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Niels Lohmann 63c10a51fc Review and extend the documentation, and check it in CI (#5638) 
* Review and extend the documentation, and check it in CI

A review of all documentation pages found factual errors, dead links,
missing cross-references, and gaps in examples. This fixes them and adds
checks so the same problems are caught automatically.

Fixes:
- wrong signatures and version histories (operator!= C++20 member,
  binary() subtype type, get<PointerType>(), JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL, ...)
- stale descriptions (number parsing since #5283, UBJSON table, SAX
  example that no longer compiled, tsl::ordered_map advice)
- dead internal and external links; repology.org badges (the domain is
  suspended) replaced by badges that query the registries directly
- deprecation notes link the migration guide; the guide itself fixed

Additions:
- "See also" sections, cross-references, 25 runnable examples, 12
  Mermaid diagrams, new API pages for json_pointer::operator<=> and
  byte_container_with_subtype::operator==/!=
- landing page, guides for untrusted input and performance
- "unreleased" badge after versions newer than the latest release

Checks:
- strict documentation build (broken links/anchors fail it); CI and
  the publish workflow fetch the full history the build needs
- weekly external link check, Mermaid syntax check in CI
- check_structure.py: example titles, heading levels, alt texts,
  header links, docset index coverage; its unused-example check works
  again
- all examples produce the same output on every platform

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Keep the customer links that could not be fixed

A dead link on the customers page is still the evidence of where the
use of the library was documented. Keep the original URLs of the entries
without a working replacement (Marne, Cisco Webex Desk Camera, Philips
Hue, CyberArk) and exclude exactly these URLs from the link check.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Correct the duplicate-key recipe's claim about SAX positions

The SAX interface's key() receives no position either; only parse_error()
does. Also note that the recipe does not report the path to the repeated
key (see discussion #5085).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Say the library is available as a single header and mention json_fwd.hpp

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Correct documentation errors found while hunting for bugs

- patch/patch_inplace: list the JSON pointer errors parse_error.106-109
  and out_of_range.402/404, and quote the actual parse_error.105 message.
- unflatten: list parse_error.106/107/108 and out_of_range.404.
- to_bson: list out_of_range.415 (binary subtype above 255) and note
  that 412 and 415 are new in 3.13.0.
- to_string: state that string_t must be convertible to std::string, also
  in the StringType requirements table.
- JSON Lines: a `while (input >> j)` loop also throws after the last value
  for concatenated JSON values; show a loop that works for both.
- BON8: a string gets 0xFF only if nothing follows it in the message; a
  string at the end of an array or object is ended by 0xFE.
- custom_string_type.hpp: add operator+=(char), which the "Always
  required" list asks for (json_pointer::to_string, flatten, unflatten,
  and diff did not compile), and an ADL int_to_string for diff and items.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Cache the release headers with functools.lru_cache

Codacy (Pylint) flagged the mutable default argument that header() used
as its cache. functools.lru_cache keeps the same memoization without it.
The script's output is unchanged.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-10-02 11:32:15 +02:00

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# Releases
This page summarizes the notable changes of every release and links to the relevant documentation.
The **complete release notes** — including all changes, the download files, and their checksums — are
published on the [GitHub releases page](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases).
!!! info "Unreleased changes"
This documentation is built from the `develop` branch and may describe changes that are not part of a release
yet. Their version numbers are followed by an <span class="unreleased-version">unreleased</span> badge.
## v3.12.0 (2025-04-11)
Fixes bugs found in 3.11.3 and adds several features. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds diagnostic byte positions via [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md),
exposed through the new [`start_pos`](../api/basic_json/start_pos.md) and
[`end_pos`](../api/basic_json/end_pos.md) member functions.
- Makes the [conversion macros](../features/arbitrary_types.md#simplify-your-life-with-macros)
templated (so they also work with [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md)) and adds
[`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md) for derived classes.
- Adds `std::optional` support (C++17) and lets [`patch`](../api/basic_json/patch.md),
[`diff`](../api/basic_json/diff.md), and [`flatten`](../api/basic_json/flatten.md) work with
arbitrary string types.
- Extends the [binary formats](../features/binary_formats/index.md):
[BJData](../features/binary_formats/bjdata.md) draft 3 and unsigned 64-bit integers for
[BSON](../features/binary_formats/bson.md).
- Adds multidimensional C-array conversion and UTF-8 encoded `std::filesystem::path` conversions, and
lowers the minimum [CMake](../integration/cmake.md) version to allow CMake 4.0.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.12.0).
## v3.11.3 (2023-11-28)
Adds features and fixes bugs found in 3.11.2. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds a [custom base class](../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t.md) as a node customization point.
- Adds serialization-only [conversion macros](../features/macros.md)
(`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE` and `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE`)
and a clearer parse error for empty input.
- Adds [Bazel](../integration/package_managers.md#bazel) and
[Swift Package Manager](../integration/package_managers.md#swift-package-manager) build support.
- Fixes custom allocators, a memory leak in [`adl_serializer`](../api/adl_serializer/to_json.md)'s
`to_json`, initializer-list construction when `size_type` is not `int`, and many compiler warnings.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.11.3).
## v3.11.2 (2022-08-12)
Fixes bugs found in 3.11.1 and restructures the namespace. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes the [`value`](../api/basic_json/value.md) function (broken for strings, size types, and
`nullptr` in 3.11.0) and makes `json_fwd.hpp` self-contained.
- Restores using [`json_pointer`](../api/json_pointer/index.md) as a key in associative containers and
comparing it with strings.
- Restructures the inline [namespace](../features/namespace.md) and allows disabling the version
component, and avoids heap allocations in the [BJData](../features/binary_formats/bjdata.md) parser.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.11.2).
## v3.11.1 (2022-08-01)
Fixes a regression from 3.11.0. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Restores the global [user-defined string literals](../api/macros/json_use_global_udls.md)
[`operator""_json`](../api/operator_literal_json.md) and
[`operator""_json_pointer`](../api/operator_literal_json_pointer.md), which 3.11.0 had moved into a
namespace by default.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.11.1).
## v3.11.0 (2022-08-01)
One of the largest releases ever. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Allows `std::string_view` as object keys in [`at`](../api/basic_json/at.md),
[`operator[]`](../api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D.md), [`value`](../api/basic_json/value.md),
[`erase`](../api/basic_json/erase.md), [`find`](../api/basic_json/find.md),
[`contains`](../api/basic_json/contains.md), and [`count`](../api/basic_json/count.md).
- Adds the [BJData](../features/binary_formats/bjdata.md) binary format (the fifth supported format).
- Improves C++20 support, including [`operator<=>`](../api/basic_json/operator_spaceship.md) and
`<ranges>`-compatible iterators.
- Adds a versioned, ABI-tagged inline [namespace](../features/namespace.md)
([`NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE`](../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace.md)) and the option to move the
UDLs out of the global namespace ([`JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS`](../api/macros/json_use_global_udls.md)).
- Adds [`patch_inplace`](../api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md), default values for the
[conversion macros](../features/arbitrary_types.md#simplify-your-life-with-macros), and an option to
disable enum serialization ([`JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION`](../api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization.md)).
This release introduced a UDL regression that was fixed in
[3.11.1](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.11.1).
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.11.0).
## v3.10.5 (2022-01-03)
Bug-fix release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Guards the `std::filesystem` conversions behind compiler-support checks
([`JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM`](../api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md)), which can be set to `0` to disable
them altogether.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.5).
## v3.10.4 (2021-10-16)
Fixes regressions introduced in 3.10.0. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes the `std::filesystem::path` conversion (which could trigger a stack overflow and broke
compilation on Windows).
- Fixes compilation for types with an explicit defaulted constructor and for code relying on the
return values of `std::find` and `std::remove`.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.4).
## v3.10.3 (2021-10-08)
Fixes more regressions from 3.10.0. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes [extended-diagnostics](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md) assertions triggered by
[`update`](../api/basic_json/update.md) and by inserting into arrays.
- Supports custom allocators when writing binary formats into a `std::vector`, and allows conversion
from types that only provide `begin()`/`end()`.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.3).
## v3.10.2 (2021-08-26)
Re-release of 3.10.1, whose Git tag pointed at the wrong commit due to a bug in the release script.
All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.2).
## v3.10.1 (2021-08-24)
Fixes a regression from 3.10.0. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes an [extended-diagnostics](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md) assertion triggered when used
with [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md), and hardens the GDB pretty-printer.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.1).
## v3.10.0 (2021-08-17)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds [extended diagnostic messages](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md)
([`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md)) that prepend a JSON pointer to exception
messages to pinpoint the offending value.
- Adds a GDB pretty-printer and a [`cbor_tag_handler_t`](../api/basic_json/cbor_tag_handler_t.md)
`store` option to keep CBOR tags as binary subtypes.
- Supports containers with non-default-constructible types and parsing from `std::byte`.
- Adds [`JSON_NO_IO`](../api/macros/json_no_io.md) to exclude the I/O headers and the
[`JSON_HAS_CPP_*`](../api/macros/json_has_cpp_11.md) macros to override the detected C++ standard.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.10.0).
## v3.9.1 (2020-08-06)
Fixes two regressions from 3.9.0. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Accepts consecutive [comments](../features/comments.md) and completes the
[`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md) interface (e.g. `ordered_json::parse`).
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.9.1).
## v3.9.0 (2020-07-27)
Feature release adding four long-requested features. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Optional [comment](../features/comments.md) parsing in [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) via the
`ignore_comments` parameter.
- [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md) to preserve the [insertion order](../features/object_order.md)
of object keys.
- An option to switch off [implicit conversions](../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md).
- The [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](../features/arbitrary_types.md#simplify-your-life-with-macros)
convenience macros, plus high-precision-number support for
[UBJSON](../features/binary_formats/ubjson.md) and CBOR tag handling.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.9.0).
## v3.8.0 (2020-06-14)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Introduces a [binary value](../features/binary_values.md) type that is read from and written to
[CBOR](../features/binary_formats/cbor.md), [BSON](../features/binary_formats/bson.md), and
[MessagePack](../features/binary_formats/messagepack.md), and can be shared between formats.
- Generalizes the input adapters to read from any `LegacyInputIterator` container (3–10 % faster
parsing).
- Fixes [`contains`](../api/basic_json/contains.md) for JSON pointers and makes the binary
[`from_cbor`](../api/basic_json/from_cbor.md)/[`from_msgpack`](../api/basic_json/from_msgpack.md)/etc.
functions respect `allow_exceptions`.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.8.0).
## v3.7.3 (2019-11-17)
Fixes a regression from 3.7.2 that could yield quadratic complexity in destructor calls. All changes
are backward-compatible. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.7.3).
## v3.7.2 (2019-11-10)
Fixes a stack overflow for deeply nested input by making the destructor iterative; parsing is now
bounded only by available memory. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.7.2).
## v3.7.1 (2019-11-06)
Bug-fix release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes a segmentation fault when serializing the `std::int64_t` minimum value and fixes
[`contains`](../api/basic_json/contains.md) for JSON pointers.
- Allows [`items`](../api/basic_json/items.md) with a custom string type and makes `json_pointer::back`
`const`.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.7.1).
## v3.7.0 (2019-07-28)
Convenience features and house-keeping. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds a [`contains`](../api/basic_json/contains.md) overload that checks a JSON pointer without
throwing, a generic `to_string`, and a return value for
[`emplace_back`](../api/basic_json/emplace_back.md).
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.7.0).
## v3.6.1 (2019-03-20)
Fixes a regression (GCC 7/8 compilation) and a `<Windows.h>` build error introduced in 3.6.0. All
changes are backward-compatible. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.6.1).
## v3.6.0 (2019-03-20)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Reworks the [JSON pointer](../features/json_pointer.md) interface (`operator/`, `push_back`,
`parent_pointer`, …).
- Adds a [`contains`](../api/basic_json/contains.md) function to test for an object key and greatly
improves the performance of integer serialization.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.6.0).
## v3.5.0 (2018-12-22)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds structured-binding support via the [`items`](../api/basic_json/items.md) function and reading
from `FILE*` in the [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) function.
- Fixes the `eofbit` handling on input streams and a bug in the BSON SAX parser.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.5.0).
## v3.4.0 (2018-10-30)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds [BSON](../features/binary_formats/bson.md) read/write support.
- Adds configurable Unicode error handlers to [`dump`](../api/basic_json/dump.md) (throw, replace with
U+FFFD, or ignore) and the
[`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) macro for
[enum conversion](../features/enum_conversion.md).
- Improves parse-error messages with line/column positions and context.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.4.0).
## v3.3.0 (2018-10-05)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds GCC 4.8 support, the [`get_to`](../api/basic_json/get_to.md) function, and an overhauled and
documented [CMake](../integration/cmake.md) integration.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.3.0).
## v3.2.0 (2018-08-20)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds a [SAX interface](../features/parsing/sax_interface.md) and a non-recursive parser.
- Adds parsing from wide-string types (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) and
`std::string_view` (C++17), and round-tripping of `std::map`/`std::unordered_map` with non-string
keys.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.2.0).
## v3.1.2 (2018-03-14)
Bug-fix release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes a memory leak in the parser callback and adds user-defined string-type support to the parser
and serializer.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.1.2).
## v3.1.1 (2018-02-13)
Bug-fix release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Fixes parsing of indefinite-length CBOR strings, a user-defined conversion to vector types, and
overflow detection for UBJSON containers.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.1.1).
## v3.1.0 (2018-02-01)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds [UBJSON](../features/binary_formats/ubjson.md) read/write support and
[JSON Merge Patch](../features/merge_patch.md) via [`merge_patch`](../api/basic_json/merge_patch.md).
- Switches to the Grisu2 algorithm for short, round-trippable floating-point output, and splits the
header into [multiple files](../integration/index.md) with a forward-declaration header.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.1.0).
## v3.0.1 (2017-12-29)
Fixes small issues in the [JSON Pointer](../features/json_pointer.md) and
[JSON Patch](../features/json_patch.md) implementations (invalid "copy" targets and non-integer array
indices). All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.0.1).
## v3.0.0 (2017-12-17)
First 3.x release — a major release with breaking changes (see the
[migration guide](../integration/migration_guide.md)).
- Introduces user-defined [exceptions](exceptions.md) (`json::exception` and subtypes, each with an
identifier).
- Adds a non-throwing [`accept`](../api/basic_json/accept.md) function and an `allow_exceptions` flag
for [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md), and an [`update`](../api/basic_json/update.md) function to
merge objects.
- Adds streaming for CBOR and MessagePack and allows storing NaN/infinity.
- Non-UTF-8 strings now throw on serialization, and the iterator category changed to bidirectional.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v3.0.0).
## v2.1.1 (2017-02-25)
Bug-fix release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Makes number parsing and serialization locale-independent with correct floating-point
round-tripping; released files are now GPG-signed.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.1.1).
## v2.1.0 (2017-01-28)
Feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Adds conversions from and to [arbitrary user-defined types](../features/arbitrary_types.md) via
`to_json`/`from_json`, the [`meta`](../api/basic_json/meta.md) function, and the option to switch off
exceptions ([`JSON_NOEXCEPTION`](../api/macros/json_noexception.md)).
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.1.0).
## v2.0.10 (2017-01-02)
Fixes several security-relevant bugs in the CBOR and MessagePack parsers found by OSS-Fuzz. All
changes are backward-compatible. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.10).
## v2.0.9 (2016-12-16)
Adds the [CBOR](../features/binary_formats/cbor.md) and
[MessagePack](../features/binary_formats/messagepack.md) binary formats. All changes are
backward-compatible. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.9).
## v2.0.8 (2016-12-02)
Adds the [`emplace`](../api/basic_json/emplace.md) and
[`emplace_back`](../api/basic_json/emplace_back.md) functions and improves parsing and serialization
performance. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.8).
## v2.0.7 (2016-11-02)
Fixes several parser bugs found through the "Parsing JSON is a Minefield" study (short files, encoding
detection, surrogate pairs). All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.7).
## v2.0.6 (2016-10-15)
Fixes [`operator[]`](../api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D.md) for [JSON pointers](../features/json_pointer.md)
so that it creates missing values like the other overloads. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.6).
## v2.0.5 (2016-09-14)
Fixes a remaining stream end-of-file detection bug in the parser. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.5).
## v2.0.4 (2016-09-11)
Fixes stream end-of-file detection in the parser. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.4).
## v2.0.3 (2016-08-31)
Generalizes the parser to accept any contiguous sequence of one-byte elements and deprecates the
input-stream constructor in favor of the [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) function. All changes
are backward-compatible. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.3).
## v2.0.2 (2016-07-31)
Overhauls the parser (now rejecting unescaped control characters), tightens the class invariants, and
cleans up the code. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.2).
## v2.0.1 (2016-06-28)
Fixes a performance regression in the [`dump`](../api/basic_json/dump.md) function by adjusting the
stream locale once per serialization. All changes are backward-compatible.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.1).
## v2.0.0 (2016-06-24)
Feature release with a minor (potentially non-backward-compatible) API change from added `noexcept`
and `constexpr` specifiers.
- Adds [JSON Pointer](../features/json_pointer.md) support in [`at`](../api/basic_json/at.md) and
[`operator[]`](../api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D.md), plus [`flatten`](../api/basic_json/flatten.md)
and [`unflatten`](../api/basic_json/unflatten.md).
- Adds [JSON Patch](../features/json_patch.md) via [`diff`](../api/basic_json/diff.md) and
[`patch`](../api/basic_json/patch.md), unsigned 64-bit integer support, and locale-independent
serialization.
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v2.0.0).
## v1.1.0 (2016-01-24)
Bug-fix and feature release. All changes are backward-compatible.
- Improves floating-point round-tripping, adds a `get_ref` accessor for stored values, and introduces
runtime [assertions](../features/assertions.md).
[Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v1.1.0).
## v1.0.0 (2015-12-28)
First official release. [Full release notes](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/v1.0.0).
## See also
- [Migration Guide](../integration/migration_guide.md) — how to future-proof your code for the next
major version and replace deprecated functions.
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