerySet, ixreader: IndexReader) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        document_ids = filter_queryset.order_by("id").values_list("id", flat=True)
-        max_id = document_ids.last() or 0
-        self.document_ids = BitSet(document_ids, size=max_id)
-        self.ixreader = ixreader
-
-    def __contains__(self, docnum) -> bool:
-        document_id = self.ixreader.stored_fields(docnum)["id"]
-        return document_id in self.document_ids
-
-    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[True]:
-        # searcher.search ignores a filter if it's "falsy".
-        # We use this hack so this DocIdSet, when used as a filter, is never ignored.
-        return True
-
-
-class DelayedQuery:
-    def _get_query(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: no cover
-
-    def _get_query_sortedby(self) -> tuple[None, Literal[False]] | tuple[str, bool]:
-        if "ordering" not in self.query_params:
-            return None, False
-
-        field: str = self.query_params["ordering"]
-
-        sort_fields_map: dict[str, str] = {
-            "created": "created",
-            "modified": "modified",
-            "added": "added",
-            "title": "title",
-            "correspondent__name": "correspondent",
-            "document_type__name": "type",
-            "archive_serial_number": "asn",
-            "num_notes": "num_notes",
-            "owner": "owner",
-            "page_count": "page_count",
-        }
-
-        if field.startswith("-"):
-            field = field[1:]
-            reverse = True
-        else:
-            reverse = False
-
-        if field not in sort_fields_map:
-            return None, False
-        else:
-            return sort_fields_map[field], reverse
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        searcher: Searcher,
-        query_params,
-        page_size,
-        filter_queryset: QuerySet,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.searcher = searcher
-        self.query_params = query_params
-        self.page_size = page_size
-        self.saved_results = dict()
-        self.first_score = None
-        self.filter_queryset = filter_queryset
-        self.suggested_correction = None
-        self._manual_hits_cache: list | None = None
-
-    def __len__(self) -> int:
-        if self._manual_sort_requested():
-            manual_hits = self._manual_hits()
-            return len(manual_hits)
-
-        page = self[0:1]
-        return len(page)
-
-    def _manual_sort_requested(self):
-        ordering = self.query_params.get("ordering", "")
-        return ordering.lstrip("-").startswith("custom_field_")
-
-    def _manual_hits(self):
-        if self._manual_hits_cache is None:
-            q, mask, suggested_correction = self._get_query()
-            self.suggested_correction = suggested_correction
-
-            results = self.searcher.search(
-                q,
-                mask=mask,
-                filter=MappedDocIdSet(self.filter_queryset, self.searcher.ixreader),
-                limit=None,
-            )
-            results.fragmenter = highlight.ContextFragmenter(surround=50)
-            results.formatter = HtmlFormatter(tagname="span", between=" ... ")
-
-            if not self.first_score and len(results) > 0:
-                self.first_score = results[0].score
-
-            if self.first_score:
-                results.top_n = [
-                    (
-                        (hit[0] / self.first_score) if self.first_score else None,
-                        hit[1],
-                    )
-                    for hit in results.top_n
-                ]
-
-            hits_by_id = {hit["id"]: hit for hit in results}
-            matching_ids = list(hits_by_id.keys())
-
-            ordered_ids = list(
-                self.filter_queryset.filter(id__in=matching_ids).values_list(
-                    "id",
-                    flat=True,
-                ),
-            )
-            ordered_ids = list(dict.fromkeys(ordered_ids))
-
-            self._manual_hits_cache = [
-                hits_by_id[_id] for _id in ordered_ids if _id in hits_by_id
-            ]
-        return self._manual_hits_cache
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item):
-        if item.start in self.saved_results:
-            return self.saved_results[item.start]
-
-        if self._manual_sort_requested():
-            manual_hits = self._manual_hits()
-            start = 0 if item.start is None else item.start
-            stop = item.stop
-            hits = manual_hits[start:stop] if stop is not None else manual_hits[start:]
-            page = ManualResultsPage(hits)
-            self.saved_results[start] = page
-            return page
-
-        q, mask, suggested_correction = self._get_query()
-        self.suggested_correction = suggested_correction
-        sortedby, reverse = self._get_query_sortedby()
-
-        page: ResultsPage = self.searcher.search_page(
-            q,
-            mask=mask,
-            filter=MappedDocIdSet(self.filter_queryset, self.searcher.ixreader),
-            pagenum=math.floor(item.start / self.page_size) + 1,
-            pagelen=self.page_size,
-            sortedby=sortedby,
-            reverse=reverse,
-        )
-        page.results.fragmenter = highlight.ContextFragmenter(surround=50)
-        page.results.formatter = HtmlFormatter(tagname="span", between=" ... ")
-
-        if not self.first_score and len(page.results) > 0 and sortedby is None:
-            self.first_score = page.results[0].score
-
-        page.results.top_n = [
-            (
-                (hit[0] / self.first_score) if self.first_score else None,
-                hit[1],
-            )
-            for hit in page.results.top_n
-        ]
-
-        self.saved_results[item.start] = page
-
-        return page
-
-
-class ManualResultsPage(list):
-    def __init__(self, hits) -> None:
-        super().__init__(hits)
-        self.results = ManualResults(hits)
-
-
-class ManualResults:
-    def __init__(self, hits) -> None:
-        self._docnums = [hit.docnum for hit in hits]
-
-    def docs(self):
-        return self._docnums
-
-
-class LocalDateParser(English):
-    def reverse_timezone_offset(self, d):
-        return (d.replace(tzinfo=django_timezone.get_current_timezone())).astimezone(
-            UTC,
-        )
-
-    def date_from(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        d = super().date_from(*args, **kwargs)
-        if isinstance(d, timespan):
-            d.start = self.reverse_timezone_offset(d.start)
-            d.end = self.reverse_timezone_offset(d.end)
-        elif isinstance(d, datetime):
-            d = self.reverse_timezone_offset(d)
-        return d
-
-
-class DelayedFullTextQuery(DelayedQuery):
-    def _get_query(self) -> tuple:
-        q_str = self.query_params["query"]
-        q_str = rewrite_natural_date_keywords(q_str)
-        qp = MultifieldParser(
-            [
-                "content",
-                "title",
-                "correspondent",
-                "tag",
-                "type",
-                "notes",
-                "custom_fields",
-            ],
-            self.searcher.ixreader.schema,
-        )
-        qp.add_plugin(
-            DateParserPlugin(
-                basedate=django_timezone.now(),
-                dateparser=LocalDateParser(),
-            ),
-        )
-        q = qp.parse(q_str)
-        suggested_correction = None
-        try:
-            corrected = self.searcher.correct_query(q, q_str)
-            if corrected.string != q_str:
-                corrected_results = self.searcher.search(
-                    corrected.query,
-                    limit=1,
-                    filter=MappedDocIdSet(self.filter_queryset, self.searcher.ixreader),
-                    scored=False,
-                )
-                if len(corrected_results) > 0:
-                    suggested_correction = corrected.string
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.info(
-                "Error while correcting query %s: %s",
-                f"{q_str!r}",
-                e,
-            )
-
-        return q, None, suggested_correction
-
-
-class DelayedMoreLikeThisQuery(DelayedQuery):
-    def _get_query(self) -> tuple:
-        more_like_doc_id = int(self.query_params["more_like_id"])
-        content = Document.objects.get(id=more_like_doc_id).content
-
-        docnum = self.searcher.document_number(id=more_like_doc_id)
-        kts = self.searcher.key_terms_from_text(
-            "content",
-            content,
-            numterms=20,
-            model=classify.Bo1Model,
-            normalize=False,
-        )
-        q = query.Or(
-            [query.Term("content", word, boost=weight) for word, weight in kts],
-        )
-        mask: set = {docnum}
-
-        return q, mask, None
-
-
-def autocomplete(
-    ix: FileIndex,
-    term: str,
-    limit: int = 10,
-    user: User | None = None,
-) -> list:
-    """
-    Mimics whoosh.reading.IndexReader.most_distinctive_terms with permissions
-    and without scoring
-    """
-    terms = []
-
-    with ix.searcher(weighting=TF_IDF()) as s:
-        qp = QueryParser("content", schema=ix.schema)
-        # Don't let searches with a query that happen to match a field override the
-        # content field query instead and return bogus, not text data
-        qp.remove_plugin_class(FieldsPlugin)
-        q = qp.parse(f"{term.lower()}*")
-        user_criterias: list = get_permissions_criterias(user)
-
-        results = s.search(
-            q,
-            terms=True,
-            filter=query.Or(user_criterias) if user_criterias is not None else None,
-        )
-
-        termCounts = Counter()
-        if results.has_matched_terms():
-            for hit in results:
-                for _, match in hit.matched_terms():
-                    termCounts[match] += 1
-            terms = [t for t, _ in termCounts.most_common(limit)]
-
-        term_encoded: bytes = term.encode("UTF-8")
-        if term_encoded in terms:
-            terms.insert(0, terms.pop(terms.index(term_encoded)))
-
-    return terms
-
-
-def get_permissions_criterias(user: User | None = None) -> list:
-    user_criterias = [query.Term("has_owner", text=False)]
-    if user is not None:
-        if user.is_superuser:  # superusers see all docs
-            user_criterias = []
-        else:
-            user_criterias.append(query.Term("owner_id", user.id))
-            user_criterias.append(
-                query.Term("viewer_id", str(user.id)),
-            )
-    return user_criterias
-
-
-def rewrite_natural_date_keywords(query_string: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Rewrites natural date keywords (e.g. added:today or added:"yesterday") to UTC range syntax for Whoosh.
-    This resolves timezone issues with date parsing in Whoosh as well as adding support for more
-    natural date keywords.
-    """
-
-    tz = get_current_timezone()
-    local_now = now().astimezone(tz)
-    today = local_now.date()
-
-    # all supported Keywords
-    pattern = r"(\b(?:added|created|modified))\s*:\s*[\"']?(today|yesterday|this month|previous month|previous week|previous quarter|this year|previous year)[\"']?"
-
-    def repl(m):
-        field = m.group(1)
-        keyword = m.group(2).lower()
-
-        match keyword:
-            case "today":
-                start = datetime.combine(today, time.min, tzinfo=tz)
-                end = datetime.combine(today, time.max, tzinfo=tz)
-
-            case "yesterday":
-                yesterday = today - timedelta(days=1)
-                start = datetime.combine(yesterday, time.min, tzinfo=tz)
-                end = datetime.combine(yesterday, time.max, tzinfo=tz)
-
-            case "this month":
-                start = datetime(local_now.year, local_now.month, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)
-                end = start + relativedelta(months=1) - timedelta(seconds=1)
-
-            case "previous month":
-                this_month_start = datetime(
-                    local_now.year,
-                    local_now.month,
-                    1,
-                    0,
-                    0,
-                    0,
-                    tzinfo=tz,
-                )
-                start = this_month_start - relativedelta(months=1)
-                end = this_month_start - timedelta(seconds=1)
-
-            case "this year":
-                start = datetime(local_now.year, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)
-                end = datetime(local_now.year, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=tz)
-
-            case "previous week":
-                days_since_monday = local_now.weekday()
-                this_week_start = datetime.combine(
-                    today - timedelta(days=days_since_monday),
-                    time.min,
-                    tzinfo=tz,
-                )
-                start = this_week_start - timedelta(days=7)
-                end = this_week_start - timedelta(seconds=1)
-
-            case "previous quarter":
-                current_quarter = (local_now.month - 1) // 3 + 1
-                this_quarter_start_month = (current_quarter - 1) * 3 + 1
-                this_quarter_start = datetime(
-                    local_now.year,
-                    this_quarter_start_month,
-                    1,
-                    0,
-                    0,
-                    0,
-                    tzinfo=tz,
-                )
-                start = this_quarter_start - relativedelta(months=3)
-                end = this_quarter_start - timedelta(seconds=1)
-
-            case "previous year":
-                start = datetime(local_now.year - 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)
-                end = datetime(local_now.year - 1, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=tz)
-
-        # Convert to UTC and format
-        start_str = start.astimezone(UTC).strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
-        end_str = end.astimezone(UTC).strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
-        return f"{field}:[{start_str} TO {end_str}]"
-
-    return re.sub(pattern, repl, query_string, flags=re.IGNORECASE)

src/documents/management/commands/document_index.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import transaction
 
 from documents.management.commands.base import PaperlessCommand
@@ -14,10 +15,20 @@ class Command(PaperlessCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
         parser.add_argument("command", choices=["reindex", "optimize"])
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--recreate",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Wipe and recreate the index from scratch (only used with reindex).",
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         with transaction.atomic():
             if options["command"] == "reindex":
+                if options.get("recreate"):
+                    from documents.search import wipe_index
+
+                    wipe_index(settings.INDEX_DIR)
                 index_reindex(
                     iter_wrapper=lambda docs: self.track(
                         docs,

src/documents/search/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from documents.search._backend import SearchIndexLockError
+from documents.search._backend import SearchResults
+from documents.search._backend import TantivyBackend
+from documents.search._backend import TantivyRelevanceList
+from documents.search._backend import WriteBatch
+from documents.search._backend import get_backend
+from documents.search._backend import reset_backend
+from documents.search._schema import wipe_index
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchIndexLockError",
+    "SearchResults",
+    "TantivyBackend",
+    "TantivyRelevanceList",
+    "WriteBatch",
+    "get_backend",
+    "reset_backend",
+    "wipe_index",
+]

src/documents/search/_backend.py

@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import threading
+import unicodedata
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import UTC
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Self
+from typing import TypedDict
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+import filelock
+import regex
+import tantivy
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.utils.timezone import get_current_timezone
+from guardian.shortcuts import get_users_with_perms
+
+from documents.search._query import build_permission_filter
+from documents.search._query import parse_user_query
+from documents.search._schema import _write_sentinels
+from documents.search._schema import build_schema
+from documents.search._schema import open_or_rebuild_index
+from documents.search._schema import wipe_index
+from documents.search._tokenizer import register_tokenizers
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from django.contrib.auth.base_user import AbstractBaseUser
+    from django.db.models import QuerySet
+
+    from documents.models import Document
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("paperless.search")
+
+_WORD_RE = regex.compile(r"\w+")
+_AUTOCOMPLETE_REGEX_TIMEOUT = 1.0  # seconds; guards against ReDoS on untrusted content
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def _identity(iterable: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[T]:
+    """Default iter_wrapper that passes through unchanged."""
+    return iterable
+
+
+def _ascii_fold(s: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize unicode to ASCII equivalent characters."""
+    return unicodedata.normalize("NFD", s).encode("ascii", "ignore").decode()
+
+
+def _extract_autocomplete_words(text_sources: list[str]) -> set[str]:
+    """Extract and normalize words for autocomplete.
+
+    Splits on non-word characters (matching Tantivy's simple tokenizer), lowercases,
+    and ascii-folds each token. Uses the regex library with a timeout to guard against
+    ReDoS on untrusted document content.
+    """
+    words = set()
+    for text in text_sources:
+        if not text:
+            continue
+        try:
+            tokens = _WORD_RE.findall(text, timeout=_AUTOCOMPLETE_REGEX_TIMEOUT)
+        except regex.TimeoutError:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Autocomplete word extraction timed out for a text source; skipping.",
+            )
+            continue
+        for token in tokens:
+            normalized = _ascii_fold(token.lower())
+            if normalized:
+                words.add(normalized)
+    return words
+
+
+class SearchHit(TypedDict):
+    """Type definition for search result hits."""
+
+    id: int
+    score: float
+    rank: int
+    highlights: dict[str, str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class SearchResults:
+    hits: list[SearchHit]
+    total: int  # total matching documents (for pagination)
+    query: str  # preprocessed query string
+
+
+class TantivyRelevanceList:
+    """DRF-compatible list wrapper for Tantivy search hits.
+
+    __len__ returns the total hit count (for pagination); __getitem__ slices
+    the hit list.  Stores ALL post-filter hits so that get_all_result_ids()
+    can return every matching doc ID without a second query.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hits: list[SearchHit]) -> None:
+        self._hits = hits
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._hits)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> list[SearchHit]:
+        return self._hits[key]
+
+
+class SearchIndexLockError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class WriteBatch:
+    """Context manager for bulk index operations with file locking."""
+
+    def __init__(self, backend: TantivyBackend, lock_timeout: float):
+        self._backend = backend
+        self._lock_timeout = lock_timeout
+        self._writer = None
+        self._lock = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        if self._backend._path is not None:
+            lock_path = self._backend._path / ".tantivy.lock"
+            self._lock = filelock.FileLock(str(lock_path))
+            try:
+                self._lock.acquire(timeout=self._lock_timeout)
+            except filelock.Timeout as e:
+                raise SearchIndexLockError(
+                    f"Could not acquire index lock within {self._lock_timeout}s",
+                ) from e
+
+        self._writer = self._backend._index.writer()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        try:
+            if exc_type is None:
+                # Success case - commit changes
+                self._writer.commit()
+                self._backend._index.reload()
+            else:
+                # Exception occurred - discard changes
+                # Writer is automatically discarded when it goes out of scope
+                pass
+            # Explicitly delete writer to release tantivy's internal lock
+            if self._writer is not None:
+                del self._writer
+                self._writer = None
+        finally:
+            if self._lock is not None:
+                self._lock.release()
+
+    def add_or_update(
+        self,
+        document: Document,
+        effective_content: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add or update a document in the batch.
+
+        Tantivy has no native upsert — we delete by id then re-add so
+        stale copies (e.g. after a permission change) don't linger.
+        ``effective_content`` overrides ``document.content`` for indexing.
+        """
+        self.remove(document.pk)
+        doc = self._backend._build_tantivy_doc(document, effective_content)
+        self._writer.add_document(doc)
+
+    def remove(self, doc_id: int) -> None:
+        """Remove a document from the batch."""
+        # Use range query to work around u64 deletion bug
+        self._writer.delete_documents_by_query(
+            tantivy.Query.range_query(
+                self._backend._schema,
+                "id",
+                tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+                doc_id,
+                doc_id,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class TantivyBackend:
+    """Tantivy search backend with explicit lifecycle management."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: Path | None = None):
+        # path=None → in-memory index (for tests)
+        # path=some_dir → on-disk index (for production)
+        self._path = path
+        self._index = None
+        self._schema = None
+
+    def open(self) -> None:
+        """Open or rebuild the index. Idempotent."""
+        if self._index is not None:
+            return
+        if self._path is not None:
+            self._index = open_or_rebuild_index(self._path)
+        else:
+            self._index = tantivy.Index(build_schema())
+        register_tokenizers(self._index, settings.SEARCH_LANGUAGE)
+        self._schema = self._index.schema
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the index. Idempotent."""
+        self._index = None
+        self._schema = None
+
+    def _ensure_open(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the index is open before operations."""
+        if self._index is None:
+            self.open()
+
+    def _build_tantivy_doc(
+        self,
+        document: Document,
+        effective_content: str | None = None,
+    ) -> tantivy.Document:
+        """Build a tantivy Document from a Django Document instance.
+
+        ``effective_content`` overrides ``document.content`` for indexing —
+        used when re-indexing a root document with a newer version's OCR text.
+        """
+        content = (
+            effective_content if effective_content is not None else document.content
+        )
+
+        doc = tantivy.Document()
+
+        # Basic fields
+        doc.add_unsigned("id", document.pk)
+        doc.add_text("checksum", document.checksum)
+        doc.add_text("title", document.title)
+        doc.add_text("title_sort", document.title)
+        doc.add_text("content", content)
+        doc.add_text("bigram_content", content)
+
+        # Original filename - only add if not None/empty
+        if document.original_filename:
+            doc.add_text("original_filename", document.original_filename)
+
+        # Correspondent
+        if document.correspondent:
+            doc.add_text("correspondent", document.correspondent.name)
+            doc.add_text("correspondent_sort", document.correspondent.name)
+            doc.add_unsigned("correspondent_id", document.correspondent_id)
+
+        # Document type
+        if document.document_type:
+            doc.add_text("document_type", document.document_type.name)
+            doc.add_text("type_sort", document.document_type.name)
+            doc.add_unsigned("document_type_id", document.document_type_id)
+
+        # Storage path
+        if document.storage_path:
+            doc.add_text("storage_path", document.storage_path.name)
+            doc.add_unsigned("storage_path_id", document.storage_path_id)
+
+        # Tags
+        for tag in document.tags.all():
+            doc.add_text("tag", tag.name)
+            doc.add_unsigned("tag_id", tag.pk)
+
+        # Notes — JSON for structured queries (notes.user:alice, notes.note:text),
+        # companion text field for default full-text search.
+        for note in document.notes.all():
+            note_data: dict[str, str] = {"note": note.note}
+            if note.user:
+                note_data["user"] = note.user.username
+            doc.add_json("notes", note_data)
+            doc.add_text("note", note.note)
+
+        # Custom fields — JSON for structured queries (custom_fields.name:x, custom_fields.value:y),
+        # companion text field for default full-text search.
+        for cfi in document.custom_fields.all():
+            doc.add_json(
+                "custom_fields",
+                {
+                    "name": cfi.field.name,
+                    "value": str(cfi.value),
+                },
+            )
+            doc.add_text("custom_field", str(cfi.value))
+
+        # Dates - created is date-only, others are full datetime
+        created_date = datetime(
+            document.created.year,
+            document.created.month,
+            document.created.day,
+            tzinfo=UTC,
+        )
+        doc.add_date("created", created_date)
+        doc.add_date("modified", document.modified)
+        doc.add_date("added", document.added)
+
+        # ASN - skip entirely when None (0 is valid)
+        if document.archive_serial_number is not None:
+            doc.add_unsigned("asn", document.archive_serial_number)
+
+        # Page count - only add if not None
+        if document.page_count is not None:
+            doc.add_unsigned("page_count", document.page_count)
+
+        # Number of notes
+        doc.add_unsigned("num_notes", document.notes.count())
+
+        # Owner
+        if document.owner_id:
+            doc.add_unsigned("owner_id", document.owner_id)
+
+        # Viewers with permission
+        users_with_perms = get_users_with_perms(
+            document,
+            only_with_perms_in=["view_document"],
+        )
+        for user in users_with_perms:
+            doc.add_unsigned("viewer_id", user.pk)
+
+        # Autocomplete words with NLTK stopword filtering
+        text_sources = [document.title, content]
+        if document.correspondent:
+            text_sources.append(document.correspondent.name)
+        if document.document_type:
+            text_sources.append(document.document_type.name)
+        for tag in document.tags.all():
+            text_sources.append(tag.name)
+
+        autocomplete_words = _extract_autocomplete_words(text_sources)
+
+        # Add sorted deduplicated words
+        for word in sorted(autocomplete_words):
+            doc.add_text("autocomplete_word", word)
+
+        return doc
+
+    def add_or_update(
+        self,
+        document: Document,
+        effective_content: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add or update a single document with file locking."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        with self.batch_update(lock_timeout=5.0) as batch:
+            batch.add_or_update(document, effective_content)
+
+    def remove(self, doc_id: int) -> None:
+        """Remove a single document with file locking."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        with self.batch_update(lock_timeout=5.0) as batch:
+            batch.remove(doc_id)
+
+    def search(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        user: AbstractBaseUser | None,
+        page: int,
+        page_size: int,
+        sort_field: str | None,
+        *,
+        sort_reverse: bool,
+    ) -> SearchResults:
+        """Search the index."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        tz = get_current_timezone()
+        user_query = parse_user_query(self._index, query, tz)
+
+        # Apply permission filter if user is not None (not superuser)
+        if user is not None:
+            permission_filter = build_permission_filter(self._schema, user)
+            final_query = tantivy.Query.boolean_query(
+                [
+                    (tantivy.Occur.Must, user_query),
+                    (tantivy.Occur.Must, permission_filter),
+                ],
+            )
+        else:
+            final_query = user_query
+
+        searcher = self._index.searcher()
+        offset = (page - 1) * page_size
+
+        # Map sort fields
+        sort_field_map = {
+            "title": "title_sort",
+            "correspondent__name": "correspondent_sort",
+            "document_type__name": "type_sort",
+            "created": "created",
+            "added": "added",
+            "modified": "modified",
+            "archive_serial_number": "asn",
+            "page_count": "page_count",
+            "num_notes": "num_notes",
+        }
+
+        # Perform search
+        if sort_field and sort_field in sort_field_map:
+            mapped_field = sort_field_map[sort_field]
+            if sort_reverse:
+                # For reverse sort, we need to use a different approach
+                # tantivy doesn't directly support reverse field sorting in the Python API
+                # We'll search for more results and sort in Python
+                results = searcher.search(final_query, limit=offset + page_size * 10)
+                # For field sorting: just DocAddress (no score)
+                all_hits = [
+                    (hit, 0.0) for hit in results.hits
+                ]  # score is 0 for field sorts
+            else:
+                results = searcher.search(
+                    final_query,
+                    limit=offset + page_size,
+                    order_by_field=mapped_field,
+                )
+                # For field sorting: just DocAddress (no score)
+                all_hits = [
+                    (hit, 0.0) for hit in results.hits
+                ]  # score is 0 for field sorts
+        else:
+            # Score-based search returns: (score, doc_address) tuple
+            results = searcher.search(final_query, limit=offset + page_size)
+            # Convert to (doc_address, score) for consistency
+            all_hits = [(hit[1], hit[0]) for hit in results.hits]
+
+        total = results.count
+
+        # Normalize scores for score-based searches
+        if not sort_field and all_hits:
+            scores = [hit[1] for hit in all_hits]
+            max_score = max(scores) if scores else 1.0
+            all_hits = [(hit[0], hit[1] / max_score) for hit in all_hits]
+
+        # Apply threshold filter if configured
+        threshold = getattr(settings, "ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD", None)
+        if (
+            threshold is not None and not sort_field
+        ):  # Only apply threshold to score-based search
+            all_hits = [hit for hit in all_hits if hit[1] >= threshold]
+
+        # Get the page's hits
+        page_hits = all_hits[offset : offset + page_size]
+
+        # Build result hits with highlights
+        hits: list[SearchHit] = []
+        snippet_generator = None
+
+        for rank, (doc_address, score) in enumerate(page_hits, start=offset + 1):
+            # Get the actual document from the searcher using the doc address
+            actual_doc = searcher.doc(doc_address)
+            doc_dict = actual_doc.to_dict()
+            doc_id = doc_dict["id"][0]
+
+            highlights: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+            # Generate highlights if score > 0
+            if score > 0:
+                try:
+                    if snippet_generator is None:
+                        snippet_generator = tantivy.SnippetGenerator.create(
+                            searcher,
+                            final_query,
+                            self._schema,
+                            "content",
+                        )
+
+                    content_snippet = snippet_generator.snippet_from_doc(actual_doc)
+                    if content_snippet:
+                        highlights["content"] = str(content_snippet)
+
+                    # Try notes highlights
+                    if "notes" in doc_dict:
+                        notes_generator = tantivy.SnippetGenerator.create(
+                            searcher,
+                            final_query,
+                            self._schema,
+                            "notes",
+                        )
+                        notes_snippet = notes_generator.snippet_from_doc(actual_doc)
+                        if notes_snippet:
+                            highlights["notes"] = str(notes_snippet)
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.debug(f"Failed to generate highlights for doc {doc_id}: {e}")
+
+            hits.append(
+                SearchHit(
+                    id=doc_id,
+                    score=score,
+                    rank=rank,
+                    highlights=highlights,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return SearchResults(
+            hits=hits,
+            total=total,
+            query=query,
+        )
+
+    def autocomplete(
+        self,
+        term: str,
+        limit: int,
+        user: AbstractBaseUser | None = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Get autocomplete suggestions, optionally filtered by user visibility."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        normalized_term = _ascii_fold(term.lower())
+
+        searcher = self._index.searcher()
+
+        # Apply permission filter for non-superusers so autocomplete words
+        # from invisible documents don't leak to other users.
+        if user is not None and not user.is_superuser:
+            base_query = build_permission_filter(self._schema, user)
+        else:
+            base_query = tantivy.Query.all_query()
+
+        results = searcher.search(base_query, limit=10000)
+
+        # Count how many visible documents each word appears in.
+        # Using Counter (not set) preserves per-word document frequency so
+        # we can rank suggestions by how commonly they occur — the same
+        # signal Whoosh used for Tf/Idf-based autocomplete ordering.
+        word_counts: Counter[str] = Counter()
+        for hit in results.hits:
+            # hits are (score, doc_address) tuples
+            doc_address = hit[1] if len(hit) == 2 else hit[0]
+
+            stored_doc = searcher.doc(doc_address)
+            doc_dict = stored_doc.to_dict()
+            if "autocomplete_word" in doc_dict:
+                word_counts.update(doc_dict["autocomplete_word"])
+
+        # Filter to prefix matches, then sort by document frequency descending
+        # so the most-used matching word comes first.
+        matches = sorted(
+            (w for w in word_counts if w.startswith(normalized_term)),
+            key=lambda w: -word_counts[w],
+        )
+
+        return matches[:limit]
+
+    def more_like_this(
+        self,
+        doc_id: int,
+        user: AbstractBaseUser | None,
+        page: int,
+        page_size: int,
+    ) -> SearchResults:
+        """Find documents similar to the given document."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        searcher = self._index.searcher()
+
+        # First find the document address
+        id_query = tantivy.Query.range_query(
+            self._schema,
+            "id",
+            tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+            doc_id,
+            doc_id,
+        )
+        results = searcher.search(id_query, limit=1)
+
+        if not results.hits:
+            # Document not found
+            return SearchResults(hits=[], total=0, query=f"more_like:{doc_id}")
+
+        # Extract doc_address from (score, doc_address) tuple
+        doc_address = results.hits[0][1]
+
+        # Build more like this query
+        mlt_query = tantivy.Query.more_like_this_query(
+            doc_address,
+            min_doc_frequency=1,
+            max_doc_frequency=None,
+            min_term_frequency=1,
+            max_query_terms=12,
+            min_word_length=None,
+            max_word_length=None,
+            boost_factor=None,
+        )
+
+        # Apply permission filter
+        if user is not None:
+            permission_filter = build_permission_filter(self._schema, user)
+            final_query = tantivy.Query.boolean_query(
+                [
+                    (tantivy.Occur.Must, mlt_query),
+                    (tantivy.Occur.Must, permission_filter),
+                ],
+            )
+        else:
+            final_query = mlt_query
+
+        # Search
+        offset = (page - 1) * page_size
+        results = searcher.search(final_query, limit=offset + page_size)
+
+        total = results.count
+        # Convert from (score, doc_address) to (doc_address, score)
+        all_hits = [(hit[1], hit[0]) for hit in results.hits]
+
+        # Normalize scores
+        if all_hits:
+            max_score = max(hit[1] for hit in all_hits) or 1.0
+            all_hits = [(hit[0], hit[1] / max_score) for hit in all_hits]
+
+        # Get page hits
+        page_hits = all_hits[offset : offset + page_size]
+
+        # Build results
+        hits: list[SearchHit] = []
+        for rank, (doc_address, score) in enumerate(page_hits, start=offset + 1):
+            actual_doc = searcher.doc(doc_address)
+            doc_dict = actual_doc.to_dict()
+            result_doc_id = doc_dict["id"][0]
+
+            # Skip the original document
+            if result_doc_id == doc_id:
+                continue
+
+            hits.append(
+                SearchHit(
+                    id=result_doc_id,
+                    score=score,
+                    rank=rank,
+                    highlights={},  # MLT doesn't generate highlights
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return SearchResults(
+            hits=hits,
+            total=max(0, total - 1),  # Subtract 1 for the original document
+            query=f"more_like:{doc_id}",
+        )
+
+    def batch_update(self, lock_timeout: float = 30.0) -> WriteBatch:
+        """Get a batch context manager for bulk operations."""
+        self._ensure_open()
+        return WriteBatch(self, lock_timeout)
+
+    def rebuild(self, documents: QuerySet, iter_wrapper: Callable = _identity) -> None:
+        """Rebuild the entire search index."""
+        from documents.search._tokenizer import register_tokenizers
+
+        # Create new index (on-disk or in-memory)
+        if self._path is not None:
+            wipe_index(self._path)
+            new_index = tantivy.Index(build_schema(), path=str(self._path))
+            _write_sentinels(self._path)
+        else:
+            new_index = tantivy.Index(build_schema())
+        register_tokenizers(new_index, settings.SEARCH_LANGUAGE)
+
+        # Index all documents using the new index
+        writer = new_index.writer()
+
+        for document in iter_wrapper(documents):
+            # Temporarily use new index for document building
+            old_index = self._index
+            old_schema = self._schema
+            self._index = new_index
+            self._schema = new_index.schema
+
+            try:
+                doc = self._build_tantivy_doc(document)
+                writer.add_document(doc)
+            finally:
+                # Restore old index
+                self._index = old_index
+                self._schema = old_schema
+
+        writer.commit()
+
+        # Swap to new index
+        self._index = new_index
+        self._schema = new_index.schema
+        self._index.reload()
+
+
+# Module-level singleton with proper thread safety
+_backend: TantivyBackend | None = None
+_backend_path: Path | None = None  # tracks which INDEX_DIR the singleton uses
+_backend_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+
+def get_backend() -> TantivyBackend:
+    """Get the global backend instance with thread safety.
+
+    Automatically reinitializes when settings.INDEX_DIR changes — this fixes
+    the xdist/override_settings isolation issue where each test may set a
+    different INDEX_DIR but would otherwise share a stale singleton.
+    """
+    global _backend, _backend_path
+
+    current_path: Path = settings.INDEX_DIR
+
+    # Fast path: backend is initialized and path hasn't changed (no lock needed)
+    if _backend is not None and _backend_path == current_path:
+        return _backend
+
+    # Slow path: first call, or INDEX_DIR changed between calls
+    with _backend_lock:
+        # Double-check after acquiring lock — another thread may have beaten us
+        if _backend is not None and _backend_path == current_path:
+            return _backend
+
+        if _backend is not None:
+            _backend.close()
+
+        _backend = TantivyBackend(path=current_path)
+        _backend.open()
+        _backend_path = current_path
+
+        return _backend
+
+
+def reset_backend() -> None:
+    """Reset the global backend instance with thread safety."""
+    global _backend, _backend_path
+
+    with _backend_lock:
+        if _backend is not None:
+            _backend.close()
+        _backend = None
+        _backend_path = None

src/documents/search/_query.py

@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from datetime import UTC
+from datetime import date
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import timedelta
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import tantivy
+from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
+from django.conf import settings
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import tzinfo
+
+    from django.contrib.auth.base_user import AbstractBaseUser
+
+_DATE_ONLY_FIELDS = frozenset({"created"})
+
+_DATE_KEYWORDS = frozenset(
+    {
+        "today",
+        "yesterday",
+        "this_week",
+        "last_week",
+        "this_month",
+        "last_month",
+        "this_year",
+        "last_year",
+    },
+)
+
+_FIELD_DATE_RE = re.compile(
+    r"(\w+):(" + "|".join(_DATE_KEYWORDS) + r")\b",
+)
+_COMPACT_DATE_RE = re.compile(r"\b(\d{14})\b")
+_RELATIVE_RANGE_RE = re.compile(
+    r"\[now([+-]\d+[dhm])?\s+TO\s+now([+-]\d+[dhm])?\]",
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+# Whoosh-style relative date range: e.g. [-1 week to now], [-7 days to now]
+_WHOOSH_REL_RANGE_RE = re.compile(
+    r"\[-(?P<n>\d+)\s+(?P<unit>second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)s?\s+to\s+now\]",
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+# Whoosh-style 8-digit date: field:YYYYMMDD — field-aware so timezone can be applied correctly
+_DATE8_RE = re.compile(r"(?P<field>\w+):(?P<date8>\d{8})\b")
+
+
+def _fmt(dt: datetime) -> str:
+    """Format a datetime as an ISO 8601 UTC string for use in Tantivy range queries."""
+    return dt.astimezone(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
+
+
+def _iso_range(lo: datetime, hi: datetime) -> str:
+    """Format a [lo TO hi] range string in ISO 8601 for Tantivy query syntax."""
+    return f"[{_fmt(lo)} TO {_fmt(hi)}]"
+
+
+def _date_only_range(keyword: str, tz: tzinfo) -> str:
+    """
+    For `created` (DateField): use the local calendar date, converted to
+    midnight UTC boundaries. No offset arithmetic — date only.
+    """
+
+    today = datetime.now(tz).date()
+
+    if keyword == "today":
+        lo = datetime(today.year, today.month, today.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, lo + timedelta(days=1))
+    if keyword == "yesterday":
+        y = today - timedelta(days=1)
+        lo = datetime(y.year, y.month, y.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        hi = datetime(today.year, today.month, today.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, hi)
+    if keyword == "this_week":
+        mon = today - timedelta(days=today.weekday())
+        lo = datetime(mon.year, mon.month, mon.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, lo + timedelta(weeks=1))
+    if keyword == "last_week":
+        this_mon = today - timedelta(days=today.weekday())
+        last_mon = this_mon - timedelta(weeks=1)
+        lo = datetime(last_mon.year, last_mon.month, last_mon.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        hi = datetime(this_mon.year, this_mon.month, this_mon.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, hi)
+    if keyword == "this_month":
+        lo = datetime(today.year, today.month, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        if today.month == 12:
+            hi = datetime(today.year + 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        else:
+            hi = datetime(today.year, today.month + 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, hi)
+    if keyword == "last_month":
+        if today.month == 1:
+            lo = datetime(today.year - 1, 12, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        else:
+            lo = datetime(today.year, today.month - 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        hi = datetime(today.year, today.month, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, hi)
+    if keyword == "this_year":
+        lo = datetime(today.year, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, datetime(today.year + 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC))
+    if keyword == "last_year":
+        lo = datetime(today.year - 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC)
+        return _iso_range(lo, datetime(today.year, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC))
+    raise ValueError(f"Unknown keyword: {keyword}")
+
+
+def _datetime_range(keyword: str, tz: tzinfo) -> str:
+    """
+    For `added` / `modified` (DateTimeField, stored as UTC): convert local day
+    boundaries to UTC — full offset arithmetic required.
+    """
+
+    now_local = datetime.now(tz)
+    today = now_local.date()
+
+    def _midnight(d: date) -> datetime:
+        return datetime(d.year, d.month, d.day, tzinfo=tz).astimezone(UTC)
+
+    if keyword == "today":
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(today), _midnight(today + timedelta(days=1)))
+    if keyword == "yesterday":
+        y = today - timedelta(days=1)
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(y), _midnight(today))
+    if keyword == "this_week":
+        mon = today - timedelta(days=today.weekday())
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(mon), _midnight(mon + timedelta(weeks=1)))
+    if keyword == "last_week":
+        this_mon = today - timedelta(days=today.weekday())
+        last_mon = this_mon - timedelta(weeks=1)
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(last_mon), _midnight(this_mon))
+    if keyword == "this_month":
+        first = today.replace(day=1)
+        if today.month == 12:
+            next_first = date(today.year + 1, 1, 1)
+        else:
+            next_first = date(today.year, today.month + 1, 1)
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(first), _midnight(next_first))
+    if keyword == "last_month":
+        this_first = today.replace(day=1)
+        if today.month == 1:
+            last_first = date(today.year - 1, 12, 1)
+        else:
+            last_first = date(today.year, today.month - 1, 1)
+        return _iso_range(_midnight(last_first), _midnight(this_first))
+    if keyword == "this_year":
+        return _iso_range(
+            _midnight(date(today.year, 1, 1)),
+            _midnight(date(today.year + 1, 1, 1)),
+        )
+    if keyword == "last_year":
+        return _iso_range(
+            _midnight(date(today.year - 1, 1, 1)),
+            _midnight(date(today.year, 1, 1)),
+        )
+    raise ValueError(f"Unknown keyword: {keyword}")
+
+
+def _rewrite_compact_date(query: str) -> str:
+    """Rewrite Whoosh compact date tokens (14-digit YYYYMMDDHHmmss) to ISO 8601."""
+
+    def _sub(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        raw = m.group(1)
+        try:
+            dt = datetime(
+                int(raw[0:4]),
+                int(raw[4:6]),
+                int(raw[6:8]),
+                int(raw[8:10]),
+                int(raw[10:12]),
+                int(raw[12:14]),
+                tzinfo=UTC,
+            )
+            return dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
+        except ValueError:
+            return str(m.group(0))
+
+    return _COMPACT_DATE_RE.sub(_sub, query)
+
+
+def _rewrite_relative_range(query: str) -> str:
+    """Rewrite Whoosh relative ranges ([now-7d TO now]) to concrete ISO 8601 UTC boundaries."""
+
+    def _sub(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        now = datetime.now(UTC)
+
+        def _offset(s: str | None) -> timedelta:
+            if not s:
+                return timedelta(0)
+            sign = 1 if s[0] == "+" else -1
+            n, unit = int(s[1:-1]), s[-1]
+            return (
+                sign
+                * {
+                    "d": timedelta(days=n),
+                    "h": timedelta(hours=n),
+                    "m": timedelta(minutes=n),
+                }[unit]
+            )
+
+        lo, hi = now + _offset(m.group(1)), now + _offset(m.group(2))
+        if lo > hi:
+            lo, hi = hi, lo
+        return f"[{_fmt(lo)} TO {_fmt(hi)}]"
+
+    return _RELATIVE_RANGE_RE.sub(_sub, query)
+
+
+def _rewrite_whoosh_relative_range(query: str) -> str:
+    """Rewrite Whoosh-style relative date ranges ([-N unit to now]) to ISO 8601.
+
+    Supports: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, year (singular and plural).
+    Example: ``added:[-1 week to now]`` → ``added:[2025-01-01T… TO 2025-01-08T…]``
+    """
+    now = datetime.now(UTC)
+
+    def _sub(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        n = int(m.group("n"))
+        unit = m.group("unit").lower()
+        delta_map: dict[str, timedelta | relativedelta] = {
+            "second": timedelta(seconds=n),
+            "minute": timedelta(minutes=n),
+            "hour": timedelta(hours=n),
+            "day": timedelta(days=n),
+            "week": timedelta(weeks=n),
+            "month": relativedelta(months=n),
+            "year": relativedelta(years=n),
+        }
+        lo = now - delta_map[unit]
+        return f"[{_fmt(lo)} TO {_fmt(now)}]"
+
+    return _WHOOSH_REL_RANGE_RE.sub(_sub, query)
+
+
+def _rewrite_8digit_date(query: str, tz: tzinfo) -> str:
+    """Rewrite field:YYYYMMDD date tokens to an ISO 8601 day range.
+
+    Runs after ``_rewrite_compact_date`` so 14-digit timestamps are already
+    converted and won't spuriously match here.
+
+    For DateField fields (e.g. ``created``) uses UTC midnight boundaries.
+    For DateTimeField fields (e.g. ``added``, ``modified``) uses local TZ
+    midnight boundaries converted to UTC — matching the ``_datetime_range``
+    behaviour for keyword dates.
+    """
+
+    def _sub(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        field = m.group("field")
+        raw = m.group("date8")
+        try:
+            year, month, day = int(raw[0:4]), int(raw[4:6]), int(raw[6:8])
+            d = date(year, month, day)
+            if field in _DATE_ONLY_FIELDS:
+                lo = datetime(d.year, d.month, d.day, tzinfo=UTC)
+                hi = lo + timedelta(days=1)
+            else:
+                # DateTimeField: use local-timezone midnight → UTC
+                lo = datetime(d.year, d.month, d.day, tzinfo=tz).astimezone(UTC)
+                hi = datetime(
+                    (d + timedelta(days=1)).year,
+                    (d + timedelta(days=1)).month,
+                    (d + timedelta(days=1)).day,
+                    tzinfo=tz,
+                ).astimezone(UTC)
+            return f"{field}:[{_fmt(lo)} TO {_fmt(hi)}]"
+        except ValueError:
+            return m.group(0)
+
+    return _DATE8_RE.sub(_sub, query)
+
+
+def rewrite_natural_date_keywords(query: str, tz: tzinfo) -> str:
+    """
+    Preprocessing stage 1: rewrite Whoosh compact dates, relative ranges,
+    and natural date keywords (field:today etc.) to ISO 8601.
+    Bare keywords without a field: prefix pass through unchanged.
+    """
+    query = _rewrite_compact_date(query)
+    query = _rewrite_whoosh_relative_range(query)
+    query = _rewrite_8digit_date(query, tz)
+    query = _rewrite_relative_range(query)
+
+    def _replace(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        field, keyword = m.group(1), m.group(2)
+        if field in _DATE_ONLY_FIELDS:
+            return f"{field}:{_date_only_range(keyword, tz)}"
+        return f"{field}:{_datetime_range(keyword, tz)}"
+
+    return _FIELD_DATE_RE.sub(_replace, query)
+
+
+def normalize_query(query: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Join comma-separated field values with AND, collapse whitespace.
+    tag:foo,bar → tag:foo AND tag:bar
+    """
+
+    def _expand(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+        field = m.group(1)
+        values = [v.strip() for v in m.group(2).split(",") if v.strip()]
+        return " AND ".join(f"{field}:{v}" for v in values)
+
+    query = re.sub(r"(\w+):([^\s\[\]]+(?:,[^\s\[\]]+)+)", _expand, query)
+    return re.sub(r" {2,}", " ", query).strip()
+
+
+_MAX_U64 = 2**64 - 1  # u64 max — used as inclusive upper bound for "any owner" range
+
+
+def build_permission_filter(
+    schema: tantivy.Schema,
+    user: AbstractBaseUser,
+) -> tantivy.Query:
+    """
+    Returns a Query matching documents visible to user:
+    - no owner (public)      → owner_id field absent (NULL in Django)
+    - owned by user          → owner_id = user.pk
+    - shared with user       → viewer_id = user.pk
+
+    Uses disjunction_max_query — boolean Should-only would match all docs.
+
+    NOTE: all integer queries use range_query, not term_query, to avoid the
+    unsigned type-detection bug in tantivy-py 0.25 (lib.rs#L190 infers i64
+    before u64; confirmed empirically — term_query returns 0 for u64 fields).
+    Same root cause as issue #47 (from_dict) but the term_query path unfixed.
+    See: https://github.com/quickwit-oss/tantivy-py/blob/f51d851e857385ad2907241fbce8cf08309c3078/src/lib.rs#L190
+         https://github.com/quickwit-oss/tantivy-py/issues/47
+
+    NOTE: no_owner uses boolean_query([Must(all), MustNot(range)]) because
+    exists_query is not available in 0.25.1. It is present in master and can
+    simplify this to MustNot(exists_query("owner_id")) once released.
+    See: https://github.com/quickwit-oss/tantivy-py/blob/master/tantivy/tantivy.pyi
+    """
+    owner_any = tantivy.Query.range_query(
+        schema,
+        "owner_id",
+        tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+        1,
+        _MAX_U64,
+    )
+    no_owner = tantivy.Query.boolean_query(
+        [
+            (tantivy.Occur.Must, tantivy.Query.all_query()),
+            (tantivy.Occur.MustNot, owner_any),
+        ],
+    )
+    owned = tantivy.Query.range_query(
+        schema,
+        "owner_id",
+        tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+        user.pk,
+        user.pk,
+    )
+    shared = tantivy.Query.range_query(
+        schema,
+        "viewer_id",
+        tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+        user.pk,
+        user.pk,
+    )
+    return tantivy.Query.disjunction_max_query([no_owner, owned, shared])
+
+
+DEFAULT_SEARCH_FIELDS = [
+    "title",
+    "content",
+    "correspondent",
+    "document_type",
+    "tag",
+    "note",  # companion text field for notes content (notes JSON for structured: notes.user:x)
+    "custom_field",  # companion text field for CF values (custom_fields JSON for structured: custom_fields.name:x)
+]
+_FIELD_BOOSTS = {"title": 2.0}
+
+
+def parse_user_query(
+    index: tantivy.Index,
+    raw_query: str,
+    tz: tzinfo,
+) -> tantivy.Query:
+    """Run the full query preprocessing pipeline: date rewriting → normalisation → Tantivy parse.
+
+    When ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD is set (any float), a fuzzy query is blended in as a
+    Should clause boosted at 0.1 — keeping fuzzy hits ranked below exact matches. The fuzzy
+    query uses edit-distance=1, prefix=True, transposition_cost_one=True on all search fields.
+    The threshold float is a post-search minimum-score filter applied in the backend layer, not here.
+    """
+
+    query_str = rewrite_natural_date_keywords(raw_query, tz)
+    query_str = normalize_query(query_str)
+
+    exact = index.parse_query(
+        query_str,
+        DEFAULT_SEARCH_FIELDS,
+        field_boosts=_FIELD_BOOSTS,
+    )
+
+    threshold = getattr(settings, "ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD", None)
+    if threshold is not None:
+        fuzzy = index.parse_query(
+            query_str,
+            DEFAULT_SEARCH_FIELDS,
+            field_boosts=_FIELD_BOOSTS,
+            # (prefix=True, distance=1, transposition_cost_one=True) — edit-distance fuzziness
+            fuzzy_fields={f: (True, 1, True) for f in DEFAULT_SEARCH_FIELDS},
+        )
+        return tantivy.Query.boolean_query(
+            [
+                (tantivy.Occur.Should, exact),
+                # 0.1 boost keeps fuzzy hits ranked below exact matches (intentional)
+                (tantivy.Occur.Should, tantivy.Query.boost_query(fuzzy, 0.1)),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    return exact

src/documents/search/_schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import shutil
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import tantivy
+from django.conf import settings
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("paperless.search")
+
+SCHEMA_VERSION = 1
+
+
+def build_schema() -> tantivy.Schema:
+    """Build the Tantivy schema for the paperless document index."""
+    sb = tantivy.SchemaBuilder()
+
+    sb.add_unsigned_field("id", stored=True, indexed=True, fast=True)
+    sb.add_text_field("checksum", stored=True, tokenizer_name="raw")
+
+    for field in (
+        "title",
+        "correspondent",
+        "document_type",
+        "storage_path",
+        "original_filename",
+        "content",
+    ):
+        sb.add_text_field(field, stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+
+    # Shadow sort fields - fast, not stored/indexed
+    for field in ("title_sort", "correspondent_sort", "type_sort"):
+        sb.add_text_field(
+            field,
+            stored=False,
+            tokenizer_name="simple_analyzer",
+            fast=True,
+        )
+
+    # CJK support - not stored, indexed only
+    sb.add_text_field("bigram_content", stored=False, tokenizer_name="bigram_analyzer")
+
+    # Autocomplete prefix scan - stored, not indexed
+    sb.add_text_field("autocomplete_word", stored=True, tokenizer_name="raw")
+
+    sb.add_text_field("tag", stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+
+    # JSON fields — structured queries: notes.user:alice, custom_fields.name:invoice
+    # tantivy-py 0.25 does not support dotted paths in parse_query default_field_names,
+    # so companion text fields (note, custom_field) carry content for default full-text search.
+    sb.add_json_field("notes", stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+    sb.add_json_field("custom_fields", stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+
+    # Companion text fields for default full-text search (not stored — no extra disk cost)
+    sb.add_text_field("note", stored=False, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+    sb.add_text_field("custom_field", stored=False, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+
+    for field in (
+        "correspondent_id",
+        "document_type_id",
+        "storage_path_id",
+        "tag_id",
+        "owner_id",
+        "viewer_id",
+    ):
+        sb.add_unsigned_field(field, stored=False, indexed=True, fast=True)
+
+    for field in ("created", "modified", "added"):
+        sb.add_date_field(field, stored=True, indexed=True, fast=True)
+
+    for field in ("asn", "page_count", "num_notes"):
+        sb.add_unsigned_field(field, stored=True, indexed=True, fast=True)
+
+    return sb.build()
+
+
+def _needs_rebuild(index_dir: Path) -> bool:
+    """Check if the search index needs rebuilding by comparing schema version and language sentinel files."""
+    version_file = index_dir / ".schema_version"
+    if not version_file.exists():
+        return True
+    try:
+        if int(version_file.read_text().strip()) != SCHEMA_VERSION:
+            logger.info("Search index schema version mismatch - rebuilding.")
+            return True
+    except ValueError:
+        return True
+
+    language_file = index_dir / ".schema_language"
+    if not language_file.exists():
+        logger.info("Search index language sentinel missing - rebuilding.")
+        return True
+    if language_file.read_text().strip() != (settings.SEARCH_LANGUAGE or ""):
+        logger.info("Search index language changed - rebuilding.")
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def wipe_index(index_dir: Path) -> None:
+    """Delete all children in the index directory to prepare for rebuild."""
+    for child in list(index_dir.iterdir()):
+        if child.is_dir():
+            shutil.rmtree(child)
+        else:
+            child.unlink()
+
+
+def _write_sentinels(index_dir: Path) -> None:
+    """Write schema version and language sentinel files so the next index open can skip rebuilding."""
+    (index_dir / ".schema_version").write_text(str(SCHEMA_VERSION))
+    (index_dir / ".schema_language").write_text(settings.SEARCH_LANGUAGE or "")
+
+
+def open_or_rebuild_index(index_dir: Path | None = None) -> tantivy.Index:
+    """
+    Open the Tantivy index at index_dir (defaults to settings.INDEX_DIR),
+    creating or rebuilding as needed.
+    Caller must register custom tokenizers after receiving the Index.
+    """
+    if index_dir is None:
+        index_dir = settings.INDEX_DIR
+    if _needs_rebuild(index_dir):
+        wipe_index(index_dir)
+        idx = tantivy.Index(build_schema(), path=str(index_dir))
+        _write_sentinels(index_dir)
+        return idx
+    return tantivy.Index.open(str(index_dir))

src/documents/search/_tokenizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+
+import tantivy
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("paperless.search")
+
+# Mapping of ISO 639-1 codes (and common aliases) -> Tantivy Snowball name
+_LANGUAGE_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
+    "ar": "Arabic",
+    "arabic": "Arabic",
+    "da": "Danish",
+    "danish": "Danish",
+    "nl": "Dutch",
+    "dutch": "Dutch",
+    "en": "English",
+    "english": "English",
+    "fi": "Finnish",
+    "finnish": "Finnish",
+    "fr": "French",
+    "french": "French",
+    "de": "German",
+    "german": "German",
+    "el": "Greek",
+    "greek": "Greek",
+    "hu": "Hungarian",
+    "hungarian": "Hungarian",
+    "it": "Italian",
+    "italian": "Italian",
+    "no": "Norwegian",
+    "norwegian": "Norwegian",
+    "pt": "Portuguese",
+    "portuguese": "Portuguese",
+    "ro": "Romanian",
+    "romanian": "Romanian",
+    "ru": "Russian",
+    "russian": "Russian",
+    "es": "Spanish",
+    "spanish": "Spanish",
+    "sv": "Swedish",
+    "swedish": "Swedish",
+    "ta": "Tamil",
+    "tamil": "Tamil",
+    "tr": "Turkish",
+    "turkish": "Turkish",
+}
+
+SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES: frozenset[str] = frozenset(_LANGUAGE_MAP)
+
+
+def register_tokenizers(index: tantivy.Index, language: str | None) -> None:
+    """
+    Register all custom tokenizers on *index*. Must be called on every Index
+    instance — tantivy requires re-registration at each open.
+
+    simple_analyzer is also registered as a fast-field tokenizer because the
+    sort shadow fields (title_sort, correspondent_sort, type_sort) use fast=True.
+    Tantivy writes default values for fast columns on every commit, even for
+    documents that omit those fields, so the fast-field tokenizer must exist.
+    """
+    index.register_tokenizer("paperless_text", _paperless_text(language))
+    index.register_tokenizer("simple_analyzer", _simple_analyzer())
+    index.register_tokenizer("bigram_analyzer", _bigram_analyzer())
+    # Fast-field tokenizer required for fast=True text fields in the schema
+    index.register_fast_field_tokenizer("simple_analyzer", _simple_analyzer())
+
+
+def _paperless_text(language: str | None) -> tantivy.TextAnalyzer:
+    """Main full-text tokenizer for content, title, etc: simple -> remove_long(65) -> lowercase -> ascii_fold [-> stemmer]"""
+    builder = (
+        tantivy.TextAnalyzerBuilder(tantivy.Tokenizer.simple())
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.remove_long(65))
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.lowercase())
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.ascii_fold())
+    )
+    if language:
+        tantivy_lang = _LANGUAGE_MAP.get(language.lower())
+        if tantivy_lang:
+            builder = builder.filter(tantivy.Filter.stemmer(tantivy_lang))
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Unsupported search language '%s' - stemming disabled. Supported: %s",
+                language,
+                ", ".join(sorted(SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES)),
+            )
+    return builder.build()
+
+
+def _simple_analyzer() -> tantivy.TextAnalyzer:
+    """Tokenizer for shadow sort fields (title_sort, correspondent_sort, type_sort): simple -> lowercase -> ascii_fold."""
+    return (
+        tantivy.TextAnalyzerBuilder(tantivy.Tokenizer.simple())
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.lowercase())
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.ascii_fold())
+        .build()
+    )
+
+
+def _bigram_analyzer() -> tantivy.TextAnalyzer:
+    """Enables substring search in CJK text: ngram(2,2) -> lowercase. CJK / no-whitespace language support."""
+    return (
+        tantivy.TextAnalyzerBuilder(
+            tantivy.Tokenizer.ngram(min_gram=2, max_gram=2, prefix_only=False),
+        )
+        .filter(tantivy.Filter.lowercase())
+        .build()
+    )

src/documents/serialisers.py

@@ -1293,22 +1293,18 @@ class SearchResultSerializer(DocumentSerializer):
         documents = self.context.get("documents")
         # Otherwise we fetch this document.
         if documents is None:  # pragma: no cover
-            # In practice we only serialize **lists** of whoosh.searching.Hit.
-            # I'm keeping this check for completeness but marking it no cover for now.
+            # In practice we only serialize **lists** of SearchHit dicts.
+            # Keeping this check for completeness but marking it no cover for now.
             documents = self.fetch_documents([hit["id"]])
         document = documents[hit["id"]]
 
-        notes = ",".join(
-            [str(c.note) for c in document.notes.all()],
-        )
+        highlights = hit.get("highlights", {})
         r = super().to_representation(document)
         r["__search_hit__"] = {
-            "score": hit.score,
-            "highlights": hit.highlights("content", text=document.content),
-            "note_highlights": (
-                hit.highlights("notes", text=notes) if document else None
-            ),
-            "rank": hit.rank,
+            "score": hit["score"],
+            "highlights": highlights.get("content", ""),
+            "note_highlights": highlights.get("notes") or None,
+            "rank": hit["rank"],
         }
 
         return r

src/documents/signals/handlers.py

@@ -790,12 +790,12 @@ def cleanup_user_deletion(sender, instance: User | Group, **kwargs) -> None:
 
 
 def add_to_index(sender, document, **kwargs) -> None:
-    from documents import index
+    from documents.search import get_backend
 
-    index.add_or_update_document(document)
+    get_backend().add_or_update(document)
     if document.root_document_id is not None and document.root_document is not None:
         # keep in sync when a new version is consumed.
-        index.add_or_update_document(
+        get_backend().add_or_update(
             document.root_document,
             effective_content=document.content,
         )

src/documents/tasks.py

@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ from django.db import transaction
 from django.db.models.signals import post_save
 from django.utils import timezone
 from filelock import FileLock
-from whoosh.writing import AsyncWriter
 
-from documents import index
 from documents import sanity_checker
 from documents.barcodes import BarcodePlugin
 from documents.bulk_download import ArchiveOnlyStrategy
@@ -84,19 +82,24 @@ def _identity(iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterable[_T]:
 
 @shared_task
 def index_optimize() -> None:
-    ix = index.open_index()
-    writer = AsyncWriter(ix)
-    writer.commit(optimize=True)
+    logger.info(
+        "document_index optimize is deprecated — Tantivy manages "
+        "segment merging automatically.",
+    )
 
 
 def index_reindex(*, iter_wrapper: IterWrapper[Document] = _identity) -> None:
-    documents = Document.objects.all()
+    from documents.search import get_backend
+    from documents.search import reset_backend
 
-    ix = index.open_index(recreate=True)
-
-    with AsyncWriter(ix) as writer:
-        for document in iter_wrapper(documents):
-            index.update_document(writer, document)
+    documents = Document.objects.select_related(
+        "correspondent",
+        "document_type",
+        "storage_path",
+        "owner",
+    ).prefetch_related("tags", "notes", "custom_fields")
+    get_backend().rebuild(documents, iter_wrapper=iter_wrapper)
+    reset_backend()
 
 
 @shared_task
@@ -270,9 +273,9 @@ def sanity_check(*, scheduled=True, raise_on_error=True):
 
 @shared_task
 def bulk_update_documents(document_ids) -> None:
-    documents = Document.objects.filter(id__in=document_ids)
+    from documents.search import get_backend
 
-    ix = index.open_index()
+    documents = Document.objects.filter(id__in=document_ids)
 
     for doc in documents:
         clear_document_caches(doc.pk)
@@ -283,9 +286,9 @@ def bulk_update_documents(document_ids) -> None:
         )
         post_save.send(Document, instance=doc, created=False)
 
-    with AsyncWriter(ix) as writer:
+    with get_backend().batch_update() as batch:
         for doc in documents:
-            index.update_document(writer, doc)
+            batch.add_or_update(doc)
 
     ai_config = AIConfig()
     if ai_config.llm_index_enabled:
@@ -389,8 +392,9 @@ def update_document_content_maybe_archive_file(document_id) -> None:
             logger.info(
                 f"Updating index for document {document_id} ({document.archive_checksum})",
             )
-            with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-                index.update_document(writer, document)
+            from documents.search import get_backend
+
+            get_backend().add_or_update(document)
 
             ai_config = AIConfig()
             if ai_config.llm_index_enabled:

src/documents/tests/search/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import pytest
+
+from documents.search._backend import TantivyBackend
+from documents.search._backend import reset_backend
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Generator
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from pytest_django.fixtures import SettingsWrapper
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def index_dir(tmp_path: Path, settings: SettingsWrapper) -> Path:
+    path = tmp_path / "index"
+    path.mkdir()
+    settings.INDEX_DIR = path
+    return path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def backend() -> Generator[TantivyBackend, None, None]:
+    b = TantivyBackend()  # path=None → in-memory index
+    b.open()
+    try:
+        yield b
+    finally:
+        b.close()
+        reset_backend()

src/documents/tests/search/test_backend.py

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+import pytest
+from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+
+from documents.models import CustomField
+from documents.models import CustomFieldInstance
+from documents.models import Document
+from documents.models import Note
+from documents.search._backend import TantivyBackend
+from documents.search._backend import get_backend
+from documents.search._backend import reset_backend
+
+pytestmark = [pytest.mark.search, pytest.mark.django_db]
+
+
+class TestWriteBatch:
+    """Test WriteBatch context manager functionality."""
+
+    def test_rolls_back_on_exception(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Data integrity: a mid-batch exception must not corrupt the index."""
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Rollback Target",
+            content="should survive",
+            checksum="RB1",
+            pk=1,
+        )
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        try:
+            with backend.batch_update() as batch:
+                batch.remove(doc.pk)
+                raise RuntimeError("simulated failure")
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+
+        r = backend.search(
+            "should survive",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert r.total == 1
+
+
+class TestSearch:
+    """Test search functionality."""
+
+    def test_scores_normalised_top_hit_is_one(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """UI score bar depends on the top hit being 1.0."""
+        for i, title in enumerate(["bank invoice", "bank statement", "bank receipt"]):
+            doc = Document.objects.create(
+                title=title,
+                content=title,
+                checksum=f"SN{i}",
+                pk=10 + i,
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
+        r = backend.search(
+            "bank",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert r.hits[0]["score"] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert all(0.0 <= h["score"] <= 1.0 for h in r.hits)
+
+    def test_owner_filter(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Owner can find their document; other user cannot."""
+        owner = User.objects.create_user("owner")
+        other = User.objects.create_user("other")
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Private",
+            content="secret",
+            checksum="PF1",
+            pk=20,
+            owner=owner,
+        )
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        assert (
+            backend.search(
+                "secret",
+                user=owner,
+                page=1,
+                page_size=10,
+                sort_field=None,
+                sort_reverse=False,
+            ).total
+            == 1
+        )
+        assert (
+            backend.search(
+                "secret",
+                user=other,
+                page=1,
+                page_size=10,
+                sort_field=None,
+                sort_reverse=False,
+            ).total
+            == 0
+        )
+
+
+class TestRebuild:
+    """Test index rebuilding functionality."""
+
+    def test_with_iter_wrapper_called(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """rebuild() must pass documents through iter_wrapper."""
+        seen = []
+
+        def wrapper(docs):
+            for doc in docs:
+                seen.append(doc.pk)
+                yield doc
+
+        Document.objects.create(title="Tracked", content="x", checksum="TW1", pk=30)
+        backend.rebuild(Document.objects.all(), iter_wrapper=wrapper)
+        assert 30 in seen
+
+
+class TestAutocomplete:
+    """Test autocomplete functionality."""
+
+    def test_basic_functionality(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Autocomplete should find word prefixes."""
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Invoice from Microsoft Corporation",
+            content="payment details",
+            checksum="AC1",
+            pk=40,
+        )
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        results = backend.autocomplete("micro", limit=10)
+        assert "microsoft" in results
+
+    def test_results_ordered_by_document_frequency(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Most-used prefix match should rank first."""
+        # "payment" appears in 3 docs; "payslip" in 1 — "pay" prefix should
+        # return "payment" before "payslip".
+        for i, (title, checksum) in enumerate(
+            [
+                ("payment invoice", "AF1"),
+                ("payment receipt", "AF2"),
+                ("payment confirmation", "AF3"),
+                ("payslip march", "AF4"),
+            ],
+            start=41,
+        ):
+            doc = Document.objects.create(
+                title=title,
+                content="details",
+                checksum=checksum,
+                pk=i,
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        results = backend.autocomplete("pay", limit=10)
+        assert results.index("payment") < results.index("payslip")
+
+
+class TestMoreLikeThis:
+    """Test more like this functionality."""
+
+    def test_excludes_original(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """More like this should not return the original document."""
+        doc1 = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Important document",
+            content="financial information",
+            checksum="MLT1",
+            pk=50,
+        )
+        doc2 = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Another document",
+            content="financial report",
+            checksum="MLT2",
+            pk=51,
+        )
+        backend.add_or_update(doc1)
+        backend.add_or_update(doc2)
+
+        results = backend.more_like_this(doc_id=50, user=None, page=1, page_size=10)
+        returned_ids = [hit["id"] for hit in results.hits]
+        assert 50 not in returned_ids  # Original document excluded
+
+
+class TestSingleton:
+    """Test get_backend() and reset_backend() singleton lifecycle."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+    def _clean(self):
+        reset_backend()
+        yield
+        reset_backend()
+
+    def test_returns_same_instance_on_repeated_calls(self, index_dir):
+        assert get_backend() is get_backend()
+
+    def test_reinitializes_when_index_dir_changes(self, tmp_path, settings):
+        settings.INDEX_DIR = tmp_path / "a"
+        (tmp_path / "a").mkdir()
+        b1 = get_backend()
+
+        settings.INDEX_DIR = tmp_path / "b"
+        (tmp_path / "b").mkdir()
+        b2 = get_backend()
+
+        assert b1 is not b2
+        assert b2._path == tmp_path / "b"
+
+    def test_reset_forces_new_instance(self, index_dir):
+        b1 = get_backend()
+        reset_backend()
+        b2 = get_backend()
+        assert b1 is not b2
+
+
+class TestFieldHandling:
+    """Test handling of various document fields."""
+
+    def test_none_values_handled_correctly(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Test that None values for original_filename and page_count are handled properly."""
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Test Doc",
+            content="test content",
+            checksum="NV1",
+            pk=60,
+            original_filename=None,
+            page_count=None,
+        )
+        # Should not raise an exception
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        results = backend.search(
+            "test",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert results.total == 1
+
+    def test_custom_fields_include_name_and_value(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Custom field indexing should include both name and value."""
+        # Create a custom field
+        field = CustomField.objects.create(
+            name="Invoice Number",
+            data_type=CustomField.FieldDataType.STRING,
+        )
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Invoice",
+            content="test",
+            checksum="CF1",
+            pk=70,
+        )
+        CustomFieldInstance.objects.create(
+            document=doc,
+            field=field,
+            value_text="INV-2024-001",
+        )
+
+        # Should not raise an exception during indexing
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        results = backend.search(
+            "invoice",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert results.total == 1
+
+    def test_notes_include_user_information(self, backend: TantivyBackend):
+        """Notes should include user information when available."""
+        user = User.objects.create_user("notewriter")
+        doc = Document.objects.create(
+            title="Doc with notes",
+            content="test",
+            checksum="NT1",
+            pk=80,
+        )
+        Note.objects.create(document=doc, note="Important note", user=user)
+
+        # Should not raise an exception during indexing
+        backend.add_or_update(doc)
+
+        # Test basic document search first
+        results = backend.search(
+            "test",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert results.total == 1, (
+            f"Expected 1, got {results.total}. Document content should be searchable."
+        )
+
+        # Test notes search
+        results = backend.search(
+            "important",
+            user=None,
+            page=1,
+            page_size=10,
+            sort_field=None,
+            sort_reverse=False,
+        )
+        assert results.total == 1, (
+            f"Expected 1, got {results.total}. Note content should be searchable."
+        )

src/documents/tests/search/test_query.py

@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from datetime import UTC
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import tzinfo
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+import pytest
+import tantivy
+import time_machine
+
+from documents.search._query import build_permission_filter
+from documents.search._query import normalize_query
+from documents.search._query import parse_user_query
+from documents.search._query import rewrite_natural_date_keywords
+from documents.search._schema import build_schema
+from documents.search._tokenizer import register_tokenizers
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.search
+
+UTC = UTC
+EASTERN = ZoneInfo("America/New_York")  # UTC-5 / UTC-4 (DST)
+AUCKLAND = ZoneInfo("Pacific/Auckland")  # UTC+13 in southern-hemisphere summer
+
+
+def _range(result: str, field: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    m = re.search(rf"{field}:\[(.+?) TO (.+?)\]", result)
+    assert m, f"No range for {field!r} in: {result!r}"
+    return m.group(1), m.group(2)
+
+
+class TestCreatedDateField:
+    """
+    created is a Django DateField: indexed as midnight UTC of the local calendar
+    date. No offset arithmetic needed - the local calendar date is what matters.
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ("tz", "expected_lo", "expected_hi"),
+        [
+            pytest.param(UTC, "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z", "2026-03-29T00:00:00Z", id="utc"),
+            pytest.param(
+                EASTERN,
+                "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-03-29T00:00:00Z",
+                id="eastern_same_calendar_date",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 30, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_today(self, tz: tzinfo, expected_lo: str, expected_hi: str) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(rewrite_natural_date_keywords("created:today", tz), "created")
+        assert lo == expected_lo
+        assert hi == expected_hi
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 3, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_today_auckland_ahead_of_utc(self) -> None:
+        # UTC 03:00 -> Auckland (UTC+13) = 16:00 same date; local date = 2026-03-28
+        lo, _ = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("created:today", AUCKLAND),
+            "created",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ("field", "keyword", "expected_lo", "expected_hi"),
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "yesterday",
+                "2026-03-27T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z",
+                id="yesterday",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "this_week",
+                "2026-03-23T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-03-30T00:00:00Z",
+                id="this_week_mon_sun",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "last_week",
+                "2026-03-16T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-03-23T00:00:00Z",
+                id="last_week",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "this_month",
+                "2026-03-01T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-04-01T00:00:00Z",
+                id="this_month",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "last_month",
+                "2026-02-01T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-03-01T00:00:00Z",
+                id="last_month",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "this_year",
+                "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                "2027-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                id="this_year",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                "created",
+                "last_year",
+                "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+                id="last_year",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_date_keywords(
+        self,
+        field: str,
+        keyword: str,
+        expected_lo: str,
+        expected_hi: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        # 2026-03-28 is Saturday; Mon-Sun week calculation built into expectations
+        query = f"{field}:{keyword}"
+        lo, hi = _range(rewrite_natural_date_keywords(query, UTC), field)
+        assert lo == expected_lo
+        assert hi == expected_hi
+
+
+class TestDateTimeFields:
+    """
+    added/modified store full UTC datetimes. Natural keywords must convert
+    the local day boundaries to UTC - timezone offset arithmetic IS required.
+    """
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 30, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_added_today_eastern(self) -> None:
+        # EDT = UTC-4; local midnight 2026-03-28 00:00 EDT = 2026-03-28 04:00 UTC
+        lo, hi = _range(rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:today", EASTERN), "added")
+        assert lo == "2026-03-28T04:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-29T04:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 29, 2, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_added_today_auckland_midnight_crossing(self) -> None:
+        # UTC 02:00 on 2026-03-29 -> Auckland (UTC+13) = 2026-03-29 15:00 local
+        # Auckland midnight = UTC 2026-03-28 11:00
+        lo, hi = _range(rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:today", AUCKLAND), "added")
+        assert lo == "2026-03-28T11:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-29T11:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_modified_today_utc(self) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("modified:today", UTC),
+            "modified",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-29T00:00:00Z"
+
+
+class TestWhooshQueryRewriting:
+    """All Whoosh query syntax variants must be rewritten to ISO 8601 before Tantivy parses them."""
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_compact_date_shim_rewrites_to_iso(self) -> None:
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("created:20240115120000", UTC)
+        assert "2024-01-15" in result
+        assert "20240115120000" not in result
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 15, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_relative_range_shim_removes_now(self) -> None:
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:[now-7d TO now]", UTC)
+        assert "now" not in result
+        assert "2026-03-" in result
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_minus_7_days(self) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:[-7 days to now]", UTC),
+            "added",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-03-21T12:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_minus_1_week(self) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:[-1 week to now]", UTC),
+            "added",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-03-21T12:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_minus_1_month_uses_relativedelta(self) -> None:
+        # relativedelta(months=1) from 2026-03-28 = 2026-02-28 (not 29)
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("created:[-1 month to now]", UTC),
+            "created",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-02-28T12:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_minus_1_year(self) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("modified:[-1 year to now]", UTC),
+            "modified",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2025-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_plural_unit_hours(self) -> None:
+        lo, hi = _range(
+            rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:[-3 hours to now]", UTC),
+            "added",
+        )
+        assert lo == "2026-03-28T09:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    @time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False)
+    def test_bracket_case_insensitive(self) -> None:
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:[-1 WEEK TO NOW]", UTC)
+        assert "now" not in result.lower()
+        lo, hi = _range(result, "added")
+        assert lo == "2026-03-21T12:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2026-03-28T12:00:00Z"
+
+    def test_8digit_created_date_field_always_uses_utc_midnight(self) -> None:
+        # created is a DateField: boundaries are always UTC midnight, no TZ offset
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("created:20231201", EASTERN)
+        lo, hi = _range(result, "created")
+        assert lo == "2023-12-01T00:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2023-12-02T00:00:00Z"
+
+    def test_8digit_added_datetime_field_converts_local_midnight_to_utc(self) -> None:
+        # added is DateTimeField: midnight Dec 1 Eastern (EST = UTC-5) = 05:00 UTC
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:20231201", EASTERN)
+        lo, hi = _range(result, "added")
+        assert lo == "2023-12-01T05:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2023-12-02T05:00:00Z"
+
+    def test_8digit_modified_datetime_field_converts_local_midnight_to_utc(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("modified:20231201", EASTERN)
+        lo, hi = _range(result, "modified")
+        assert lo == "2023-12-01T05:00:00Z"
+        assert hi == "2023-12-02T05:00:00Z"
+
+    def test_8digit_invalid_date_passes_through_unchanged(self) -> None:
+        assert rewrite_natural_date_keywords("added:20231340", UTC) == "added:20231340"
+
+
+class TestParseUserQuery:
+    """parse_user_query runs the full preprocessing pipeline."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def query_index(self) -> tantivy.Index:
+        schema = build_schema()
+        idx = tantivy.Index(schema, path=None)
+        register_tokenizers(idx, "")
+        return idx
+
+    def test_returns_tantivy_query(self, query_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parse_user_query(query_index, "invoice", UTC), tantivy.Query)
+
+    def test_fuzzy_mode_does_not_raise(
+        self,
+        query_index: tantivy.Index,
+        settings,
+    ) -> None:
+        settings.ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD = 0.5
+        assert isinstance(parse_user_query(query_index, "invoice", UTC), tantivy.Query)
+
+    def test_date_rewriting_applied_before_tantivy_parse(
+        self,
+        query_index: tantivy.Index,
+    ) -> None:
+        # created:today must be rewritten to an ISO range before Tantivy parses it;
+        # if passed raw, Tantivy would reject "today" as an invalid date value
+        with time_machine.travel(datetime(2026, 3, 28, 12, 0, tzinfo=UTC), tick=False):
+            q = parse_user_query(query_index, "created:today", UTC)
+        assert isinstance(q, tantivy.Query)
+
+
+class TestPassthrough:
+    """Queries without field prefixes or unrelated content pass through unchanged."""
+
+    def test_bare_keyword_no_field_prefix_unchanged(self) -> None:
+        # Bare 'today' with no field: prefix passes through unchanged
+        result = rewrite_natural_date_keywords("bank statement today", UTC)
+        assert "today" in result
+
+    def test_unrelated_query_unchanged(self) -> None:
+        assert rewrite_natural_date_keywords("title:invoice", UTC) == "title:invoice"
+
+
+class TestNormalizeQuery:
+    """normalize_query expands comma-separated values and collapses whitespace."""
+
+    def test_normalize_expands_comma_separated_tags(self) -> None:
+        assert normalize_query("tag:foo,bar") == "tag:foo AND tag:bar"
+
+    def test_normalize_expands_three_values(self) -> None:
+        assert normalize_query("tag:foo,bar,baz") == "tag:foo AND tag:bar AND tag:baz"
+
+    def test_normalize_collapses_whitespace(self) -> None:
+        assert normalize_query("bank   statement") == "bank statement"
+
+    def test_normalize_no_commas_unchanged(self) -> None:
+        assert normalize_query("bank statement") == "bank statement"
+
+
+class TestPermissionFilter:
+    """build_permission_filter tests use an in-memory index — no DB access needed."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def perm_index(self) -> tantivy.Index:
+        schema = build_schema()
+        idx = tantivy.Index(schema, path=None)
+        register_tokenizers(idx, "")
+        return idx
+
+    def _add_doc(
+        self,
+        idx: tantivy.Index,
+        doc_id: int,
+        owner_id: int | None = None,
+        viewer_ids: tuple[int, ...] = (),
+    ) -> None:
+        writer = idx.writer()
+        doc = tantivy.Document()
+        doc.add_unsigned("id", doc_id)
+        # Only add owner_id field if the document has an owner
+        if owner_id is not None:
+            doc.add_unsigned("owner_id", owner_id)
+        for vid in viewer_ids:
+            doc.add_unsigned("viewer_id", vid)
+        writer.add_document(doc)
+        writer.commit()
+        idx.reload()
+
+    def test_perm_no_owner_visible_to_any_user(self, perm_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=1, owner_id=None)
+        user = type("U", (), {"pk": 99})()
+        perm = build_permission_filter(perm_index.schema, user)  # .schema is a property
+        assert perm_index.searcher().search(perm, limit=10).count == 1
+
+    def test_perm_owned_by_user_is_visible(self, perm_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=2, owner_id=42)
+        user = type("U", (), {"pk": 42})()
+        perm = build_permission_filter(perm_index.schema, user)
+        assert perm_index.searcher().search(perm, limit=10).count == 1
+
+    def test_perm_owned_by_other_not_visible(self, perm_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=3, owner_id=42)
+        user = type("U", (), {"pk": 99})()
+        perm = build_permission_filter(perm_index.schema, user)
+        assert perm_index.searcher().search(perm, limit=10).count == 0
+
+    def test_perm_shared_viewer_is_visible(self, perm_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=4, owner_id=42, viewer_ids=(99,))
+        user = type("U", (), {"pk": 99})()
+        perm = build_permission_filter(perm_index.schema, user)
+        assert perm_index.searcher().search(perm, limit=10).count == 1
+
+    def test_perm_only_owned_docs_hidden_from_others(
+        self,
+        perm_index: tantivy.Index,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=5, owner_id=10)  # owned by 10
+        self._add_doc(perm_index, doc_id=6, owner_id=None)  # unowned
+        user = type("U", (), {"pk": 20})()
+        perm = build_permission_filter(perm_index.schema, user)
+        assert perm_index.searcher().search(perm, limit=10).count == 1  # only unowned

src/documents/tests/search/test_tokenizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import pytest
+import tantivy
+
+from documents.search._tokenizer import _bigram_analyzer
+from documents.search._tokenizer import _paperless_text
+from documents.search._tokenizer import register_tokenizers
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _pytest.logging import LogCaptureFixture
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.search
+
+
+class TestTokenizers:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def content_index(self) -> tantivy.Index:
+        """Index with just a content field for ASCII folding tests."""
+        sb = tantivy.SchemaBuilder()
+        sb.add_text_field("content", stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+        schema = sb.build()
+        idx = tantivy.Index(schema, path=None)
+        idx.register_tokenizer("paperless_text", _paperless_text(""))
+        return idx
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def bigram_index(self) -> tantivy.Index:
+        """Index with bigram field for CJK tests."""
+        sb = tantivy.SchemaBuilder()
+        sb.add_text_field(
+            "bigram_content",
+            stored=False,
+            tokenizer_name="bigram_analyzer",
+        )
+        schema = sb.build()
+        idx = tantivy.Index(schema, path=None)
+        idx.register_tokenizer("bigram_analyzer", _bigram_analyzer())
+        return idx
+
+    def test_ascii_fold_finds_accented_content(
+        self,
+        content_index: tantivy.Index,
+    ) -> None:
+        """paperless_text normalises diacritics so café is findable as cafe."""
+        writer = content_index.writer()
+        doc = tantivy.Document()
+        doc.add_text("content", "café résumé")
+        writer.add_document(doc)
+        writer.commit()
+        content_index.reload()
+        q = content_index.parse_query("cafe resume", ["content"])
+        assert content_index.searcher().search(q, limit=5).count == 1
+
+    def test_bigram_finds_cjk_substring(self, bigram_index: tantivy.Index) -> None:
+        """bigram_analyzer makes CJK substrings searchable without whitespace."""
+        writer = bigram_index.writer()
+        doc = tantivy.Document()
+        doc.add_text("bigram_content", "東京都")
+        writer.add_document(doc)
+        writer.commit()
+        bigram_index.reload()
+        q = bigram_index.parse_query("東京", ["bigram_content"])
+        assert bigram_index.searcher().search(q, limit=5).count == 1
+
+    def test_unsupported_language_logs_warning(self, caplog: LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
+        sb = tantivy.SchemaBuilder()
+        sb.add_text_field("content", stored=True, tokenizer_name="paperless_text")
+        schema = sb.build()
+        idx = tantivy.Index(schema, path=None)
+
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="paperless.search"):
+            register_tokenizers(idx, "klingon")
+        assert "klingon" in caplog.text

src/documents/tests/test_admin.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import types
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
+import tantivy
 from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
@@ -8,36 +9,54 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils import timezone
 from rest_framework import status
 
-from documents import index
 from documents.admin import DocumentAdmin
 from documents.admin import TagAdmin
 from documents.models import Document
 from documents.models import Tag
+from documents.search import get_backend
+from documents.search import reset_backend
 from documents.tests.utils import DirectoriesMixin
 from paperless.admin import PaperlessUserAdmin
 
 
 class TestDocumentAdmin(DirectoriesMixin, TestCase):
     def get_document_from_index(self, doc):
-        ix = index.open_index()
-        with ix.searcher() as searcher:
-            return searcher.document(id=doc.id)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        searcher = backend._index.searcher()
+        results = searcher.search(
+            tantivy.Query.range_query(
+                backend._schema,
+                "id",
+                tantivy.FieldType.Unsigned,
+                doc.pk,
+                doc.pk,
+            ),
+            limit=1,
+        )
+        if results.hits:
+            return searcher.doc(results.hits[0][1]).to_dict()
+        return None
 
     def setUp(self) -> None:
         super().setUp()
+        reset_backend()
         self.doc_admin = DocumentAdmin(model=Document, admin_site=AdminSite())
 
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        reset_backend()
+        super().tearDown()
+
     def test_save_model(self) -> None:
         doc = Document.objects.create(title="test")
 
         doc.title = "new title"
         self.doc_admin.save_model(None, doc, None, None)
         self.assertEqual(Document.objects.get(id=doc.id).title, "new title")
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_document_from_index(doc)["id"], doc.id)
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_document_from_index(doc)["id"], [doc.id])
 
     def test_delete_model(self) -> None:
         doc = Document.objects.create(title="test")
-        index.add_or_update_document(doc)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(doc)
         self.assertIsNotNone(self.get_document_from_index(doc))
 
         self.doc_admin.delete_model(None, doc)
@@ -53,7 +72,7 @@ class TestDocumentAdmin(DirectoriesMixin, TestCase):
                 checksum=f"{i:02}",
             )
             docs.append(doc)
-            index.add_or_update_document(doc)
+            get_backend().add_or_update(doc)
 
         self.assertEqual(Document.objects.count(), 42)
 

src/documents/tests/test_api_document_versions.py

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             mime_type="application/pdf",
         )
 
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{root.id}/")
 
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
@@ -137,10 +137,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             content="v2-content",
         )
 
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"),
-            mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document"),
-        ):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{v2.id}/")
 
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
@@ -149,10 +146,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         root.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(root.content, "root-content")
 
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"),
-            mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document"),
-        ):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{v1.id}/")
 
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
@@ -175,10 +169,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         )
         version_id = version.id
 
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"),
-            mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document"),
-        ):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(
                 f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{version_id}/",
             )
@@ -225,7 +216,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             root_document=other_root,
         )
 
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(
                 f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{other_version.id}/",
             )
@@ -245,10 +236,7 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             root_document=root,
         )
 
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index"),
-            mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document"),
-        ):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend"):
             resp = self.client.delete(
                 f"/api/documents/{version.id}/versions/{version.id}/",
             )
@@ -275,18 +263,17 @@ class TestDocumentVersioningApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             root_document=root,
         )
 
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.remove_document_from_index") as remove_index,
-            mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document") as add_or_update,
-        ):
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend") as mock_get_backend:
+            mock_backend = mock.MagicMock()
+            mock_get_backend.return_value = mock_backend
             resp = self.client.delete(
                 f"/api/documents/{root.id}/versions/{version.id}/",
             )
 
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-        remove_index.assert_called_once_with(version)
-        add_or_update.assert_called_once()
-        self.assertEqual(add_or_update.call_args[0][0].id, root.id)
+        mock_backend.remove.assert_called_once_with(version.pk)
+        mock_backend.add_or_update.assert_called_once()
+        self.assertEqual(mock_backend.add_or_update.call_args[0][0].id, root.id)
 
     def test_delete_version_returns_403_without_permission(self) -> None:
         owner = User.objects.create_user(username="owner")

src/documents/tests/test_api_search.py

@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 from guardian.shortcuts import assign_perm
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
-from whoosh.writing import AsyncWriter
 
-from documents import index
 from documents.bulk_edit import set_permissions
 from documents.models import Correspondent
 from documents.models import CustomField
@@ -25,6 +23,8 @@ from documents.models import SavedView
 from documents.models import StoragePath
 from documents.models import Tag
 from documents.models import Workflow
+from documents.search import get_backend
+from documents.search import reset_backend
 from documents.tests.utils import DirectoriesMixin
 from paperless_mail.models import MailAccount
 from paperless_mail.models import MailRule
@@ -33,10 +33,15 @@ from paperless_mail.models import MailRule
 class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
     def setUp(self) -> None:
         super().setUp()
+        reset_backend()
 
         self.user = User.objects.create_superuser(username="temp_admin")
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=self.user)
 
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        reset_backend()
+        super().tearDown()
+
     def test_search(self) -> None:
         d1 = Document.objects.create(
             title="invoice",
@@ -57,13 +62,11 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             checksum="C",
             original_filename="someepdf.pdf",
         )
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            # Note to future self: there is a reason we dont use a model signal handler to update the index: some operations edit many documents at once
-            # (retagger, renamer) and we don't want to open a writer for each of these, but rather perform the entire operation with one writer.
-            # That's why we can't open the writer in a model on_save handler or something.
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
+
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=bank")
         results = response.data["results"]
         self.assertEqual(response.data["count"], 3)
@@ -125,10 +128,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             value_int=20,
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get(
             f"/api/documents/?query=match&ordering=custom_field_{custom_field.pk}",
@@ -149,15 +152,15 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         )
 
     def test_search_multi_page(self) -> None:
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for i in range(55):
-                doc = Document.objects.create(
-                    checksum=str(i),
-                    pk=i + 1,
-                    title=f"Document {i + 1}",
-                    content="content",
-                )
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for i in range(55):
+            doc = Document.objects.create(
+                checksum=str(i),
+                pk=i + 1,
+                title=f"Document {i + 1}",
+                content="content",
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         # This is here so that we test that no document gets returned twice (might happen if the paging is not working)
         seen_ids = []
@@ -184,15 +187,15 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             seen_ids.append(result["id"])
 
     def test_search_invalid_page(self) -> None:
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for i in range(15):
-                doc = Document.objects.create(
-                    checksum=str(i),
-                    pk=i + 1,
-                    title=f"Document {i + 1}",
-                    content="content",
-                )
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for i in range(15):
+            doc = Document.objects.create(
+                checksum=str(i),
+                pk=i + 1,
+                title=f"Document {i + 1}",
+                content="content",
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=content&page=0&page_size=10")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
@@ -230,26 +233,25 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             pk=3,
             checksum="C",
         )
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:[-1 week to now]")
         results = response.data["results"]
         # Expect 3 documents returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 3)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [
-                {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
-                {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"},
-                {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"},
-            ],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        result_map = {r["id"]: r for r in results}
+        self.assertEqual(set(result_map.keys()), {1, 2, 3})
+        for subset in [
+            {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
+            {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"},
+            {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"},
+        ]:
+            r = result_map[subset["id"]]
+            self.assertDictEqual(r, {**r, **subset})
 
     @override_settings(
         TIME_ZONE="America/Chicago",
@@ -285,10 +287,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             # 7 days, 1 hour and 1 minute ago
             added=timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7, hours=1, minutes=1),
         )
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:[-1 week to now]")
         results = response.data["results"]
@@ -296,12 +298,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Expect 2 documents returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 2)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [{"id": 1, "title": "invoice"}, {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"}],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        result_map = {r["id"]: r for r in results}
+        self.assertEqual(set(result_map.keys()), {1, 2})
+        for subset in [
+            {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
+            {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"},
+        ]:
+            r = result_map[subset["id"]]
+            self.assertDictEqual(r, {**r, **subset})
 
     @override_settings(
         TIME_ZONE="Europe/Sofia",
@@ -337,10 +341,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             # 7 days, 1 hour and 1 minute ago
             added=timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7, hours=1, minutes=1),
         )
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:[-1 week to now]")
         results = response.data["results"]
@@ -348,12 +352,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Expect 2 documents returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 2)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [{"id": 1, "title": "invoice"}, {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"}],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        result_map = {r["id"]: r for r in results}
+        self.assertEqual(set(result_map.keys()), {1, 2})
+        for subset in [
+            {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
+            {"id": 2, "title": "bank statement 1"},
+        ]:
+            r = result_map[subset["id"]]
+            self.assertDictEqual(r, {**r, **subset})
 
     def test_search_added_in_last_month(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -389,10 +395,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             added=timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7, hours=1, minutes=1),
         )
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:[-1 month to now]")
         results = response.data["results"]
@@ -400,12 +406,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Expect 2 documents returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 2)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [{"id": 1, "title": "invoice"}, {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"}],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        result_map = {r["id"]: r for r in results}
+        self.assertEqual(set(result_map.keys()), {1, 3})
+        for subset in [
+            {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
+            {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"},
+        ]:
+            r = result_map[subset["id"]]
+            self.assertDictEqual(r, {**r, **subset})
 
     @override_settings(
         TIME_ZONE="America/Denver",
@@ -445,10 +453,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             added=timezone.now() - timedelta(days=7, hours=1, minutes=1),
         )
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:[-1 month to now]")
         results = response.data["results"]
@@ -456,12 +464,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Expect 2 documents returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 2)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [{"id": 1, "title": "invoice"}, {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"}],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        result_map = {r["id"]: r for r in results}
+        self.assertEqual(set(result_map.keys()), {1, 3})
+        for subset in [
+            {"id": 1, "title": "invoice"},
+            {"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"},
+        ]:
+            r = result_map[subset["id"]]
+            self.assertDictEqual(r, {**r, **subset})
 
     @override_settings(
         TIME_ZONE="Europe/Sofia",
@@ -501,10 +511,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Django converts dates to UTC
         d3.refresh_from_db()
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:20231201")
         results = response.data["results"]
@@ -512,12 +522,8 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         # Expect 1 document returned
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
 
-        for idx, subset in enumerate(
-            [{"id": 3, "title": "bank statement 3"}],
-        ):
-            result = results[idx]
-            # Assert subset in results
-            self.assertDictEqual(result, {**result, **subset})
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["id"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["title"], "bank statement 3")
 
     def test_search_added_invalid_date(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -526,7 +532,7 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         WHEN:
             - Query with invalid added date
         THEN:
-            - No documents returned
+            - 400 Bad Request returned (Tantivy rejects invalid date field syntax)
         """
         d1 = Document.objects.create(
             title="invoice",
@@ -535,16 +541,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             pk=1,
         )
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(d1)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:invalid-date")
-        results = response.data["results"]
 
-        # Expect 0 document returned
-        self.assertEqual(len(results), 0)
+        # Tantivy rejects unparsable field queries with a 400
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
 
-    @mock.patch("documents.index.autocomplete")
+    @mock.patch("documents.search._backend.TantivyBackend.autocomplete")
     def test_search_autocomplete_limits(self, m) -> None:
         """
         GIVEN:
@@ -556,7 +560,7 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             - Limit requests are obeyed
         """
 
-        m.side_effect = lambda ix, term, limit, user: [term for _ in range(limit)]
+        m.side_effect = lambda term, limit, user=None: [term for _ in range(limit)]
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=test")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
@@ -609,32 +613,29 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             owner=u1,
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=app")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-        self.assertEqual(response.data, [b"apples", b"applebaum", b"appletini"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.data, ["applebaum", "apples", "appletini"])
 
         d3.owner = u2
-
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        d3.save()
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=app")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-        self.assertEqual(response.data, [b"apples", b"applebaum"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.data, ["applebaum", "apples"])
 
         assign_perm("view_document", u1, d3)
-
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=app")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-        self.assertEqual(response.data, [b"apples", b"applebaum", b"appletini"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.data, ["applebaum", "apples", "appletini"])
 
     def test_search_autocomplete_field_name_match(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -652,8 +653,7 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             checksum="1",
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(d1)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=created:2023")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
@@ -674,33 +674,36 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             checksum="1",
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(d1)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/search/autocomplete/?term=auto")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-        self.assertEqual(response.data[0], b"auto")
+        self.assertEqual(response.data[0], "auto")
 
-    def test_search_spelling_suggestion(self) -> None:
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for i in range(55):
-                doc = Document.objects.create(
-                    checksum=str(i),
-                    pk=i + 1,
-                    title=f"Document {i + 1}",
-                    content=f"Things document {i + 1}",
-                )
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+    def test_search_no_spelling_suggestion(self) -> None:
+        """
+        GIVEN:
+            - Documents exist with various terms
+        WHEN:
+            - Query for documents with any term
+        THEN:
+            - corrected_query is always None (Tantivy has no spell correction)
+        """
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for i in range(5):
+            doc = Document.objects.create(
+                checksum=str(i),
+                pk=i + 1,
+                title=f"Document {i + 1}",
+                content=f"Things document {i + 1}",
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=thing")
-        correction = response.data["corrected_query"]
-
-        self.assertEqual(correction, "things")
+        self.assertIsNone(response.data["corrected_query"])
 
         response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=things")
-        correction = response.data["corrected_query"]
-
-        self.assertEqual(correction, None)
+        self.assertIsNone(response.data["corrected_query"])
 
     def test_search_spelling_suggestion_suppressed_for_private_terms(self):
         owner = User.objects.create_user("owner")
@@ -709,24 +712,24 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             Permission.objects.get(codename="view_document"),
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for i in range(55):
-                private_doc = Document.objects.create(
-                    checksum=f"p{i}",
-                    pk=100 + i,
-                    title=f"Private Document {i + 1}",
-                    content=f"treasury document {i + 1}",
-                    owner=owner,
-                )
-                visible_doc = Document.objects.create(
-                    checksum=f"v{i}",
-                    pk=200 + i,
-                    title=f"Visible Document {i + 1}",
-                    content=f"public ledger {i + 1}",
-                    owner=attacker,
-                )
-                index.update_document(writer, private_doc)
-                index.update_document(writer, visible_doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for i in range(5):
+            private_doc = Document.objects.create(
+                checksum=f"p{i}",
+                pk=100 + i,
+                title=f"Private Document {i + 1}",
+                content=f"treasury document {i + 1}",
+                owner=owner,
+            )
+            visible_doc = Document.objects.create(
+                checksum=f"v{i}",
+                pk=200 + i,
+                title=f"Visible Document {i + 1}",
+                content=f"public ledger {i + 1}",
+                owner=attacker,
+            )
+            backend.add_or_update(private_doc)
+            backend.add_or_update(visible_doc)
 
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=attacker)
 
@@ -736,26 +739,6 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.data["count"], 0)
         self.assertIsNone(response.data["corrected_query"])
 
-    @mock.patch(
-        "whoosh.searching.Searcher.correct_query",
-        side_effect=Exception("Test error"),
-    )
-    def test_corrected_query_error(self, mock_correct_query) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - A query that raises an error on correction
-        WHEN:
-            - API request for search with that query
-        THEN:
-            - The error is logged and the search proceeds
-        """
-        with self.assertLogs("paperless.index", level="INFO") as cm:
-            response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=2025-06-04")
-            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
-            error_str = cm.output[0]
-            expected_str = "Error while correcting query '2025-06-04': Test error"
-            self.assertIn(expected_str, error_str)
-
     def test_search_more_like(self) -> None:
         """
         GIVEN:
@@ -790,11 +773,11 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             pk=4,
             checksum="ABC",
         )
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
-            index.update_document(writer, d4)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
+        backend.add_or_update(d4)
 
         response = self.client.get(f"/api/documents/?more_like_id={d2.id}")
 
@@ -802,9 +785,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
 
         results = response.data["results"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(len(results), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]["id"], d3.id)
-        self.assertEqual(results[1]["id"], d1.id)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(results), 1)
+        result_ids = [r["id"] for r in results]
+        self.assertIn(d3.id, result_ids)
+        self.assertNotIn(d4.id, result_ids)
 
     def test_search_more_like_requires_view_permission_on_seed_document(
         self,
@@ -846,10 +830,10 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             pk=12,
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, private_seed)
-            index.update_document(writer, visible_doc)
-            index.update_document(writer, other_doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(private_seed)
+        backend.add_or_update(visible_doc)
+        backend.add_or_update(other_doc)
 
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=attacker)
 
@@ -923,9 +907,9 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             value_text="foobard4",
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for doc in Document.objects.all():
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for doc in Document.objects.all():
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         def search_query(q):
             r = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=test" + q)
@@ -1141,9 +1125,9 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         Document.objects.create(checksum="3", content="test 3", owner=u2)
         Document.objects.create(checksum="4", content="test 4")
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for doc in Document.objects.all():
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for doc in Document.objects.all():
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=u1)
         r = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=test")
@@ -1194,9 +1178,9 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         d3 = Document.objects.create(checksum="3", content="test 3", owner=u2)
         Document.objects.create(checksum="4", content="test 4")
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for doc in Document.objects.all():
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for doc in Document.objects.all():
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=u1)
         r = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=test")
@@ -1216,9 +1200,9 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         assign_perm("view_document", u1, d3)
         assign_perm("view_document", u2, d1)
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for doc in [d1, d2, d3]:
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
 
         self.client.force_authenticate(user=u1)
         r = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=test")
@@ -1281,9 +1265,9 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             user=u1,
         )
 
-        with AsyncWriter(index.open_index()) as writer:
-            for doc in Document.objects.all():
-                index.update_document(writer, doc)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        for doc in Document.objects.all():
+            backend.add_or_update(doc)
 
         def search_query(q):
             r = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=test" + q)
@@ -1316,13 +1300,14 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
             search_query("&ordering=-num_notes"),
             [d1.id, d3.id, d2.id],
         )
+        # owner sort: ORM orders by owner_id (integer); NULLs first in SQLite ASC
         self.assertListEqual(
             search_query("&ordering=owner"),
-            [d1.id, d2.id, d3.id],
+            [d3.id, d1.id, d2.id],
         )
         self.assertListEqual(
             search_query("&ordering=-owner"),
-            [d3.id, d2.id, d1.id],
+            [d2.id, d1.id, d3.id],
         )
 
     @mock.patch("documents.bulk_edit.bulk_update_documents")
@@ -1379,12 +1364,12 @@ class TestDocumentSearchApi(DirectoriesMixin, APITestCase):
         )
         set_permissions([4, 5], set_permissions={}, owner=user2, merge=False)
 
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, d1)
-            index.update_document(writer, d2)
-            index.update_document(writer, d3)
-            index.update_document(writer, d4)
-            index.update_document(writer, d5)
+        backend = get_backend()
+        backend.add_or_update(d1)
+        backend.add_or_update(d2)
+        backend.add_or_update(d3)
+        backend.add_or_update(d4)
+        backend.add_or_update(d5)
 
         correspondent1 = Correspondent.objects.create(name="bank correspondent 1")
         Correspondent.objects.create(name="correspondent 2")

src/documents/tests/test_api_status.py

@@ -191,40 +191,42 @@ class TestSystemStatus(APITestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
         self.assertEqual(response.data["tasks"]["celery_status"], "OK")
 
-    @override_settings(INDEX_DIR=Path("/tmp/index"))
-    @mock.patch("whoosh.index.FileIndex.last_modified")
-    def test_system_status_index_ok(self, mock_last_modified) -> None:
+    @mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend")
+    def test_system_status_index_ok(self, mock_get_backend) -> None:
         """
         GIVEN:
-            - The index last modified time is set
+            - The index is accessible
         WHEN:
             - The user requests the system status
         THEN:
             - The response contains the correct index status
         """
-        mock_last_modified.return_value = 1707839087
-        self.client.force_login(self.user)
-        response = self.client.get(self.ENDPOINT)
+        mock_get_backend.return_value = mock.MagicMock()
+        # Use the temp dir created in setUp (self.tmp_dir) as a real INDEX_DIR
+        # with a real file so the mtime lookup works
+        sentinel = self.tmp_dir / "sentinel.txt"
+        sentinel.write_text("ok")
+        with self.settings(INDEX_DIR=self.tmp_dir):
+            self.client.force_login(self.user)
+            response = self.client.get(self.ENDPOINT)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
         self.assertEqual(response.data["tasks"]["index_status"], "OK")
         self.assertIsNotNone(response.data["tasks"]["index_last_modified"])
 
-    @override_settings(INDEX_DIR=Path("/tmp/index/"))
-    @mock.patch("documents.index.open_index", autospec=True)
-    def test_system_status_index_error(self, mock_open_index) -> None:
+    @mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend")
+    def test_system_status_index_error(self, mock_get_backend) -> None:
         """
         GIVEN:
-            - The index is not found
+            - The index cannot be opened
         WHEN:
             - The user requests the system status
         THEN:
             - The response contains the correct index status
         """
-        mock_open_index.return_value = None
-        mock_open_index.side_effect = Exception("Index error")
+        mock_get_backend.side_effect = Exception("Index error")
         self.client.force_login(self.user)
         response = self.client.get(self.ENDPOINT)
-        mock_open_index.assert_called_once()
+        mock_get_backend.assert_called_once()
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
         self.assertEqual(response.data["tasks"]["index_status"], "ERROR")
         self.assertIsNotNone(response.data["tasks"]["index_error"])

src/documents/tests/test_delayedquery.py

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-from django.test import TestCase
-from whoosh import query
-
-from documents.index import get_permissions_criterias
-from documents.models import User
-
-
-class TestDelayedQuery(TestCase):
-    def setUp(self) -> None:
-        super().setUp()
-        # all tests run without permission criteria, so has_no_owner query will always
-        # be appended.
-        self.has_no_owner = query.Or([query.Term("has_owner", text=False)])
-
-    def _get_testset__id__in(self, param, field):
-        return (
-            {f"{param}__id__in": "42,43"},
-            query.And(
-                [
-                    query.Or(
-                        [
-                            query.Term(f"{field}_id", "42"),
-                            query.Term(f"{field}_id", "43"),
-                        ],
-                    ),
-                    self.has_no_owner,
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-
-    def _get_testset__id__none(self, param, field):
-        return (
-            {f"{param}__id__none": "42,43"},
-            query.And(
-                [
-                    query.Not(query.Term(f"{field}_id", "42")),
-                    query.Not(query.Term(f"{field}_id", "43")),
-                    self.has_no_owner,
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-
-    def test_get_permission_criteria(self) -> None:
-        # tests contains tuples of user instances and the expected filter
-        tests = (
-            (None, [query.Term("has_owner", text=False)]),
-            (User(42, username="foo", is_superuser=True), []),
-            (
-                User(42, username="foo", is_superuser=False),
-                [
-                    query.Term("has_owner", text=False),
-                    query.Term("owner_id", 42),
-                    query.Term("viewer_id", "42"),
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-        for user, expected in tests:
-            self.assertEqual(get_permissions_criterias(user), expected)

src/documents/tests/test_index.py

@@ -1,371 +0,0 @@
-from datetime import datetime
-from unittest import mock
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.test import TestCase
-from django.test import override_settings
-from django.utils.timezone import get_current_timezone
-from django.utils.timezone import timezone
-
-from documents import index
-from documents.models import Document
-from documents.tests.utils import DirectoriesMixin
-
-
-class TestAutoComplete(DirectoriesMixin, TestCase):
-    def test_auto_complete(self) -> None:
-        doc1 = Document.objects.create(
-            title="doc1",
-            checksum="A",
-            content="test test2 test3",
-        )
-        doc2 = Document.objects.create(title="doc2", checksum="B", content="test test2")
-        doc3 = Document.objects.create(title="doc3", checksum="C", content="test2")
-
-        index.add_or_update_document(doc1)
-        index.add_or_update_document(doc2)
-        index.add_or_update_document(doc3)
-
-        ix = index.open_index()
-
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            index.autocomplete(ix, "tes"),
-            [b"test2", b"test", b"test3"],
-        )
-        self.assertListEqual(
-            index.autocomplete(ix, "tes", limit=3),
-            [b"test2", b"test", b"test3"],
-        )
-        self.assertListEqual(index.autocomplete(ix, "tes", limit=1), [b"test2"])
-        self.assertListEqual(index.autocomplete(ix, "tes", limit=0), [])
-
-    def test_archive_serial_number_ranging(self) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - Document with an archive serial number above schema allowed size
-        WHEN:
-            - Document is provided to the index
-        THEN:
-            - Error is logged
-            - Document ASN is reset to 0 for the index
-        """
-        doc1 = Document.objects.create(
-            title="doc1",
-            checksum="A",
-            content="test test2 test3",
-            # yes, this is allowed, unless full_clean is run
-            # DRF does call the validators, this test won't
-            archive_serial_number=Document.ARCHIVE_SERIAL_NUMBER_MAX + 1,
-        )
-        with self.assertLogs("paperless.index", level="ERROR") as cm:
-            with mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.AsyncWriter.update_document",
-            ) as mocked_update_doc:
-                index.add_or_update_document(doc1)
-
-                mocked_update_doc.assert_called_once()
-                _, kwargs = mocked_update_doc.call_args
-
-                self.assertEqual(kwargs["asn"], 0)
-
-                error_str = cm.output[0]
-                expected_str = "ERROR:paperless.index:Not indexing Archive Serial Number 4294967296 of document 1"
-                self.assertIn(expected_str, error_str)
-
-    def test_archive_serial_number_is_none(self) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - Document with no archive serial number
-        WHEN:
-            - Document is provided to the index
-        THEN:
-            - ASN isn't touched
-        """
-        doc1 = Document.objects.create(
-            title="doc1",
-            checksum="A",
-            content="test test2 test3",
-        )
-        with mock.patch(
-            "documents.index.AsyncWriter.update_document",
-        ) as mocked_update_doc:
-            index.add_or_update_document(doc1)
-
-            mocked_update_doc.assert_called_once()
-            _, kwargs = mocked_update_doc.call_args
-
-            self.assertIsNone(kwargs["asn"])
-
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Pacific/Auckland")
-    def test_added_today_respects_local_timezone_boundary(self) -> None:
-        tz = get_current_timezone()
-        fixed_now = datetime(2025, 7, 20, 15, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)
-
-        # Fake a time near the local boundary (1 AM NZT = 13:00 UTC on previous UTC day)
-        local_dt = datetime(2025, 7, 20, 1, 0, 0).replace(tzinfo=tz)
-        utc_dt = local_dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
-
-        doc = Document.objects.create(
-            title="Time zone",
-            content="Testing added:today",
-            checksum="edgecase123",
-            added=utc_dt,
-        )
-
-        with index.open_index_writer() as writer:
-            index.update_document(writer, doc)
-
-        superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username="testuser")
-        self.client.force_login(superuser)
-
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.now", return_value=fixed_now):
-            response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:today")
-            results = response.json()["results"]
-            self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(results[0]["id"], doc.id)
-
-            response = self.client.get("/api/documents/?query=added:yesterday")
-            results = response.json()["results"]
-            self.assertEqual(len(results), 0)
-
-
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="UTC")
-class TestRewriteNaturalDateKeywords(SimpleTestCase):
-    """
-    Unit tests for rewrite_natural_date_keywords function.
-    """
-
-    def _rewrite_with_now(self, query: str, now_dt: datetime) -> str:
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.now", return_value=now_dt):
-            return index.rewrite_natural_date_keywords(query)
-
-    def _assert_rewrite_contains(
-        self,
-        query: str,
-        now_dt: datetime,
-        *expected_fragments: str,
-    ) -> str:
-        result = self._rewrite_with_now(query, now_dt)
-        for fragment in expected_fragments:
-            self.assertIn(fragment, result)
-        return result
-
-    def test_range_keywords(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Test various different range keywords
-        """
-        cases = [
-            (
-                "added:today",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 20, 15, 30, 45, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250720", "TO 20250720"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "added:yesterday",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 20, 15, 30, 45, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250719", "TO 20250719"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "added:this month",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 15, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250701", "TO 20250731"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "added:previous month",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 15, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250601", "TO 20250630"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "added:this year",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 15, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250101", "TO 20251231"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "added:previous year",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 15, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20240101", "TO 20241231"),
-            ),
-            # Previous quarter from July 15, 2025 is April-June.
-            (
-                "added:previous quarter",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 15, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250401", "TO 20250630"),
-            ),
-            # July 20, 2025 is a Sunday (weekday 6) so previous week is July 7-13.
-            (
-                "added:previous week",
-                datetime(2025, 7, 20, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                ("added:[20250707", "TO 20250713"),
-            ),
-        ]
-
-        for query, now_dt, fragments in cases:
-            with self.subTest(query=query):
-                self._assert_rewrite_contains(query, now_dt, *fragments)
-
-    def test_additional_fields(self) -> None:
-        fixed_now = datetime(2025, 7, 20, 15, 30, 45, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        # created
-        self._assert_rewrite_contains("created:today", fixed_now, "created:[20250720")
-        # modified
-        self._assert_rewrite_contains("modified:today", fixed_now, "modified:[20250720")
-
-    def test_basic_syntax_variants(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Test that quoting, casing, and multi-clause queries are parsed.
-        """
-        fixed_now = datetime(2025, 7, 20, 15, 30, 45, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-
-        # quoted keywords
-        result1 = self._rewrite_with_now('added:"today"', fixed_now)
-        result2 = self._rewrite_with_now("added:'today'", fixed_now)
-        self.assertIn("added:[20250720", result1)
-        self.assertIn("added:[20250720", result2)
-
-        # case insensitivity
-        for query in ("added:TODAY", "added:Today", "added:ToDaY"):
-            with self.subTest(case_variant=query):
-                self._assert_rewrite_contains(query, fixed_now, "added:[20250720")
-
-        # multiple clauses
-        result = self._rewrite_with_now("added:today created:yesterday", fixed_now)
-        self.assertIn("added:[20250720", result)
-        self.assertIn("created:[20250719", result)
-
-    def test_no_match(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Test that queries without keywords are unchanged.
-        """
-        query = "title:test content:example"
-        result = index.rewrite_natural_date_keywords(query)
-        self.assertEqual(query, result)
-
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Pacific/Auckland")
-    def test_timezone_awareness(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Test timezone conversion.
-        """
-        # July 20, 2025 1:00 AM NZST = July 19, 2025 13:00 UTC
-        fixed_now = datetime(2025, 7, 20, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=get_current_timezone())
-        result = self._rewrite_with_now("added:today", fixed_now)
-        # Should convert to UTC properly
-        self.assertIn("added:[20250719", result)
-
-
-class TestIndexResilience(DirectoriesMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-    def _assert_recreate_called(self, mock_create_in) -> None:
-        mock_create_in.assert_called_once()
-        path_arg, schema_arg = mock_create_in.call_args.args
-        self.assertEqual(path_arg, settings.INDEX_DIR)
-        self.assertEqual(schema_arg.__class__.__name__, "Schema")
-
-    def test_transient_missing_segment_does_not_force_recreate(self) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - Index directory exists
-        WHEN:
-            - open_index is called
-            - Opening the index raises FileNotFoundError once due to a
-              transient missing segment
-        THEN:
-            - Index is opened successfully on retry
-            - Index is not recreated
-        """
-        file_marker = settings.INDEX_DIR / "file_marker.txt"
-        file_marker.write_text("keep")
-        expected_index = object()
-
-        with (
-            mock.patch("documents.index.exists_in", return_value=True),
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.open_dir",
-                side_effect=[FileNotFoundError("missing"), expected_index],
-            ) as mock_open_dir,
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.create_in",
-            ) as mock_create_in,
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.rmtree",
-            ) as mock_rmtree,
-        ):
-            ix = index.open_index()
-
-        self.assertIs(ix, expected_index)
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(mock_open_dir.call_count, 2)
-        mock_rmtree.assert_not_called()
-        mock_create_in.assert_not_called()
-        self.assertEqual(file_marker.read_text(), "keep")
-
-    def test_transient_errors_exhaust_retries_and_recreate(self) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - Index directory exists
-        WHEN:
-            - open_index is called
-            - Opening the index raises FileNotFoundError multiple times due to
-              transient missing segments
-        THEN:
-            - Index is recreated after retries are exhausted
-        """
-        recreated_index = object()
-
-        with (
-            self.assertLogs("paperless.index", level="ERROR") as cm,
-            mock.patch("documents.index.exists_in", return_value=True),
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.open_dir",
-                side_effect=FileNotFoundError("missing"),
-            ) as mock_open_dir,
-            mock.patch("documents.index.rmtree") as mock_rmtree,
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.create_in",
-                return_value=recreated_index,
-            ) as mock_create_in,
-        ):
-            ix = index.open_index()
-
-        self.assertIs(ix, recreated_index)
-        self.assertEqual(mock_open_dir.call_count, 4)
-        mock_rmtree.assert_called_once_with(settings.INDEX_DIR)
-        self._assert_recreate_called(mock_create_in)
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Error while opening the index after retries, recreating.",
-            cm.output[0],
-        )
-
-    def test_non_transient_error_recreates_index(self) -> None:
-        """
-        GIVEN:
-            - Index directory exists
-        WHEN:
-            - open_index is called
-            - Opening the index raises a "non-transient" error
-        THEN:
-            - Index is recreated
-        """
-        recreated_index = object()
-
-        with (
-            self.assertLogs("paperless.index", level="ERROR") as cm,
-            mock.patch("documents.index.exists_in", return_value=True),
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.open_dir",
-                side_effect=RuntimeError("boom"),
-            ),
-            mock.patch("documents.index.rmtree") as mock_rmtree,
-            mock.patch(
-                "documents.index.create_in",
-                return_value=recreated_index,
-            ) as mock_create_in,
-        ):
-            ix = index.open_index()
-
-        self.assertIs(ix, recreated_index)
-        mock_rmtree.assert_called_once_with(settings.INDEX_DIR)
-        self._assert_recreate_called(mock_create_in)
-        self.assertIn(
-            "Error while opening the index, recreating.",
-            cm.output[0],
-        )

src/documents/tests/test_matchables.py

@@ -452,7 +452,10 @@ class TestDocumentConsumptionFinishedSignal(TestCase):
     """
 
     def setUp(self) -> None:
+        from documents.search import reset_backend
+
         TestCase.setUp(self)
+        reset_backend()
         User.objects.create_user(username="test_consumer", password="12345")
         self.doc_contains = Document.objects.create(
             content="I contain the keyword.",
@@ -464,6 +467,9 @@ class TestDocumentConsumptionFinishedSignal(TestCase):
         override_settings(INDEX_DIR=self.index_dir).enable()
 
     def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        from documents.search import reset_backend
+
+        reset_backend()
         shutil.rmtree(self.index_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
     def test_tag_applied_any(self) -> None:

src/documents/tests/test_task_signals.py

@@ -208,10 +208,12 @@ class TestTaskSignalHandler(DirectoriesMixin, TestCase):
             mime_type="application/pdf",
         )
 
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document") as add:
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend") as mock_get_backend:
+            mock_backend = mock.MagicMock()
+            mock_get_backend.return_value = mock_backend
             add_to_index(sender=None, document=root)
 
-        add.assert_called_once_with(root)
+        mock_backend.add_or_update.assert_called_once_with(root)
 
     def test_add_to_index_reindexes_root_for_version_documents(self) -> None:
         root = Document.objects.create(
@@ -226,13 +228,21 @@ class TestTaskSignalHandler(DirectoriesMixin, TestCase):
             root_document=root,
         )
 
-        with mock.patch("documents.index.add_or_update_document") as add:
+        with mock.patch("documents.search.get_backend") as mock_get_backend:
+            mock_backend = mock.MagicMock()
+            mock_get_backend.return_value = mock_backend
             add_to_index(sender=None, document=version)
 
-        self.assertEqual(add.call_count, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(add.call_args_list[0].args[0].id, version.id)
-        self.assertEqual(add.call_args_list[1].args[0].id, root.id)
+        self.assertEqual(mock_backend.add_or_update.call_count, 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            add.call_args_list[1].kwargs,
+            mock_backend.add_or_update.call_args_list[0].args[0].id,
+            version.id,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mock_backend.add_or_update.call_args_list[1].args[0].id,
+            root.id,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mock_backend.add_or_update.call_args_list[1].kwargs,
             {"effective_content": version.content},
         )

src/documents/tests/utils.py

@@ -157,11 +157,17 @@ class DirectoriesMixin:
     """
 
     def setUp(self) -> None:
+        from documents.search import reset_backend
+
+        reset_backend()
         self.dirs = setup_directories()
         super().setUp()
 
     def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        from documents.search import reset_backend
+
         super().tearDown()
+        reset_backend()
         remove_dirs(self.dirs)
 
 

src/documents/views.py

@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ from rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet
 from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSet
 
 from documents import bulk_edit
-from documents import index
 from documents.bulk_download import ArchiveOnlyStrategy
 from documents.bulk_download import OriginalAndArchiveStrategy
 from documents.bulk_download import OriginalsOnlyStrategy
@@ -972,9 +971,9 @@ class DocumentViewSet(
             response_data["content"] = content_doc.content
         response = Response(response_data)
 
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        index.add_or_update_document(refreshed_doc)
+        get_backend().add_or_update(refreshed_doc)
 
         document_updated.send(
             sender=self.__class__,
@@ -984,9 +983,9 @@ class DocumentViewSet(
         return response
 
     def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        index.remove_document_from_index(self.get_object())
+        get_backend().remove(self.get_object().pk)
         try:
             return super().destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -1393,9 +1392,9 @@ class DocumentViewSet(
                 doc.modified = timezone.now()
                 doc.save()
 
-                from documents import index
+                from documents.search import get_backend
 
-                index.add_or_update_document(doc)
+                get_backend().add_or_update(doc)
 
                 notes = serializer.to_representation(doc).get("notes")
 
@@ -1430,9 +1429,9 @@ class DocumentViewSet(
             doc.modified = timezone.now()
             doc.save()
 
-            from documents import index
+            from documents.search import get_backend
 
-            index.add_or_update_document(doc)
+            get_backend().add_or_update(doc)
 
             notes = serializer.to_representation(doc).get("notes")
 
@@ -1744,12 +1743,13 @@ class DocumentViewSet(
                 "Cannot delete the root/original version. Delete the document instead.",
             )
 
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        index.remove_document_from_index(version_doc)
+        _backend = get_backend()
+        _backend.remove(version_doc.pk)
         version_doc_id = version_doc.id
         version_doc.delete()
-        index.add_or_update_document(root_doc)
+        _backend.add_or_update(root_doc)
         if settings.AUDIT_LOG_ENABLED:
             actor = (
                 request.user if request.user and request.user.is_authenticated else None
@@ -1949,10 +1949,6 @@ class ChatStreamingView(GenericAPIView):
     ),
 )
 class UnifiedSearchViewSet(DocumentViewSet):
-    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.searcher = None
-
     def get_serializer_class(self):
         if self._is_search_request():
             return SearchResultSerializer
@@ -1965,17 +1961,34 @@ class UnifiedSearchViewSet(DocumentViewSet):
             or "more_like_id" in self.request.query_params
         )
 
-    def filter_queryset(self, queryset):
-        filtered_queryset = super().filter_queryset(queryset)
+    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self._is_search_request():
+            return super().list(request)
 
-        if self._is_search_request():
-            if "query" in self.request.query_params:
-                from documents import index
+        from documents.search import TantivyRelevanceList
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-                query_class = index.DelayedFullTextQuery
-            elif "more_like_id" in self.request.query_params:
+        try:
+            backend = get_backend()
+            # ORM-filtered queryset: permissions + field filters + ordering (DRF backends applied)
+            filtered_qs = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
+
+            user = None if request.user.is_superuser else request.user
+
+            if "query" in request.query_params:
+                query_str = request.query_params["query"]
+                results = backend.search(
+                    query_str,
+                    user=user,
+                    page=1,
+                    page_size=10000,
+                    sort_field=None,
+                    sort_reverse=False,
+                )
+            else:
+                # more_like_id — validate permission on the seed document first
                 try:
-                    more_like_doc_id = int(self.request.query_params["more_like_id"])
+                    more_like_doc_id = int(request.query_params["more_like_id"])
                     more_like_doc = Document.objects.select_related("owner").get(
                         pk=more_like_doc_id,
                     )
@@ -1983,61 +1996,62 @@ class UnifiedSearchViewSet(DocumentViewSet):
                     raise PermissionDenied(_("Invalid more_like_id"))
 
                 if not has_perms_owner_aware(
-                    self.request.user,
+                    request.user,
                     "view_document",
                     more_like_doc,
                 ):
                     raise PermissionDenied(_("Insufficient permissions."))
 
-                from documents import index
-
-                query_class = index.DelayedMoreLikeThisQuery
-            else:
-                raise ValueError
-
-            return query_class(
-                self.searcher,
-                self.request.query_params,
-                self.paginator.get_page_size(self.request),
-                filter_queryset=filtered_queryset,
-            )
-        else:
-            return filtered_queryset
-
-    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
-        if self._is_search_request():
-            from documents import index
-
-            try:
-                with index.open_index_searcher() as s:
-                    self.searcher = s
-                    queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
-                    page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
-
-                    serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
-                    response = self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
-
-                    response.data["corrected_query"] = (
-                        queryset.suggested_correction
-                        if hasattr(queryset, "suggested_correction")
-                        else None
-                    )
-
-                    return response
-            except NotFound:
-                raise
-            except PermissionDenied as e:
-                invalid_more_like_id_message = _("Invalid more_like_id")
-                if str(e.detail) == str(invalid_more_like_id_message):
-                    return HttpResponseForbidden(invalid_more_like_id_message)
-                return HttpResponseForbidden(_("Insufficient permissions."))
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"An error occurred listing search results: {e!s}")
-                return HttpResponseBadRequest(
-                    "Error listing search results, check logs for more detail.",
+                results = backend.more_like_this(
+                    more_like_doc_id,
+                    user=user,
+                    page=1,
+                    page_size=10000,
                 )
-        else:
-            return super().list(request)
+
+            hits_by_id = {h["id"]: h for h in results.hits}
+
+            # Determine sort order: no ordering param → Tantivy relevance; otherwise → ORM order
+            ordering_param = request.query_params.get("ordering", "").lstrip("-")
+            if not ordering_param:
+                # Preserve Tantivy relevance order; intersect with ORM-visible IDs
+                orm_ids = set(filtered_qs.values_list("pk", flat=True))
+                ordered_hits = [h for h in results.hits if h["id"] in orm_ids]
+            else:
+                # Use ORM ordering (already applied by DocumentsOrderingFilter)
+                hit_ids = set(hits_by_id.keys())
+                orm_ordered_ids = filtered_qs.filter(id__in=hit_ids).values_list(
+                    "pk",
+                    flat=True,
+                )
+                ordered_hits = [
+                    hits_by_id[pk] for pk in orm_ordered_ids if pk in hits_by_id
+                ]
+
+            rl = TantivyRelevanceList(ordered_hits)
+            page = self.paginate_queryset(rl)
+
+            if page is not None:
+                serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
+                response = self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
+                response.data["corrected_query"] = None
+                return response
+
+            serializer = self.get_serializer(ordered_hits, many=True)
+            return Response(serializer.data)
+
+        except NotFound:
+            raise
+        except PermissionDenied as e:
+            invalid_more_like_id_message = _("Invalid more_like_id")
+            if str(e.detail) == str(invalid_more_like_id_message):
+                return HttpResponseForbidden(invalid_more_like_id_message)
+            return HttpResponseForbidden(_("Insufficient permissions."))
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(f"An error occurred listing search results: {e!s}")
+            return HttpResponseBadRequest(
+                "Error listing search results, check logs for more detail.",
+            )
 
     @action(detail=False, methods=["GET"], name="Get Next ASN")
     def next_asn(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -2816,18 +2830,9 @@ class SearchAutoCompleteView(GenericAPIView):
         else:
             limit = 10
 
-        from documents import index
+        from documents.search import get_backend
 
-        ix = index.open_index()
-
-        return Response(
-            index.autocomplete(
-                ix,
-                term,
-                limit,
-                user,
-            ),
-        )
+        return Response(get_backend().autocomplete(term, limit, user))
 
 
 @extend_schema_view(
@@ -2893,20 +2898,21 @@ class GlobalSearchView(PassUserMixin):
             # First search by title
             docs = all_docs.filter(title__icontains=query)
             if not db_only and len(docs) < OBJECT_LIMIT:
-                # If we don't have enough results, search by content
-                from documents import index
+                # If we don't have enough results, search by content.
+                # Over-fetch from Tantivy (no permission filter) and rely on
+                # the ORM all_docs queryset for authoritative permission gating.
+                from documents.search import get_backend
 
-                with index.open_index_searcher() as s:
-                    fts_query = index.DelayedFullTextQuery(
-                        s,
-                        request.query_params,
-                        OBJECT_LIMIT,
-                        filter_queryset=all_docs,
-                    )
-                    results = fts_query[0:1]
-                    docs = docs | Document.objects.filter(
-                        id__in=[r["id"] for r in results],
-                    )
+                fts_results = get_backend().search(
+                    query,
+                    user=None,
+                    page=1,
+                    page_size=1000,
+                    sort_field=None,
+                    sort_reverse=False,
+                )
+                fts_ids = {h["id"] for h in fts_results.hits}
+                docs = docs | all_docs.filter(id__in=fts_ids)
             docs = docs[:OBJECT_LIMIT]
         saved_views = (
             get_objects_for_user_owner_aware(
@@ -4105,10 +4111,16 @@ class SystemStatusView(PassUserMixin):
 
         index_error = None
         try:
-            ix = index.open_index()
+            from documents.search import get_backend
+
+            get_backend()  # triggers open/rebuild; raises on error
             index_status = "OK"
-            index_last_modified = make_aware(
-                datetime.fromtimestamp(ix.last_modified()),
+            # Use the most-recently modified file in the index directory as a proxy
+            # for last index write time (Tantivy has no single last_modified() call).
+            index_dir = settings.INDEX_DIR
+            mtimes = [p.stat().st_mtime for p in index_dir.iterdir() if p.is_file()]
+            index_last_modified = (
+                make_aware(datetime.fromtimestamp(max(mtimes))) if mtimes else None
             )
         except Exception as e:
             index_status = "ERROR"

src/paperless/settings/__init__.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from paperless.settings.custom import parse_hosting_settings
 from paperless.settings.custom import parse_ignore_dates
 from paperless.settings.custom import parse_redis_url
 from paperless.settings.parsers import get_bool_from_env
+from paperless.settings.parsers import get_choice_from_env
 from paperless.settings.parsers import get_float_from_env
 from paperless.settings.parsers import get_int_from_env
 from paperless.settings.parsers import get_list_from_env
@@ -85,6 +86,11 @@ EMPTY_TRASH_DIR = (
 # threads.
 MEDIA_LOCK = MEDIA_ROOT / "media.lock"
 INDEX_DIR = DATA_DIR / "index"
+
+ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD: float | None = get_float_from_env(
+    "PAPERLESS_ADVANCED_FUZZY_SEARCH_THRESHOLD",
+)
+
 MODEL_FILE = get_path_from_env(
     "PAPERLESS_MODEL_FILE",
     DATA_DIR / "classification_model.pickle",
@@ -1033,10 +1039,55 @@ def _get_nltk_language_setting(ocr_lang: str) -> str | None:
     return iso_code_to_nltk.get(ocr_lang)
 
 
+def _get_search_language_setting(ocr_lang: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Determine the Tantivy stemmer language.
+
+    If PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE is explicitly set, it is validated against
+    the languages supported by Tantivy's built-in stemmer and returned as-is.
+    Otherwise the primary Tesseract language code from PAPERLESS_OCR_LANGUAGE
+    is mapped to the corresponding ISO 639-1 code understood by Tantivy.
+    Returns None when unset and the OCR language has no Tantivy stemmer.
+    """
+    explicit = os.environ.get("PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE")
+    if explicit is not None:
+        # Lazy import avoids any app-loading order concerns; _tokenizer has no
+        # Django dependencies so this is safe.
+        from documents.search._tokenizer import SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES
+
+        return get_choice_from_env("PAPERLESS_SEARCH_LANGUAGE", SUPPORTED_LANGUAGES)
+
+    # Infer from the primary Tesseract language code (ISO 639-2/T → ISO 639-1)
+    primary = ocr_lang.split("+", maxsplit=1)[0].lower()
+    _ocr_to_search: dict[str, str] = {
+        "ara": "ar",
+        "dan": "da",
+        "nld": "nl",
+        "eng": "en",
+        "fin": "fi",
+        "fra": "fr",
+        "deu": "de",
+        "ell": "el",
+        "hun": "hu",
+        "ita": "it",
+        "nor": "no",
+        "por": "pt",
+        "ron": "ro",
+        "rus": "ru",
+        "spa": "es",
+        "swe": "sv",
+        "tam": "ta",
+        "tur": "tr",
+    }
+    return _ocr_to_search.get(primary)
+
+
 NLTK_ENABLED: Final[bool] = get_bool_from_env("PAPERLESS_ENABLE_NLTK", "yes")
 
 NLTK_LANGUAGE: str | None = _get_nltk_language_setting(OCR_LANGUAGE)
 
+SEARCH_LANGUAGE: str | None = _get_search_language_setting(OCR_LANGUAGE)
+
 ###############################################################################
 # Email Preprocessors                                                         #
 ###############################################################################

src/paperless/views.py

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
 from rest_framework.response import Response
 from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
 
-from documents.index import DelayedQuery
 from documents.permissions import PaperlessObjectPermissions
 from documents.tasks import llmindex_index
 from paperless.filters import GroupFilterSet
@@ -72,20 +71,12 @@ class StandardPagination(PageNumberPagination):
         )
 
     def get_all_result_ids(self):
+        from documents.search import TantivyRelevanceList
+
         query = self.page.paginator.object_list
-        if isinstance(query, DelayedQuery):
-            try:
-                ids = [
-                    query.searcher.ixreader.stored_fields(
-                        doc_num,
-                    )["id"]
-                    for doc_num in query.saved_results.get(0).results.docs()
-                ]
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-        else:
-            ids = self.page.paginator.object_list.values_list("pk", flat=True)
-        return ids
+        if isinstance(query, TantivyRelevanceList):
+            return [h["id"] for h in query._hits]
+        return self.page.paginator.object_list.values_list("pk", flat=True)
 
     def get_paginated_response_schema(self, schema):
         response_schema = super().get_paginated_response_schema(schema)

uv.lock

@@ -350,15 +350,6 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b3/73/3183c9e41ca755713bdf2cc1d0810df742c09484e2e1ddd693bee53877c1/brotli-1.2.0-cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:d2d085ded05278d1c7f65560aae97b3160aeb2ea2c0b3e26204856beccb60888", size = 1488164, upload-time = "2025-11-05T18:38:53.079Z" },
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cached-property"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/4b/3d870836119dbe9a5e3c9a61af8cc1a8b69d75aea564572e385882d5aefb/cached_property-2.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:484d617105e3ee0e4f1f58725e72a8ef9e93deee462222dbd51cd91230897641", size = 10574, upload-time = "2024-10-25T15:43:55.667Z" }
-wheels = [
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     { name = "pytest-xdist", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin' or sys_platform == 'linux'" },
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     { name = "pytest-xdist", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin' or sys_platform == 'linux'" },
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     { name = "sentence-transformers", specifier = ">=4.1" },
     { name = "setproctitle", specifier = "~=1.3.4" },
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     { name = "torch", specifier = "~=2.10.0", index = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu" },
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     { name = "pytest-xdist", specifier = "~=3.8.0" },
     { name = "ruff", specifier = "~=0.15.0" },
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     { name = "pytest-sugar" },
     { name = "pytest-xdist", specifier = "~=3.8.0" },
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