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# Quality assurance
Ensuring quality is paramount for this project, particularly because [numerous other projects](../home/customers.md)
depend on it. Each commit to the library undergoes rigorous checks against the following requirements, and any
violations will result in a failed build.
## C++ language compliance and compiler compatibility
!!! success "Requirement: Compiler support"
Any compiler with complete C++11 support can compile the library without warnings.
- [x] The library is compiled with 50+ different C++ compilers with different operating systems and platforms,
including the oldest versions known to compile the library.
??? abstract "Compilers used in continuous integration"
| Compiler | Architecture | Operating System | CI |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------|-----------|
| AppleClang 15.0.0.15000040; Xcode 15.0.1 | arm64 | macOS 14.7.2 (Sonoma) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 15.0.0.15000100; Xcode 15.1 | arm64 | macOS 14.7.2 (Sonoma) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 15.0.0.15000100; Xcode 15.2 | arm64 | macOS 14.7.2 (Sonoma) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 15.0.0.15000309; Xcode 15.3 | arm64 | macOS 14.7.2 (Sonoma) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 15.0.0.15000309; Xcode 15.4 | arm64 | macOS 14.7.2 (Sonoma) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 16.0.0.16000026; Xcode 16 | arm64 | macOS 15.2 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 16.0.0.16000026; Xcode 16.1 | arm64 | macOS 15.2 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 16.0.0.16000026; Xcode 16.2 | arm64 | macOS 15.2 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 17.0.0.17000013; Xcode 16.3 | arm64 | macOS 15.5 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 17.0.0.17000013; Xcode 16.4 | arm64 | macOS 15.5 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| AppleClang 17.0.0.17000319; Xcode 26.0.1 | arm64 | macOS 15.5 (Sequoia) | GitHub |
| Clang 3.4.2 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 3.5.2 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 3.6.2 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 3.7.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 3.8.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 3.9.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 4.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 5.0.2 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 6.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 7.1.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 8.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 9.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 10.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 11.0.1 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 11.1.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 12.0.1 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 12.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 13.0.1 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 13.0.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 14.0.6 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 14.0.6 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 15.0.7 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 15.0.7 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 16.0.6 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 16.0.6 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 17.0.6 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 18.1.8 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 18.1.8 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 19.1.5 with MSVC-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 19.1.7 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 19.1.7 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 20.1.1 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| Clang 20.1.8 with GNU-like command-line | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| Clang 21.1.8 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| CUDA 11.0.221 (nvcc) | x86_64 | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS | GitHub |
| Emscripten 4.0.6 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 4.8.5 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 4.9.3 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 5.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 6.4.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 7.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 8.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 9.3.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 9.4.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 9.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 10.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 11.4.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 11.5.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 12.2.0 (MinGW-W64 i686-ucrt-posix-dwarf) | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| GNU 12.2.0 (MinGW-W64 x86_64-ucrt-posix-seh) | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| GNU 12.4.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 13.3.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 14.2.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 15.1.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 16.1.0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS | GitHub |
| GNU 16.1.0 | arm64 | Linux 6.1.100 | Cirrus CI |
| icpc (ICC) 2021.5.0 20211109 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub |
| icpx (Intel oneAPI DPC++/C++) 2025.3.2 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 24.04 LTS | GitHub |
| nvc++ (NVIDIA HPC SDK) 25.5-0 | x86_64 | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS | GitHub |
| MSVC 19.0.24241.7 | x86 | Windows 8.1 | AppVeyor |
| MSVC 19.16.27035.0 | x86 | Windows-10 (Build 14393) | AppVeyor |
| MSVC 19.29.30157.0 | x86 | Windows-10 (Build 17763) | AppVeyor |
| MSVC 19.44.35207.0 | arm64 | Windows 11 (Build 26200) | GitHub |
| MSVC 19.44.35214.0 | x86 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| MSVC 19.44.35214.0 | x86_64 | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub |
| MSVC 19.51.36231.0 | x86 | Windows Server 2025 (Build 26100) | GitHub |
| MSVC 19.51.36231.0 | x86_64 | Windows Server 2025 (Build 26100) | GitHub |
- [x] The library is compiled with all C++ language revisions (C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20, C++23, and C++26) to detect
and fix language deprecations early.
- [x] The library is checked for compiler warnings:
- On Clang, `-Weverything` is used with 8 exceptions.
??? abstract "Clang warnings"
```cmake
--8<-- "../../../cmake/clang_flags.cmake"
```
- On GCC, 300+ warnings are enabled with 8 exceptions.
??? abstract "GCC warnings"
```cmake
--8<-- "../../../cmake/gcc_flags.cmake"
```
## C++ standard library compliance
!!! success "Requirement: No prerequisites"
The library has no prerequisites other than the Standard Template Library (STL).
- [x] The library is compiled and tested with both [libc++](https://libcxx.llvm.org) and
[libstdc++](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/) to detect subtle differences or incompatibilities.
- [x] The code checked with [Include What You Use (IWYU)](https://include-what-you-use.org) that all required standard
headers are included.
- [x] On Windows, the library is compiled with `<Windows.h>` being included to detect and avoid common bugs.
- [x] The library is compiled with exceptions disabled to support alternative means of error handling.
## Stable public API
!!! success "Requirement: Stable public API"
Any change to the library does not break the public API.
- [x] All public API functions are tested with a variety of arguments.
- [x] The library is compiled and tested with different template arguments for number, string, array, and object types.
- [x] Unit tests cover all lines of the code base.
- [x] Every exception of the library is thrown in the test suite, and the error messages and exception ids are checked.
!!! success "Requirement: Complete documentation"
The public API is extensively documented.
- [x] Every public API function has a dedicated page in the
[API reference documentation](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/) with a self-contained code example.
- [x] All examples in the documentation are tested, and changes in their output are treated as an error.
## Robust input processing
!!! success "Requirement: Standards compliance"
The library is compliant to JSON as defined in [RFC 8259](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8259).
- [x] The lexer is tested with all valid Unicode code points and all prefixes of all invalid Unicode code points.
- [x] The parser is tested against extensive correctness suites for JSON compliance.
- [x] In addition, the library is continuously fuzz-tested at [OSS-Fuzz](https://google.github.io/oss-fuzz/) where the
library is checked against billions of inputs.
## Static analysis
!!! success "Requirement: State-of-the-art code analysis"
The code is checked with state-of-the-art static code analysis tools.
- [x] The code is checked with the latest [Clang-Tidy](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/).
??? abstract "Clang-Tidy configuration (.clang-tidy)"
```ini
--8<-- "../../../.clang-tidy"
```
- [x] The code is checked with the latest [Cppcheck](https://cppcheck.sourceforge.io) with all warnings enabled.
- [x] The code is checked with the latest [Clang Static Analyzer](https://clang-analyzer.llvm.org) with 89 enabled
rules.
- [x] The code is checked with [Infer](https://fbinfer.com).
- [x] The code is checked with [Codacy](https://app.codacy.com/gh/nlohmann/json/dashboard).
## Dynamic analysis
!!! success "Requirement: Correctness"
The library is checked for memory correctness and absence of undefined behavior.
- [x] The test suite is executed with enabled [runtime assertions](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/assertions/) to
check invariants and preconditions of functions to detect undefined behavior.
- [x] The test suite is executed with [Valgrind](https://valgrind.org) (Memcheck) to detect memory leaks.
- [x] The test suite is executed with [Sanitizers](https://github.com/google/sanitizers) (address sanitizer, undefined
behavior sanitizer, integer overflow detection, nullability violations).
## Style check
!!! success "Requirement: Common code style"
A common code style is used throughout all code files of the library.
- [x] The code is formatted with [Artistic Style](https://astyle.sourceforge.net) (astyle) against a style configuration
that is also enforced in the CI.
??? abstract "Astyle configuration (tools/astyle/.astylerc)"
```ini
--8<-- "../../../tools/astyle/.astylerc"
```
- [x] The code style is checked with [cpplint](https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint) with 61 enabled rules.
## Simple integration
!!! success "Requirement: Single header"
The library can be used by adding a single header to a C++ project.
- [x] An amalgamation script is used to check if the source code is exposed as a self-contained single-header file.
- [x] The test suite is checked against the amalgamated source file as well as the individual source file.
!!! success "Requirement: CMake as primary development tool"
All library functions are exposed and usable by CMake.
- [x] All library options are exposed as [CMake options](https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/cmake/) and tested.
- [x] The library is tested against relevant CMake versions:
- CMake 3.5 (the earliest supported)
- CMake 3.31.6 (the latest 3.x release)
- CMake 4.0.0 (a very recent release)
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