Throw when JSON Patch remove's target path resolves through a primitive or null parent

RFC 6902 (section 4.2) requires the target location of a "remove"
operation to exist. operation_remove handled parent.is_object() and
parent.is_array(), but had no final else branch: when the resolved
parent was a primitive value or null, neither branch matched and the
operation silently did nothing instead of failing.

Add the missing else branch, throwing out_of_range.413 with wording
that matches the existing out_of_range.411 thrown by the analogous
"add" case (operation_add) for the same kind of invalid parent.

Fixes #5396.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -108,9 +108,7 @@ The tests are located in [`tests/src/unit-*.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/js
 are structured along the features of the library or the nature of the tests. Usually, it should be clear from the
 context which existing file needs to be extended, and only very few cases require creating new test files.
 
-When fixing a bug, edit `unit-regression3.cpp` and add a section referencing the fixed issue.
+When fixing a bug, edit `unit-regression2.cpp` and add a section referencing the fixed issue.
-`unit-regression2.cpp` holds the older tests; the two files exist because a single one grew large enough for the
-MinGW linker to fail relocating it, so please keep adding to the smaller file rather than growing the larger one.
 
 #### Exceptions
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/patch.md

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON va
   ("add", "remove", "move")
 - Throws [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) if an "add" operation's target
   location has a parent that is neither an object nor an array.
+- Throws [`out_of_range.413`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range413) if a "remove" operation's target
+  location has a parent that is neither an object nor an array.
 - Throws [`other_error.501`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionother_error501) if "test" operation was
   unsuccessful.
 
@@ -75,3 +77,5 @@ is thrown. In any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied
 - Added in version 2.0.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
   target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
+- Added [`out_of_range.413`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range413) and stopped silently ignoring a "remove" operation whose target
+  location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ No guarantees, value may be corrupted by an unsuccessful patch operation.
   ("add", "remove", "move")
 - Throws [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) if an "add" operation's target
   location has a parent that is neither an object nor an array.
+- Throws [`out_of_range.413`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range413) if a "remove" operation's target
+  location has a parent that is neither an object nor an array.
 - Throws [`other_error.501`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionother_error501) if "test" operation was
   unsuccessful.
 
@@ -72,3 +74,5 @@ function throws an exception.
 - Added in version 3.11.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
   target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
+- Added [`out_of_range.413`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range413) and stopped silently ignoring a "remove" operation whose target
+  location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/binary_formats/ubjson.md

@@ -69,12 +69,6 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to UBJSON types ac
     Note that `use_size = true` alone may result in larger representations - the benefit of this parameter is that the
     receiving side is immediately informed on the number of elements of the container.
 
-    An array whose type marker is `Z` (null), `T` (true) or `F` (false) stores no payload at all, because the marker
-    already is the value. Its declared count is therefore the only thing that decides how much memory the receiving side
-    allocates, and a handful of bytes can describe billions of elements. `from_ubjson` rejects such an array with
-    [`out_of_range.408`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range408) when the count exceeds 1,048,576, and
-    `to_ubjson` writes longer arrays of these types without the annotation, so any value it produces can be read back.
-
 !!! info "Binary values"
 
     If the JSON data contains the binary type, the value stored is a list of integers, as suggested by the UBJSON

docs/mkdocs/docs/home/exceptions.md

@@ -868,12 +868,6 @@ The size of an array or object in a [binary format](../features/binary_formats/i
 the size following `#` for [UBJSON](../features/binary_formats/ubjson.md)/[BJData](../features/binary_formats/bjdata.md),
 or the encoded length for [CBOR](../features/binary_formats/cbor.md).
 
-The exception is also thrown for a [UBJSON](../features/binary_formats/ubjson.md) array of a type that is encoded by its
-marker alone (`Z`, `T` or `F`) whose declared count exceeds 1,048,576. Such an array has no payload, so its count alone
-decides how much memory is allocated, and a handful of bytes would otherwise describe billions of values.
-[`to_ubjson`](../api/basic_json/to_ubjson.md) writes longer arrays of these types without the size and type annotation,
-so any value it produces can still be read back.
-
 !!! failure "Example messages"
 
     ```
@@ -885,9 +879,6 @@ so any value it produces can still be read back.
     ```
     [json.exception.out_of_range.408] syntax error while parsing CBOR size: excessive map size
     ```
-    ```
-    [json.exception.out_of_range.408] syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: excessive array size
-    ```
 
 ### json.exception.out_of_range.409
 
@@ -942,6 +933,20 @@ BSON stores the length of documents, arrays, strings, and binary values in a sig
     [`to_bson`](../api/basic_json/to_bson.md) produced documents with negative length prefixes that
     [`from_bson`](../api/basic_json/from_bson.md) rejected.
 
+### json.exception.out_of_range.413
+
+A JSON Patch `remove` operation cannot be applied because the target location's parent is neither an object nor an array. Per [RFC 6902](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6902), a `remove` target must reference a member of an existing object or an element of an existing array; a primitive value (string, number, boolean, etc.) or `null` has no members or elements to remove.
+
+!!! failure "Example message"
+
+    ```
+    cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type number, but must be an object or array
+    ```
+
+!!! note
+
+    This exception was added in version 3.13.0. Before that, this situation was silently ignored (the `remove` operation had no effect).
+
 ## Further exceptions
 
 This exception is thrown in case of errors that cannot be classified with the

include/nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp

@@ -58,26 +58,6 @@ inline bool little_endianness(int num = 1) noexcept
     return *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&num) == 1;
 }
 
-/*!
-@brief largest element count accepted for a UBJSON container of a valueless type
-
-An element of type 'Z' (null), 'T' (true) or 'F' (false) is encoded by its
-type marker alone, so an optimized container of one of those types has no
-payload at all and its declared count is the only thing that decides how much
-is allocated: `[$Z#L` followed by a large count turns some ten bytes of input
-into that many values (see #2793, which reports 35 GB and 150 seconds). Every
-other type costs at least one byte per element and is bounded by the end of
-the input.
-
-This is a sanity bound rather than a security boundary, and it is far above
-any container met in practice. @ref binary_writer falls back to the
-unoptimized encoding for longer containers, so that a value serialized by
-this library can always be read back.
-
-@sa https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2793
-*/
-JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr std::size_t max_valueless_container_size = 1 << 20;
-
 ///////////////////
 // binary reader //
 ///////////////////
@@ -1016,21 +996,23 @@ class binary_reader
     }
 
     /*!
-    @brief reads a definite-length CBOR string
+    @brief reads a CBOR string
 
-    Reads everything @ref get_cbor_string accepts except the indefinite-length
+    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    form, which that function handles itself. The bytes are appended to @a
+    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
-    result, so consecutive chunks of an indefinite-length string can be read
+    Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
-    into the same string.
 
-    @param[out] result  string the bytes are appended to
+    @param[out] result  created string
 
     @return whether string creation completed
-
-    @pre @a current is not EOF
     */
-    bool get_cbor_string_chunk(string_t& result)
+    bool get_cbor_string(string_t& result)
     {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string")))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         switch (current)
         {
             // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
@@ -1086,6 +1068,20 @@ class binary_reader
                 return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
             }
 
+            case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
+            {
+                while (get() != 0xFF)
+                {
+                    string_t chunk;
+                    if (!get_cbor_string(chunk))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    result.append(chunk);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
             default:
             {
                 auto last_token = get_token_string();
@@ -1096,82 +1092,23 @@ class binary_reader
     }
 
     /*!
-    @brief reads a CBOR string
+    @brief reads a CBOR byte array
 
     This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
+    byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into the byte array.
-    Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
+    Additionally, CBOR's byte arrays with indefinite lengths are supported.
 
-    @param[out] result  created string
+    @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-    @return whether string creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_string(string_t& result)
-    {
-        // number of indefinite-length strings that have been opened and not
-        // closed yet. RFC 8949, Section 3.2.3 does not permit nesting them,
-        // but this reader has always accepted it, so the open levels are
-        // counted instead of recursed through, which overflowed the stack for
-        // an input of repeated 0x7F bytes (see #5104). Every chunk is appended
-        // to the same result, so no per-level state is needed.
-        std::size_t open = 0;
-
-        while (true)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current == 0x7F) // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-            {
-                ++open;
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // a break marker closes the innermost indefinite-length string;
-            // outside of one it is not a string and falls through to the error
-            if (open != 0 && current == 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (--open == 0)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_string_chunk(result)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (open == 0)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            get();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a definite-length CBOR byte array
-
-    Reads everything @ref get_cbor_binary accepts except the indefinite-length
-    form, which that function handles itself. The bytes are appended to @a
-    result, so consecutive chunks of an indefinite-length byte array can be
-    read into the same byte array.
-
-    @param[out] result  byte array the bytes are appended to
 
     @return whether byte array creation completed
-
-    @pre @a current is not EOF
     */
-    bool get_cbor_binary_chunk(binary_t& result)
+    bool get_cbor_binary(binary_t& result)
     {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "binary")))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         switch (current)
         {
             // Binary data (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
@@ -1231,6 +1168,20 @@ class binary_reader
                        get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
             }
 
+            case 0x5F: // Binary data (indefinite length)
+            {
+                while (get() != 0xFF)
+                {
+                    binary_t chunk;
+                    if (!get_cbor_binary(chunk))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    result.insert(result.end(), chunk.begin(), chunk.end());
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
             default:
             {
                 auto last_token = get_token_string();
@@ -1240,63 +1191,6 @@ class binary_reader
         }
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a CBOR byte array
-
-    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into the byte array.
-    Additionally, CBOR's byte arrays with indefinite lengths are supported.
-
-    @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-    @return whether byte array creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_binary(binary_t& result)
-    {
-        // the open indefinite-length byte arrays are counted rather than
-        // recursed through, for the reason given in @ref get_cbor_string
-        std::size_t open = 0;
-
-        while (true)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "binary")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current == 0x5F) // Binary data (indefinite length)
-            {
-                ++open;
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // a break marker closes the innermost indefinite-length byte
-            // array; outside of one it falls through to the error below
-            if (open != 0 && current == 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (--open == 0)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_binary_chunk(result)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (open == 0)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            get();
-        }
-    }
-
     /*!
     @brief narrow a definite CBOR array/map length to std::size_t
 
@@ -2497,12 +2391,7 @@ class binary_reader
     {
         result.first = npos; // size
         result.second = 0; // type
-        // seed the flag with the caller's context: inside an ndarray dimension
+        bool is_ndarray = false;
-        // vector another ndarray is not allowed, and get_ubjson_size_value()
-        // rejects it up front instead of reading it and reporting afterwards.
-        // Seeding it with `false` made every '#' of a "[#[#[..." chain descend
-        // another level, which overflowed the stack (see #5104).
-        bool is_ndarray = inside_ndarray;
 
         get_ignore_noop();
 
@@ -2535,11 +2424,13 @@ class binary_reader
             }
 
             const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-            // an ndarray was read here only if the flag flipped; when it was
+            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray)
-            // seeded true, get_ubjson_size_value() already rejected the nested
-            // dimension vector
-            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray && !inside_ndarray)
             {
+                if (inside_ndarray)
+                {
+                    return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
+                                            exception_message(input_format, "ndarray can not be recursive", "size"), nullptr));
+                }
                 result.second |= (1 << 8); // use bit 8 to indicate ndarray, all UBJSON and BJData markers should be ASCII letters
             }
             return is_error;
@@ -2548,7 +2439,7 @@ class binary_reader
         if (current == '#')
         {
             const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray && !inside_ndarray)
+            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray)
             {
                 return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
                                         exception_message(input_format, "ndarray requires both type and size", "size"), nullptr));
@@ -2819,17 +2710,6 @@ class binary_reader
 
         if (size_and_type.first != npos)
         {
-            // reading an element of a valueless type consumes no input, so the
-            // declared count alone decides how much is allocated; the check is
-            // made before the start event so that no container is opened that
-            // is then abandoned. See @ref max_valueless_container_size.
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY((size_and_type.second == 'Z' || size_and_type.second == 'T' || size_and_type.second == 'F')
-                                     && size_and_type.first > max_valueless_container_size))
-            {
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), out_of_range::create(408,
-                                        exception_message(input_format, "excessive array size", "size"), nullptr));
-            }
-
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(size_and_type.first)))
             {
                 return false;

include/nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp

@@ -826,17 +826,7 @@ class binary_writer
 
                     std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {'[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
 
-                    // an optimized array of a valueless type carries no payload, so a
+                    if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
-                    // reader has nothing but the declared count to bound the allocation
-                    // by and refuses an excessive one. Write the unoptimized form for
-                    // those, at one byte per element, so the result can be read back.
-                    // Objects are not affected: every element is preceded by its key.
-                    const bool valueless_type = (first_prefix == 'Z' || first_prefix == 'T' || first_prefix == 'F');
-                    const bool excessive_valueless = valueless_type
-                                                     && j.m_data.m_value.array->size() > detail::max_valueless_container_size;
-
-                    if (same_prefix && !excessive_valueless
-                            && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
                     {
                         prefix_required = false;
                         oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));

include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -4473,11 +4473,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4493,11 +4490,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -4522,11 +4516,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
@@ -4540,11 +4531,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4559,11 +4547,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -4586,11 +4571,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
@@ -4604,11 +4586,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4623,11 +4602,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -4650,11 +4626,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
@@ -4668,11 +4641,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4687,11 +4657,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
@@ -4705,11 +4672,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4724,11 +4688,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -4751,11 +4712,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
     /// @}
 
@@ -4981,6 +4939,12 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
                 // note erase performs range check
                 parent.erase(json_pointer::template array_index<basic_json_t>(last_path));
             }
+            else
+            {
+                // the parent of a "remove" target must be an object or array
+                // (see #5396)
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, detail::concat("cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type ", parent.type_name(), ", but must be an object or array"), &parent));
+            }
         };
 
         // type check: top level value must be an array

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -10745,26 +10745,6 @@ inline bool little_endianness(int num = 1) noexcept
     return *reinterpret_cast<char*>(&num) == 1;
 }
 
-/*!
-@brief largest element count accepted for a UBJSON container of a valueless type
-
-An element of type 'Z' (null), 'T' (true) or 'F' (false) is encoded by its
-type marker alone, so an optimized container of one of those types has no
-payload at all and its declared count is the only thing that decides how much
-is allocated: `[$Z#L` followed by a large count turns some ten bytes of input
-into that many values (see #2793, which reports 35 GB and 150 seconds). Every
-other type costs at least one byte per element and is bounded by the end of
-the input.
-
-This is a sanity bound rather than a security boundary, and it is far above
-any container met in practice. @ref binary_writer falls back to the
-unoptimized encoding for longer containers, so that a value serialized by
-this library can always be read back.
-
-@sa https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2793
-*/
-JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr std::size_t max_valueless_container_size = 1 << 20;
-
 ///////////////////
 // binary reader //
 ///////////////////
@@ -11703,21 +11683,23 @@ class binary_reader
     }
 
     /*!
-    @brief reads a definite-length CBOR string
+    @brief reads a CBOR string
 
-    Reads everything @ref get_cbor_string accepts except the indefinite-length
+    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    form, which that function handles itself. The bytes are appended to @a
+    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
-    result, so consecutive chunks of an indefinite-length string can be read
+    Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
-    into the same string.
 
-    @param[out] result  string the bytes are appended to
+    @param[out] result  created string
 
     @return whether string creation completed
-
-    @pre @a current is not EOF
     */
-    bool get_cbor_string_chunk(string_t& result)
+    bool get_cbor_string(string_t& result)
     {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string")))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         switch (current)
         {
             // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
@@ -11773,6 +11755,20 @@ class binary_reader
                 return get_number(input_format_t::cbor, len) && get_string(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
             }
 
+            case 0x7F: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
+            {
+                while (get() != 0xFF)
+                {
+                    string_t chunk;
+                    if (!get_cbor_string(chunk))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    result.append(chunk);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
             default:
             {
                 auto last_token = get_token_string();
@@ -11783,82 +11779,23 @@ class binary_reader
     }
 
     /*!
-    @brief reads a CBOR string
+    @brief reads a CBOR byte array
 
     This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    string length and then copies this number of bytes into a string.
+    byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into the byte array.
-    Additionally, CBOR's strings with indefinite lengths are supported.
+    Additionally, CBOR's byte arrays with indefinite lengths are supported.
 
-    @param[out] result  created string
+    @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-    @return whether string creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_string(string_t& result)
-    {
-        // number of indefinite-length strings that have been opened and not
-        // closed yet. RFC 8949, Section 3.2.3 does not permit nesting them,
-        // but this reader has always accepted it, so the open levels are
-        // counted instead of recursed through, which overflowed the stack for
-        // an input of repeated 0x7F bytes (see #5104). Every chunk is appended
-        // to the same result, so no per-level state is needed.
-        std::size_t open = 0;
-
-        while (true)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "string")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current == 0x7F) // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
-            {
-                ++open;
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // a break marker closes the innermost indefinite-length string;
-            // outside of one it is not a string and falls through to the error
-            if (open != 0 && current == 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (--open == 0)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_string_chunk(result)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (open == 0)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            get();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a definite-length CBOR byte array
-
-    Reads everything @ref get_cbor_binary accepts except the indefinite-length
-    form, which that function handles itself. The bytes are appended to @a
-    result, so consecutive chunks of an indefinite-length byte array can be
-    read into the same byte array.
-
-    @param[out] result  byte array the bytes are appended to
 
     @return whether byte array creation completed
-
-    @pre @a current is not EOF
     */
-    bool get_cbor_binary_chunk(binary_t& result)
+    bool get_cbor_binary(binary_t& result)
     {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "binary")))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         switch (current)
         {
             // Binary data (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
@@ -11918,6 +11855,20 @@ class binary_reader
                        get_binary(input_format_t::cbor, len, result);
             }
 
+            case 0x5F: // Binary data (indefinite length)
+            {
+                while (get() != 0xFF)
+                {
+                    binary_t chunk;
+                    if (!get_cbor_binary(chunk))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    result.insert(result.end(), chunk.begin(), chunk.end());
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
             default:
             {
                 auto last_token = get_token_string();
@@ -11927,63 +11878,6 @@ class binary_reader
         }
     }
 
-    /*!
-    @brief reads a CBOR byte array
-
-    This function first reads starting bytes to determine the expected
-    byte array length and then copies this number of bytes into the byte array.
-    Additionally, CBOR's byte arrays with indefinite lengths are supported.
-
-    @param[out] result  created byte array
-
-    @return whether byte array creation completed
-    */
-    bool get_cbor_binary(binary_t& result)
-    {
-        // the open indefinite-length byte arrays are counted rather than
-        // recursed through, for the reason given in @ref get_cbor_string
-        std::size_t open = 0;
-
-        while (true)
-        {
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!unexpect_eof(input_format_t::cbor, "binary")))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (current == 0x5F) // Binary data (indefinite length)
-            {
-                ++open;
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // a break marker closes the innermost indefinite-length byte
-            // array; outside of one it falls through to the error below
-            if (open != 0 && current == 0xFF)
-            {
-                if (--open == 0)
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-                get();
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_cbor_binary_chunk(result)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (open == 0)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            get();
-        }
-    }
-
     /*!
     @brief narrow a definite CBOR array/map length to std::size_t
 
@@ -13184,12 +13078,7 @@ class binary_reader
     {
         result.first = npos; // size
         result.second = 0; // type
-        // seed the flag with the caller's context: inside an ndarray dimension
+        bool is_ndarray = false;
-        // vector another ndarray is not allowed, and get_ubjson_size_value()
-        // rejects it up front instead of reading it and reporting afterwards.
-        // Seeding it with `false` made every '#' of a "[#[#[..." chain descend
-        // another level, which overflowed the stack (see #5104).
-        bool is_ndarray = inside_ndarray;
 
         get_ignore_noop();
 
@@ -13222,11 +13111,13 @@ class binary_reader
             }
 
             const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-            // an ndarray was read here only if the flag flipped; when it was
+            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray)
-            // seeded true, get_ubjson_size_value() already rejected the nested
-            // dimension vector
-            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray && !inside_ndarray)
             {
+                if (inside_ndarray)
+                {
+                    return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
+                                            exception_message(input_format, "ndarray can not be recursive", "size"), nullptr));
+                }
                 result.second |= (1 << 8); // use bit 8 to indicate ndarray, all UBJSON and BJData markers should be ASCII letters
             }
             return is_error;
@@ -13235,7 +13126,7 @@ class binary_reader
         if (current == '#')
         {
             const bool is_error = get_ubjson_size_value(result.first, is_ndarray);
-            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray && !inside_ndarray)
+            if (input_format == input_format_t::bjdata && is_ndarray)
             {
                 return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(112, chars_read,
                                         exception_message(input_format, "ndarray requires both type and size", "size"), nullptr));
@@ -13506,17 +13397,6 @@ class binary_reader
 
         if (size_and_type.first != npos)
         {
-            // reading an element of a valueless type consumes no input, so the
-            // declared count alone decides how much is allocated; the check is
-            // made before the start event so that no container is opened that
-            // is then abandoned. See @ref max_valueless_container_size.
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY((size_and_type.second == 'Z' || size_and_type.second == 'T' || size_and_type.second == 'F')
-                                     && size_and_type.first > max_valueless_container_size))
-            {
-                return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), out_of_range::create(408,
-                                        exception_message(input_format, "excessive array size", "size"), nullptr));
-            }
-
             if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!sax->start_array(size_and_type.first)))
             {
                 return false;
@@ -17954,17 +17834,7 @@ class binary_writer
 
                     std::vector<CharType> bjdx = {'[', '{', 'S', 'H', 'T', 'F', 'N', 'Z'}; // excluded markers in bjdata optimized type
 
-                    // an optimized array of a valueless type carries no payload, so a
+                    if (same_prefix && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
-                    // reader has nothing but the declared count to bound the allocation
-                    // by and refuses an excessive one. Write the unoptimized form for
-                    // those, at one byte per element, so the result can be read back.
-                    // Objects are not affected: every element is preceded by its key.
-                    const bool valueless_type = (first_prefix == 'Z' || first_prefix == 'T' || first_prefix == 'F');
-                    const bool excessive_valueless = valueless_type
-                                                     && j.m_data.m_value.array->size() > detail::max_valueless_container_size;
-
-                    if (same_prefix && !excessive_valueless
-                            && !(use_bjdata && std::find(bjdx.begin(), bjdx.end(), first_prefix) != bjdx.end()))
                     {
                         prefix_required = false;
                         oa->write_character(to_char_type('$'));
@@ -26031,11 +25901,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26051,11 +25918,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -26080,11 +25944,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
@@ -26098,11 +25959,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26117,11 +25975,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -26144,11 +25999,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
@@ -26162,11 +26014,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26181,11 +26030,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -26208,11 +26054,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
@@ -26226,11 +26069,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26245,11 +26085,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
@@ -26263,11 +26100,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     /// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26282,11 +26116,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         basic_json result;
         auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
 
     template<typename T>
@@ -26309,11 +26140,8 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         auto ia = i.get();
         detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
-        if (!binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict)) // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
+        const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
-        {
+        return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
-            result = value_t::discarded;
-        }
-        return result;
     }
     /// @}
 
@@ -26539,6 +26367,12 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
                 // note erase performs range check
                 parent.erase(json_pointer::template array_index<basic_json_t>(last_path));
             }
+            else
+            {
+                // the parent of a "remove" target must be an object or array
+                // (see #5396)
+                JSON_THROW(out_of_range::create(413, detail::concat("cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type ", parent.type_name(), ", but must be an object or array"), &parent));
+            }
         };
 
         // type check: top level value must be an array

tests/src/unit-bjdata.cpp

@@ -3288,10 +3288,8 @@ TEST_CASE("BJData")
             CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR1), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 6: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR1, true, false).is_discarded());
 
-            // a dimension vector that opens another one is rejected where the
-            // nested '[' is read, rather than after it has been descended into
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vR2 = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', '#', '[', 'i', 1, ']', ']', 1};
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR2), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 7: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR2), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 11: syntax error while parsing BJData size: expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x5D", json::parse_error&);
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR2, true, false).is_discarded());
 
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vR3 = {'[', '#', '[', 'i', '2', 'i', 2, ']'};
@@ -3299,7 +3297,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BJData")
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR3, true, false).is_discarded());
 
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vR4 = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', 'i', 1, ']', 1};
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR4), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR4), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 14: syntax error while parsing BJData number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR4, true, false).is_discarded());
 
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vR5 = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', '[', '[', ']', ']', ']'};
@@ -3307,25 +3305,12 @@ TEST_CASE("BJData")
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR5, true, false).is_discarded());
 
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vR6 = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', 'i', '2', 'i', 2, ']'};
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR6), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vR6), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 14: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray can not be recursive", json::parse_error&);
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vR6, true, false).is_discarded());
 
             std::vector<uint8_t> const vH = {'[', 'H', '[', '#', '[', '$', 'i', '#', '[', 'i', '2', 'i', 2, ']'};
             CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vH), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
             CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vH, true, false).is_discarded());
-
-            // Every "#[" of this chain used to open another dimension vector
-            // and cost several stack frames before anything was rejected, so a
-            // long enough chain crashed the process (see #5104). The nested
-            // vector is refused where it is read, so the length is irrelevant.
-            std::vector<uint8_t> vRdeep = {'['};
-            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i)
-            {
-                vRdeep.push_back('#');
-                vRdeep.push_back('[');
-            }
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vRdeep), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing BJData size: ndarray dimensional vector is not allowed", json::parse_error&);
-            CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vRdeep, true, false).is_discarded());
         }
 
         SECTION("objects")

tests/src/unit-cbor.cpp

@@ -2035,58 +2035,6 @@ TEST_CASE("CBOR definite length equal to the indefinite-length sentinel")
     }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("CBOR indefinite-length strings do not recurse per chunk")
-{
-    // Reading an indefinite-length string or byte array used to call itself
-    // once per chunk, so a payload of repeated 0x7F (or 0x5F) bytes exhausted
-    // the call stack before any of the input was rejected. The open levels are
-    // counted now, and the levels below prove the reader still reads the same
-    // values and reports the same errors at the same byte offsets.
-    json _;
-
-    SECTION("many open levels are reported, not crashed on")
-    {
-        const std::vector<uint8_t> input(200000, 0x7F);
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 200001: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(input, true, false).is_discarded());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("many open levels are reported, not crashed on (binary)")
-    {
-        const std::vector<uint8_t> input(200000, 0x5F);
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 200001: syntax error while parsing CBOR binary: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(input, true, false).is_discarded());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("chunks are still concatenated")
-    {
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0xFF})) == json(""));
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x61, 0x61, 0xFF})) == json("a"));
-        // nested indefinite-length strings are concatenated across levels
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x7F, 0x61, 0x61, 0xFF, 0x61, 0x62, 0xFF})) == json("ab"));
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x61, 0x7A, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF})) == json("z"));
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xA1, 0x7F, 0x61, 0x61, 0xFF, 0x01})) == json({{"a", 1}}));
-    }
-
-    SECTION("chunks are still concatenated (binary)")
-    {
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F, 0x41, 0x61, 0xFF})) == json::binary({0x61}));
-        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F, 0x5F, 0x41, 0x61, 0xFF, 0x41, 0x62, 0xFF})) == json::binary({0x61, 0x62}));
-    }
-
-    SECTION("a chunk that is not a string is still rejected")
-    {
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x7F, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0x00", json::parse_error&);
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F, 0x5F, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR binary: expected length specification (0x40-0x5B) or indefinite binary array type (0x5F); last byte: 0x00", json::parse_error&);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("a break marker outside an indefinite-length string is not a string")
-    {
-        // 0xFF only closes a string that was opened; on its own it is not one
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xA1, 0xFF, 0x01})), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0xFF", json::parse_error&);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_CASE("CBOR roundtrips" * doctest::skip())
 {
     SECTION("input from flynn")

tests/src/unit-json_patch.cpp

@@ -1389,6 +1389,61 @@ TEST_CASE("JSON patch - add to a primitive parent (regression #4292)")
     }
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("JSON patch - remove with primitive or null parent (regression #5396)")
+{
+    // Regression test for https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5396
+    //
+    // RFC 6902 (§4.2) requires the target location of a "remove" operation
+    // to exist. When the target's parent resolves to a primitive value or
+    // null, the operation must fail. Previously operation_remove silently
+    // did nothing in this case (neither the "is_object" nor the "is_array"
+    // branch matched, and there was no final "else"), so the patch appeared
+    // to succeed without changing the document. It now throws
+    // out_of_range.413.
+
+    SECTION("parent is a primitive (number)")
+    {
+        json const doc = {{"a", 1}};
+        json const patch = {{{"op", "remove"}, {"path", "/a/b"}}};
+#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(doc.patch(patch), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] (/a) cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type number, but must be an object or array", json::out_of_range&);
+#else
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(doc.patch(patch), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type number, but must be an object or array", json::out_of_range&);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    SECTION("parent is a primitive (string)")
+    {
+        json const doc = {{"foo", {{"bar", "a string"}}}};
+        json const patch = {{{"op", "remove"}, {"path", "/foo/bar/baz"}}};
+#if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(doc.patch(patch), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] (/foo/bar) cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type string, but must be an object or array", json::out_of_range&);
+#else
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(doc.patch(patch), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type string, but must be an object or array", json::out_of_range&);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    SECTION("top-level document is null")
+    {
+        json const doc = nullptr;
+        json const patch = {{{"op", "remove"}, {"path", "/a"}}};
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(doc.patch(patch), "[json.exception.out_of_range.413] cannot remove value: the JSON Patch 'remove' target's parent is of type null, but must be an object or array", json::out_of_range&);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("legitimate removes still work")
+    {
+        // object member
+        json const doc1 = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
+        json const patch1 = {{{"op", "remove"}, {"path", "/a"}}};
+        CHECK(doc1.patch(patch1) == json({{"b", 2}}));
+
+        // array element
+        json const doc2 = R"([1, 2, 3])"_json;
+        json const patch2 = {{{"op", "remove"}, {"path", "/1"}}};
+        CHECK(doc2.patch(patch2) == R"([1, 3])"_json);
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("JSON patch - diff emits array removals in descending index order")
 {
     SECTION("array shrunk to empty")

tests/src/unit-regression2.cpp

@@ -239,6 +239,209 @@ class my_allocator : public std::allocator<T>
     };
 };
 
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3077
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+class FooAlloc
+{};
+
+class Foo
+{
+  public:
+    explicit Foo(const FooAlloc& /* unused */ = FooAlloc()) {}
+
+    bool value = false;
+};
+
+class FooBar
+{
+  public:
+    Foo foo{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
+};
+
+inline void from_json(const nlohmann::json& j, FooBar& fb) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    j.at("value").get_to(fb.foo.value);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3171
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+struct for_3171_base // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions)
+{
+    for_3171_base(const std::string& /*unused*/ = {}) {}
+    virtual ~for_3171_base();
+
+    for_3171_base(const for_3171_base& other) // NOLINT(hicpp-use-equals-default,modernize-use-equals-default)
+        : str(other.str)
+    {}
+
+    for_3171_base& operator=(const for_3171_base& other)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            str = other.str;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    for_3171_base(for_3171_base&& other) noexcept
+        : str(std::move(other.str))
+    {}
+
+    for_3171_base& operator=(for_3171_base&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            str = std::move(other.str);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    virtual void _from_json(const json& j)
+    {
+        j.at("str").get_to(str);
+    }
+
+    std::string str{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
+};
+
+for_3171_base::~for_3171_base() = default;
+
+struct for_3171_derived : public for_3171_base
+{
+    for_3171_derived() = default;
+    ~for_3171_derived() override;
+    explicit for_3171_derived(const std::string& /*unused*/) { }
+
+    for_3171_derived(const for_3171_derived& other) // NOLINT(hicpp-use-equals-default,modernize-use-equals-default)
+        : for_3171_base(other)
+    {}
+
+    for_3171_derived& operator=(const for_3171_derived& other)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            for_3171_base::operator=(other); // Call base class assignment operator
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    for_3171_derived(for_3171_derived&& other) noexcept
+        : for_3171_base(std::move(other))
+    {}
+
+    for_3171_derived& operator=(for_3171_derived&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            for_3171_base::operator=(std::move(other)); // Call base class move assignment operator
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+for_3171_derived::~for_3171_derived() = default;
+
+inline void from_json(const json& j, for_3171_base& tb) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    tb._from_json(j);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3312
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
+struct for_3312
+{
+    std::string name;
+};
+
+inline void from_json(const json& j, for_3312& obj) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    j.at("name").get_to(obj.name);
+}
+#endif
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3204
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+struct for_3204_foo
+{
+    for_3204_foo() = default;
+    explicit for_3204_foo(std::string /*unused*/) {} // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+};
+
+struct for_3204_bar
+{
+    enum constructed_from_t // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
+    {
+        constructed_from_none = 0,
+        constructed_from_foo = 1,
+        constructed_from_json = 2
+    };
+
+    explicit for_3204_bar(std::function<void(for_3204_foo)> /*unused*/) noexcept // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+        : constructed_from(constructed_from_foo) {}
+    explicit for_3204_bar(std::function<void(json)> /*unused*/) noexcept // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+        : constructed_from(constructed_from_json) {}
+
+    constructed_from_t constructed_from = constructed_from_none;
+};
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3333
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+struct for_3333 final
+{
+    for_3333(int x_ = 0, int y_ = 0) : x(x_), y(y_) {}
+
+    template <class T>
+    for_3333(const T& /*unused*/)
+    {
+        CHECK(false);
+    }
+
+    int x = 0;
+    int y = 0;
+};
+
+template <>
+inline for_3333::for_3333(const json& j)
+    : for_3333(j.value("x", 0), j.value("y", 0))
+{}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #3810
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+struct Example_3810
+{
+    int bla{};
+
+    Example_3810() = default;
+};
+
+NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(Example_3810, bla) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for #4740
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+struct Example_4740
+{
+    std::optional<std::string> host = std::nullopt;
+    std::optional<int> port = std::nullopt;
+    NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Example_4740, host, port)
+};
+#endif
+
 TEST_CASE("regression tests 2")
 {
     SECTION("issue #1001 - Fix memory leak during parser callback")
@@ -756,6 +959,611 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests 2")
         CHECK(j == k);
     }
 
+#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
+    // JSON_HAS_CPP_17 (do not remove; see note at top of file)
+    SECTION("issue #3070 - Version 3.10.3 breaks backward-compatibility with 3.10.2 ")
+    {
+        nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path text_path("/tmp/text.txt");
+        const json j(text_path);
+
+        const auto j_path = j.get<nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path>();
+        CHECK(j_path == text_path);
+
+#if DOCTEST_CLANG || DOCTEST_GCC >= DOCTEST_COMPILER(8, 4, 0)
+        // only known to work on Clang and GCC >=8.4
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path(json(1)), "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is number", json::type_error);
+#endif
+    }
+#endif
+
+    SECTION("issue #3077 - explicit constructor with default does not compile")
+    {
+        json j;
+        j[0]["value"] = true;
+        std::vector<FooBar> foo;
+        j.get_to(foo);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #3108 - ordered_json doesn't support range based erase")
+    {
+        ordered_json j = {1, 2, 2, 4};
+
+        auto last = std::unique(j.begin(), j.end());
+        j.erase(last, j.end());
+
+        CHECK(j.dump() == "[1,2,4]");
+
+        j.erase(std::remove_if(j.begin(), j.end(), [](const ordered_json & val)
+        {
+            return val == 2;
+        }), j.end());
+
+        CHECK(j.dump() == "[1,4]");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #3343 - json and ordered_json are not interchangeable")
+    {
+        json::object_t jobj({ { "product", "one" } });
+        ordered_json::object_t ojobj({{"product", "one"}});
+
+        auto jit = jobj.begin();
+        auto ojit = ojobj.begin();
+
+        CHECK(jit->first == ojit->first);
+        CHECK(jit->second.get<std::string>() == ojit->second.get<std::string>());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #3171 - if class is_constructible from std::string wrong from_json overload is being selected, compilation failed")
+    {
+        const json j{{ "str", "value"}};
+
+        // failed with: error: no match for ‘operator=’ (operand types are ‘for_3171_derived’ and ‘const nlohmann::basic_json<>::string_t’
+        //                                               {aka ‘const std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>’})
+        //                  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+        auto td = j.get<for_3171_derived>();
+
+        CHECK(td.str == "value");
+    }
+
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
+    SECTION("issue #3312 - Parse to custom class from unordered_json breaks on G++11.2.0 with C++20")
+    {
+        // see test for #3171
+        const ordered_json j = {{"name", "class"}};
+        for_3312 obj{};
+
+        j.get_to(obj);
+
+        CHECK(obj.name == "class");
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) && JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
+    SECTION("issue #3428 - Error occurred when converting nlohmann::json to std::any")
+    {
+        const json j;
+        const std::any a1 = j;
+        std::any&& a2 = j;
+
+        CHECK(a1.type() == typeid(j));
+        CHECK(a2.type() == typeid(j));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    SECTION("issue #3204 - ambiguous regression")
+    {
+        const for_3204_bar bar_from_foo([](for_3204_foo) noexcept {}); // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+        const for_3204_bar bar_from_json([](json) noexcept {}); // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+
+        CHECK(bar_from_foo.constructed_from == for_3204_bar::constructed_from_foo);
+        CHECK(bar_from_json.constructed_from == for_3204_bar::constructed_from_json);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #3333 - Ambiguous conversion from nlohmann::basic_json<> to custom class")
+    {
+        const json j
+        {
+            {"x", 1},
+            {"y", 2}
+        };
+        const for_3333 p = j;
+
+        CHECK(p.x == 1);
+        CHECK(p.y == 2);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #3810 - ordered_json doesn't support construction from C array of custom type")
+    {
+        Example_3810 states[45]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
+
+        // fix "not used" warning
+        states[0].bla = 1;
+
+        const auto* const expected = R"([{"bla":1},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0}])";
+
+        // This works:
+        nlohmann::json j;
+        j["test"] = states;
+        CHECK(j["test"].dump() == expected);
+
+        // This doesn't compile:
+        nlohmann::ordered_json oj;
+        oj["test"] = states;
+        CHECK(oj["test"].dump() == expected);
+    }
+
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+    SECTION("issue #4740 - build issue with std::optional")
+    {
+        const auto t1 = Example_4740();
+        const auto j1 = nlohmann::json(t1);
+        CHECK(j1.dump() == "{\"host\":null,\"port\":null}");
+        const auto t2 = j1.get<Example_4740>();
+        CHECK(!t2.host.has_value());
+        CHECK(!t2.port.has_value());
+
+        // improve coverage
+        auto t3 = Example_4740();
+        t3.port = 80;
+        t3.host = "example.com";
+        const auto j2 = nlohmann::json(t3);
+        CHECK(j2.dump() == "{\"host\":\"example.com\",\"port\":80}");
+        const auto t4 = j2.get<Example_4740>();
+        CHECK(t4.host.has_value());
+        CHECK(t4.port.has_value());
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_MSVC_LANG)
+    // MSVC returns garbage on invalid enum values, so this test is excluded
+    // there.
+    SECTION("issue #4762 - json exception 302 with unhelpful explanation : type must be number, but is number")
+    {
+        // In #4762, the main issue was that a json object with an invalid type
+        // returned "number" as type_name(), because this was the default case.
+        // This test makes sure we now return "invalid" instead.
+        json j;
+        j.m_data.m_type = static_cast<json::value_t>(100); // NOLINT(clang-analyzer-optin.core.EnumCastOutOfRange)
+        CHECK(j.type_name() == "invalid");
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+    SECTION("issue #4804: from_cbor incompatible with std::vector<std::byte> as binary_t")
+    {
+        const std::vector<std::uint8_t> data = {0x80};
+        const auto decoded = json_4804::from_cbor(data);
+        CHECK((decoded == json_4804::array()));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("discussion #4209 - custom BinaryType direct assignment and round-tripping")
+    {
+        // Test that assigning a custom BinaryType directly creates a binary value, not an array
+        const std::vector<std::byte> original{std::byte{1}, std::byte{2}, std::byte{3}};
+        const json_4804 j = original;
+        CHECK(j.is_binary());
+        CHECK(!j.is_array());
+
+        // Test round-tripping: extracting the binary value back as the custom container type
+        const auto extracted = j.get<std::vector<std::byte>>();
+        CHECK(extracted == original);
+
+        // Test that the default json alias behavior is unchanged: std::vector<uint8_t> -> array
+        const json default_json = std::vector<std::uint8_t> {1, 2, 3};
+        CHECK(default_json.is_array());
+        CHECK(!default_json.is_binary());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("discussion #4209 - custom BinaryType extraction from parsed array")
+    {
+        // Test that extracting a custom BinaryType from a parsed JSON array still works
+        // (not just from a binary-typed node)
+        const auto j = json_4804::parse("[1,2,3]");
+        CHECK(j.is_array());
+        CHECK(!j.is_binary());
+
+        // Extracting as custom BinaryType should work from arrays
+        const auto extracted = j.get<std::vector<std::byte>>();
+        CHECK(extracted.size() == 3);
+        CHECK(extracted[0] == std::byte{1});
+        CHECK(extracted[1] == std::byte{2});
+        CHECK(extracted[2] == std::byte{3});
+    }
+
+    SECTION("issue #5046 - implicit conversion of return json to std::optional no longer implicit")
+    {
+        const json jval{};
+        auto GetValue = [](const json & valRoot) -> std::optional<json>
+        {
+            if (valRoot.contains("default"))
+            {
+                return valRoot.at("default");
+            }
+            return std::nullopt;
+        };
+        auto result = GetValue(jval);
+        CHECK(!result.has_value());
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if JSON_HAS_RANGES == 1
+    SECTION("issue #4440 - assert when using std::views::filter and GCC 10")
+    {
+        auto noOpFilter = std::views::filter([](auto&&) noexcept
+        {
+            return true;
+        });
+        json j = {1, 2, 3};
+        auto filtered = j | noOpFilter;
+        CHECK(*filtered.begin() == 1);
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from C++20 ranges view does not work")
+    {
+        std::vector<int> nums{1, 2, 37, 42, 21};
+        auto filteredNums = nums | std::views::filter([](int i)
+        {
+            return i > 10;
+        });
+        json const j(filteredNums);
+        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
+        CHECK(j == json({37, 42, 21}));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // owning_view is not available in libstdc++ < 12
+#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !(defined(__GLIBCXX__) && _GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 12)
+    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from prvalue C++20 ranges view (owning_view)")
+    {
+        json const j(std::vector<int> {1, 2, 37, 42, 21} | std::views::filter([](int i)
+        {
+            return i > 10;
+        }));
+        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
+        CHECK(j == json({37, 42, 21}));
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from C++20 transform view (prvalue elements)")
+    {
+        std::vector<int> nums{1, 2, 3};
+        auto t = nums | std::views::transform([](int i) noexcept
+        {
+            return i * 2;
+        });
+        json const j(t);
+        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
+        CHECK(j == json({2, 4, 6}));
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE("issue #4798 - nlohmann::json::to_msgpack() encode float NaN as double", T, double, float) // NOLINT(readability-math-missing-parentheses, bugprone-throwing-static-initialization)
+{
+    // With issue #4798, we encode NaN, infinity, and -infinity as float instead
+    // of double to allow for smaller encodings.
+    const json jx = std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN();
+    const json jy = std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
+    const json jz = -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // MessagePack
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // expected MessagePack values
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_x = {{0xCA, 0x7F, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_y = {{0xCA, 0x7F, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_z = {{0xCA, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
+
+    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jx) == msgpack_x);
+    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jy) == msgpack_y);
+    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jz) == msgpack_z);
+
+    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_x).get<T>()));
+    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_y).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_z).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+
+    // Make sure the other MessagePakc encodings for NaN, infinity, and
+    // -infinity are still supported.
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_x_2 = {{0xCB, 0x7F, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_y_2 = {{0xCB, 0x7F, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_z_2 = {{0xCB, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_x_2).get<T>()));
+    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_y_2).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_z_2).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // CBOR
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    // expected CBOR values
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x = {{0xF9, 0x7E, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y = {{0xF9, 0x7C, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z = {{0xF9, 0xfC, 0x00}};
+
+    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jx) == cbor_x);
+    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jy) == cbor_y);
+    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jz) == cbor_z);
+
+    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x).get<T>()));
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+
+    // Make sure the other CBOR encodings for NaN, infinity, and -infinity are
+    // still supported.
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x_2 = {{0xFA, 0x7F, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y_2 = {{0xFA, 0x7F, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z_2 = {{0xFA, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x_3 = {{0xFB, 0x7F, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y_3 = {{0xFB, 0x7F, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z_3 = {{0xFB, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
+    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x_2).get<T>()));
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y_2).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z_2).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x_3).get<T>()));
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y_3).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z_3).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("regression test #5074 - portable workaround for single-element brace init")
+{
+    json const j_obj = {{"key", "value"}};
+
+    json const j = json::array({j_obj});
+    CHECK(j.is_array());
+    CHECK(j.size() == 1);
+    CHECK(j[0] == j_obj);
+}
+
+#if defined(JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS) && (JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS == 1)
+TEST_CASE("regression test #5074 - single-element brace init with JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS")
+{
+    // with JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS: single-element brace init copies/moves
+    json const j_obj = {{"key", "value"}, {"num", 42}};
+    json const j_arr = {1, 2, 3};
+
+    // object: brace init copies instead of wrapping
+    json const j1{j_obj};
+    CHECK(j1.is_object());
+    CHECK(j1 == j_obj);
+
+    // array: brace init copies instead of wrapping
+    json const j2{j_arr};
+    CHECK(j2.is_array());
+    CHECK(j2.size() == 3);
+    CHECK(j2 == j_arr);
+
+    // primitives still work as initializer lists
+    json const j3{true};
+    CHECK(j3.is_boolean());
+
+    json const j4{42};
+    CHECK(j4.is_number_integer());
+}
+#endif
+
+struct Example_5122
+{
+    float b = 2;
+    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> c{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init): needed for GCC -Weffc++
+    int a = 1;
+    NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Example_5122, b, c, a)
+};
+
+TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - from_json into types holding nlohmann::ordered_map")
+{
+    Example_5122 src;
+    src.c.emplace("first", "1");
+    src.c.emplace("second", "2");
+
+    ordered_json const j = src;
+    Example_5122 const dst = j.get<Example_5122>();
+
+    CHECK(dst.b == src.b);
+    CHECK(dst.a == src.a);
+    REQUIRE(dst.c.size() == src.c.size());
+    auto src_it = src.c.begin();
+    auto dst_it = dst.c.begin();
+    for (; src_it != src.c.end(); ++src_it, ++dst_it)
+    {
+        CHECK(dst_it->first == src_it->first);
+        CHECK(dst_it->second == src_it->second);
+    }
+}
+
+// -Wself-assign-overloaded was introduced in Clang 7. Gate the pragma on
+// __has_warning so older Clang versions do not error with "unknown warning
+// group". The __has_warning check has to stay inside the __clang__ branch
+// because GCC does not provide it and would tokenize-error on the argument.
+#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_warning)
+    #if __has_warning("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
+        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH
+        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - nlohmann::ordered_map copy-assignment is self-assignment safe")
+{
+    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> m;
+    m.emplace("first", "1");
+    m.emplace("second", "2");
+
+    // Insertion order is preserved by ordered_map, so we can check it directly.
+    m = m;
+
+    REQUIRE(m.size() == 2);
+    auto it = m.begin();
+    CHECK(it->first == "first");
+    CHECK(it->second == "1");
+    ++it;
+    CHECK(it->first == "second");
+    CHECK(it->second == "2");
+}
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_warning)
+    #if __has_warning("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
+        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - nlohmann::ordered_map move-assignment transfers contents")
+{
+    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> src;
+    src.emplace("first", "1");
+    src.emplace("second", "2");
+
+    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> dst;
+    dst.emplace("stale", "x");
+    dst = std::move(src);
+
+    REQUIRE(dst.size() == 2);
+    auto it = dst.begin();
+    CHECK(it->first == "first");
+    CHECK(it->second == "1");
+    ++it;
+    CHECK(it->first == "second");
+    CHECK(it->second == "2");
+
+    // Re-assigning into the moved-from object must leave it in a usable state.
+    src = nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> {};
+    src.emplace("after-move", "3");
+    REQUIRE(src.size() == 1);
+    CHECK(src.begin()->first == "after-move");
+}
+
+// Stand-in for a third-party library (e.g., Eigen as of 3.4, which added
+// STL-compatible begin()/end() to its vector types), living in its own
+// namespace with its own to_json overload for its vector type.
+namespace issue_4320_eigen
+{
+// "array-compatible" from the library's point of view (it has begin()/end()),
+// but for which this (fake) third-party namespace provides its own to_json.
+struct vector3
+{
+    double v[3]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays,cppcoreguidelines-use-default-member-init,modernize-use-default-member-init)
+    vector3(double x, double y, double z) : v{x, y, z} {} // NOLINT(hicpp-member-init,cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init)
+    double x() const
+    {
+        return v[0];
+    }
+    double y() const
+    {
+        return v[1];
+    }
+    double z() const
+    {
+        return v[2];
+    }
+    double* begin()
+    {
+        return v;
+    }
+    double* end()
+    {
+        return v + 3;
+    }
+    const double* begin() const
+    {
+        return v;
+    }
+    const double* end() const
+    {
+        return v + 3;
+    }
+};
+
+inline void to_json(json& j, const vector3& v) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    j = {{"x", v.x()}, {"y", v.y()}, {"z", v.z()}};
+}
+} // namespace issue_4320_eigen
+
+// The user's own namespace, using the (fake) Eigen type as an implementation
+// detail behind a payload type that has nothing to do with vectors/arrays.
+namespace issue_4320
+{
+// Publicly derives from issue_4320_eigen::vector3 but does *not* define its
+// own to_json - it is only ever used as a temporary to reach the base
+// class's to_json via ADL.
+struct vector3_wrapper : issue_4320_eigen::vector3
+{
+    using issue_4320_eigen::vector3::vector3;
+};
+
+struct payload
+{
+    double x, y, z;
+};
+
+inline vector3_wrapper to_eigen(const payload& p) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    return {p.x, p.y, p.z};
+}
+
+inline void to_json(json& j, const payload& p) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
+{
+    // Unqualified call, passing a *derived* vector3_wrapper: relies on ADL
+    // finding issue_4320_eigen::to_json(json&, const vector3&) through the
+    // vector3 base class, via a derived-to-base conversion. Must NOT resolve
+    // to the library's own generic array-compatible to_json (an exact-match
+    // template for vector3_wrapper, since it also has begin()/end()), which
+    // would serialize this as [x, y, z] instead of {"x":x, "y":y, "z":z}.
+    to_json(j, to_eigen(p));
+}
+} // namespace issue_4320
+
+TEST_CASE("issue #4320 - custom base class must not leak nlohmann::detail into ADL")
+{
+    // Before the fix, basic_json unconditionally derived from a type living in
+    // nlohmann::detail (json_default_base), which made nlohmann::detail an
+    // associated namespace of every basic_json for ADL purposes. That leaked
+    // the library's internal generic-array to_json overload into unqualified
+    // to_json() calls made from user code, silently bypassing user-defined
+    // to_json overloads reached via a derived-to-base conversion.
+    const issue_4320::payload p{1.0, 2.0, 3.0};
+
+    json j;
+    to_json(j, p);
+    CHECK(j == json({{"x", 1.0}, {"y", 2.0}, {"z", 3.0}}));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("issue #5338 - truncated CBOR tagged binary subtype is rejected")
+{
+    const std::vector<std::vector<std::uint8_t>> truncated_tags =
+    {
+        {0xD8},
+        {0xD9, 0x00},
+        {0xDA, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
+        {0xDB, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& data : truncated_tags)
+    {
+        CAPTURE(data);
+        for (const auto tag_handler :
+                {
+                    json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store
+                })
+        {
+            CAPTURE(tag_handler);
+            const auto result = json::from_cbor(data, true, false, tag_handler);
+            CHECK(result.is_discarded());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("issue #5402 - update(merge_objects=true) overwrites a primitive with an object")
+{
+    json t = {{"k", 1}};
+    t.update(json{{"k", {{"x", 2}}}}, true);
+    CHECK(t == json({{"k", {{"x", 2}}}}));
+
+    json mixed = {{"keep", {{"a", 1}}}, {"replace", 1}};
+    mixed.update(json{{"keep", {{"b", 2}}}, {"replace", {{"x", 2}}}}, true);
+    CHECK(mixed == json({{"keep", {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}}}, {"replace", {{"x", 2}}}}));
 }
 
 DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP

tests/src/unit-regression3.cpp

@@ -1,899 +0,0 @@
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// cmake/test.cmake selects the C++ standard versions with which to build a
-// unit test based on the presence of JSON_HAS_CPP_<VERSION> macros.
-// When using macros that are only defined for particular versions of the standard
-// (e.g., JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM for C++17 and up), please mention the corresponding
-// version macro in a comment close by, like this:
-// JSON_HAS_CPP_<VERSION> (do not remove; see note at top of file)
-
-#include "doctest_compatibility.h"
-
-// for some reason including this after the json header leads to linker errors with VS 2017...
-#include <locale>
-
-#define JSON_TESTS_PRIVATE
-#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
-using json = nlohmann::json;
-using ordered_json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
-#ifdef JSON_TEST_NO_GLOBAL_UDLS
-    using namespace nlohmann::literals; // NOLINT(google-build-using-namespace)
-#endif
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <list>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <utility>
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-    #include <any>
-    #include <variant>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-    #if __has_include(<optional>)
-        #include <optional>
-    #elif __has_include(<experimental/optional>)
-    #endif
-
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    // for #4804
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    using json_4804 = nlohmann::basic_json<std::map,        // ObjectType
-    std::vector,     // ArrayType
-    std::string,     // StringType
-    bool,            // BooleanType
-    std::int64_t,    // NumberIntegerType
-    std::uint64_t,   // NumberUnsignedType
-    double,          // NumberFloatType
-    std::allocator,  // AllocatorType
-    nlohmann::adl_serializer,  // JSONSerializer
-    std::vector<std::byte>,    // BinaryType
-    void                       // CustomBaseClass
-    >;
-#endif
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-    #if __has_include(<span>)
-        #include <span>
-    #endif
-#endif
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #4825 - explicitly instantiating basic_json must compile; this
-// forces instantiation of binary_writer::write_bjdata_ndarray, whose
-// static_cast<string_t> was ambiguous under explicit instantiation on
-// C++17. Merely compiling this translation unit is the regression test.
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-template class nlohmann::basic_json<>;
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #4440
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES == 1
-    #include <ranges>
-#endif
-
-// NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM uses a static std::pair
-DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH
-DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING("-Wexit-time-destructors")
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3077
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-class FooAlloc
-{};
-
-class Foo
-{
-  public:
-    explicit Foo(const FooAlloc& /* unused */ = FooAlloc()) {}
-
-    bool value = false;
-};
-
-class FooBar
-{
-  public:
-    Foo foo{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
-};
-
-inline void from_json(const nlohmann::json& j, FooBar& fb) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    j.at("value").get_to(fb.foo.value);
-}
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3171
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-struct for_3171_base // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions)
-{
-    for_3171_base(const std::string& /*unused*/ = {}) {}
-    virtual ~for_3171_base();
-
-    for_3171_base(const for_3171_base& other) // NOLINT(hicpp-use-equals-default,modernize-use-equals-default)
-        : str(other.str)
-    {}
-
-    for_3171_base& operator=(const for_3171_base& other)
-    {
-        if (this != &other)
-        {
-            str = other.str;
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    for_3171_base(for_3171_base&& other) noexcept
-        : str(std::move(other.str))
-    {}
-
-    for_3171_base& operator=(for_3171_base&& other) noexcept
-    {
-        if (this != &other)
-        {
-            str = std::move(other.str);
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    virtual void _from_json(const json& j)
-    {
-        j.at("str").get_to(str);
-    }
-
-    std::string str{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
-};
-
-for_3171_base::~for_3171_base() = default;
-
-struct for_3171_derived : public for_3171_base
-{
-    for_3171_derived() = default;
-    ~for_3171_derived() override;
-    explicit for_3171_derived(const std::string& /*unused*/) { }
-
-    for_3171_derived(const for_3171_derived& other) // NOLINT(hicpp-use-equals-default,modernize-use-equals-default)
-        : for_3171_base(other)
-    {}
-
-    for_3171_derived& operator=(const for_3171_derived& other)
-    {
-        if (this != &other)
-        {
-            for_3171_base::operator=(other); // Call base class assignment operator
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    for_3171_derived(for_3171_derived&& other) noexcept
-        : for_3171_base(std::move(other))
-    {}
-
-    for_3171_derived& operator=(for_3171_derived&& other) noexcept
-    {
-        if (this != &other)
-        {
-            for_3171_base::operator=(std::move(other)); // Call base class move assignment operator
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-};
-
-for_3171_derived::~for_3171_derived() = default;
-
-inline void from_json(const json& j, for_3171_base& tb) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    tb._from_json(j);
-}
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3312
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-struct for_3312
-{
-    std::string name;
-};
-
-inline void from_json(const json& j, for_3312& obj) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    j.at("name").get_to(obj.name);
-}
-#endif
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3204
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-struct for_3204_foo
-{
-    for_3204_foo() = default;
-    explicit for_3204_foo(std::string /*unused*/) {} // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-};
-
-struct for_3204_bar
-{
-    enum constructed_from_t // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
-    {
-        constructed_from_none = 0,
-        constructed_from_foo = 1,
-        constructed_from_json = 2
-    };
-
-    explicit for_3204_bar(std::function<void(for_3204_foo)> /*unused*/) noexcept // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-        : constructed_from(constructed_from_foo) {}
-    explicit for_3204_bar(std::function<void(json)> /*unused*/) noexcept // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-        : constructed_from(constructed_from_json) {}
-
-    constructed_from_t constructed_from = constructed_from_none;
-};
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3333
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-struct for_3333 final
-{
-    for_3333(int x_ = 0, int y_ = 0) : x(x_), y(y_) {}
-
-    template <class T>
-    for_3333(const T& /*unused*/)
-    {
-        CHECK(false);
-    }
-
-    int x = 0;
-    int y = 0;
-};
-
-template <>
-inline for_3333::for_3333(const json& j)
-    : for_3333(j.value("x", 0), j.value("y", 0))
-{}
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #3810
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-struct Example_3810
-{
-    int bla{};
-
-    Example_3810() = default;
-};
-
-NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(Example_3810, bla) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// for #4740
-/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-struct Example_4740
-{
-    std::optional<std::string> host = std::nullopt;
-    std::optional<int> port = std::nullopt;
-    NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Example_4740, host, port)
-};
-#endif
-
-TEST_CASE("regression tests 3")
-{
-#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
-    // JSON_HAS_CPP_17 (do not remove; see note at top of file)
-    SECTION("issue #3070 - Version 3.10.3 breaks backward-compatibility with 3.10.2 ")
-    {
-        nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path text_path("/tmp/text.txt");
-        const json j(text_path);
-
-        const auto j_path = j.get<nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path>();
-        CHECK(j_path == text_path);
-
-#if DOCTEST_CLANG || DOCTEST_GCC >= DOCTEST_COMPILER(8, 4, 0)
-        // only known to work on Clang and GCC >=8.4
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(nlohmann::detail::std_fs::path(json(1)), "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is number", json::type_error);
-#endif
-    }
-#endif
-
-    SECTION("issue #3077 - explicit constructor with default does not compile")
-    {
-        json j;
-        j[0]["value"] = true;
-        std::vector<FooBar> foo;
-        j.get_to(foo);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #3108 - ordered_json doesn't support range based erase")
-    {
-        ordered_json j = {1, 2, 2, 4};
-
-        auto last = std::unique(j.begin(), j.end());
-        j.erase(last, j.end());
-
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "[1,2,4]");
-
-        j.erase(std::remove_if(j.begin(), j.end(), [](const ordered_json & val)
-        {
-            return val == 2;
-        }), j.end());
-
-        CHECK(j.dump() == "[1,4]");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #3343 - json and ordered_json are not interchangeable")
-    {
-        json::object_t jobj({ { "product", "one" } });
-        ordered_json::object_t ojobj({{"product", "one"}});
-
-        auto jit = jobj.begin();
-        auto ojit = ojobj.begin();
-
-        CHECK(jit->first == ojit->first);
-        CHECK(jit->second.get<std::string>() == ojit->second.get<std::string>());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #3171 - if class is_constructible from std::string wrong from_json overload is being selected, compilation failed")
-    {
-        const json j{{ "str", "value"}};
-
-        // failed with: error: no match for ‘operator=’ (operand types are ‘for_3171_derived’ and ‘const nlohmann::basic_json<>::string_t’
-        //                                               {aka ‘const std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>’})
-        //                  s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
-        auto td = j.get<for_3171_derived>();
-
-        CHECK(td.str == "value");
-    }
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_20
-    SECTION("issue #3312 - Parse to custom class from unordered_json breaks on G++11.2.0 with C++20")
-    {
-        // see test for #3171
-        const ordered_json j = {{"name", "class"}};
-        for_3312 obj{};
-
-        j.get_to(obj);
-
-        CHECK(obj.name == "class");
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if defined(JSON_HAS_CPP_17) && JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
-    SECTION("issue #3428 - Error occurred when converting nlohmann::json to std::any")
-    {
-        const json j;
-        const std::any a1 = j;
-        std::any&& a2 = j;
-
-        CHECK(a1.type() == typeid(j));
-        CHECK(a2.type() == typeid(j));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    SECTION("issue #3204 - ambiguous regression")
-    {
-        const for_3204_bar bar_from_foo([](for_3204_foo) noexcept {}); // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-        const for_3204_bar bar_from_json([](json) noexcept {}); // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-
-        CHECK(bar_from_foo.constructed_from == for_3204_bar::constructed_from_foo);
-        CHECK(bar_from_json.constructed_from == for_3204_bar::constructed_from_json);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #3333 - Ambiguous conversion from nlohmann::basic_json<> to custom class")
-    {
-        const json j
-        {
-            {"x", 1},
-            {"y", 2}
-        };
-        const for_3333 p = j;
-
-        CHECK(p.x == 1);
-        CHECK(p.y == 2);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #3810 - ordered_json doesn't support construction from C array of custom type")
-    {
-        Example_3810 states[45]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-
-        // fix "not used" warning
-        states[0].bla = 1;
-
-        const auto* const expected = R"([{"bla":1},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0},{"bla":0}])";
-
-        // This works:
-        nlohmann::json j;
-        j["test"] = states;
-        CHECK(j["test"].dump() == expected);
-
-        // This doesn't compile:
-        nlohmann::ordered_json oj;
-        oj["test"] = states;
-        CHECK(oj["test"].dump() == expected);
-    }
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-    SECTION("issue #4740 - build issue with std::optional")
-    {
-        const auto t1 = Example_4740();
-        const auto j1 = nlohmann::json(t1);
-        CHECK(j1.dump() == "{\"host\":null,\"port\":null}");
-        const auto t2 = j1.get<Example_4740>();
-        CHECK(!t2.host.has_value());
-        CHECK(!t2.port.has_value());
-
-        // improve coverage
-        auto t3 = Example_4740();
-        t3.port = 80;
-        t3.host = "example.com";
-        const auto j2 = nlohmann::json(t3);
-        CHECK(j2.dump() == "{\"host\":\"example.com\",\"port\":80}");
-        const auto t4 = j2.get<Example_4740>();
-        CHECK(t4.host.has_value());
-        CHECK(t4.port.has_value());
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(_MSVC_LANG)
-    // MSVC returns garbage on invalid enum values, so this test is excluded
-    // there.
-    SECTION("issue #4762 - json exception 302 with unhelpful explanation : type must be number, but is number")
-    {
-        // In #4762, the main issue was that a json object with an invalid type
-        // returned "number" as type_name(), because this was the default case.
-        // This test makes sure we now return "invalid" instead.
-        json j;
-        j.m_data.m_type = static_cast<json::value_t>(100); // NOLINT(clang-analyzer-optin.core.EnumCastOutOfRange)
-        CHECK(j.type_name() == "invalid");
-    }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-    SECTION("issue #4804: from_cbor incompatible with std::vector<std::byte> as binary_t")
-    {
-        const std::vector<std::uint8_t> data = {0x80};
-        const auto decoded = json_4804::from_cbor(data);
-        CHECK((decoded == json_4804::array()));
-    }
-
-    SECTION("discussion #4209 - custom BinaryType direct assignment and round-tripping")
-    {
-        // Test that assigning a custom BinaryType directly creates a binary value, not an array
-        const std::vector<std::byte> original{std::byte{1}, std::byte{2}, std::byte{3}};
-        const json_4804 j = original;
-        CHECK(j.is_binary());
-        CHECK(!j.is_array());
-
-        // Test round-tripping: extracting the binary value back as the custom container type
-        const auto extracted = j.get<std::vector<std::byte>>();
-        CHECK(extracted == original);
-
-        // Test that the default json alias behavior is unchanged: std::vector<uint8_t> -> array
-        const json default_json = std::vector<std::uint8_t> {1, 2, 3};
-        CHECK(default_json.is_array());
-        CHECK(!default_json.is_binary());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("discussion #4209 - custom BinaryType extraction from parsed array")
-    {
-        // Test that extracting a custom BinaryType from a parsed JSON array still works
-        // (not just from a binary-typed node)
-        const auto j = json_4804::parse("[1,2,3]");
-        CHECK(j.is_array());
-        CHECK(!j.is_binary());
-
-        // Extracting as custom BinaryType should work from arrays
-        const auto extracted = j.get<std::vector<std::byte>>();
-        CHECK(extracted.size() == 3);
-        CHECK(extracted[0] == std::byte{1});
-        CHECK(extracted[1] == std::byte{2});
-        CHECK(extracted[2] == std::byte{3});
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #5046 - implicit conversion of return json to std::optional no longer implicit")
-    {
-        const json jval{};
-        auto GetValue = [](const json & valRoot) -> std::optional<json>
-        {
-            if (valRoot.contains("default"))
-            {
-                return valRoot.at("default");
-            }
-            return std::nullopt;
-        };
-        auto result = GetValue(jval);
-        CHECK(!result.has_value());
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES == 1
-    SECTION("issue #4440 - assert when using std::views::filter and GCC 10")
-    {
-        auto noOpFilter = std::views::filter([](auto&&) noexcept
-        {
-            return true;
-        });
-        json j = {1, 2, 3};
-        auto filtered = j | noOpFilter;
-        CHECK(*filtered.begin() == 1);
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
-    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from C++20 ranges view does not work")
-    {
-        std::vector<int> nums{1, 2, 37, 42, 21};
-        auto filteredNums = nums | std::views::filter([](int i)
-        {
-            return i > 10;
-        });
-        json const j(filteredNums);
-        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
-        CHECK(j == json({37, 42, 21}));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    // owning_view is not available in libstdc++ < 12
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !(defined(__GLIBCXX__) && _GLIBCXX_RELEASE < 12)
-    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from prvalue C++20 ranges view (owning_view)")
-    {
-        json const j(std::vector<int> {1, 2, 37, 42, 21} | std::views::filter([](int i)
-        {
-            return i > 10;
-        }));
-        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
-        CHECK(j == json({37, 42, 21}));
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
-    SECTION("issue #4916 - constructing array from C++20 transform view (prvalue elements)")
-    {
-        std::vector<int> nums{1, 2, 3};
-        auto t = nums | std::views::transform([](int i) noexcept
-        {
-            return i * 2;
-        });
-        json const j(t);
-        CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::array);
-        CHECK(j == json({2, 4, 6}));
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-TEST_CASE_TEMPLATE("issue #4798 - nlohmann::json::to_msgpack() encode float NaN as double", T, double, float) // NOLINT(readability-math-missing-parentheses, bugprone-throwing-static-initialization)
-{
-    // With issue #4798, we encode NaN, infinity, and -infinity as float instead
-    // of double to allow for smaller encodings.
-    const json jx = std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN();
-    const json jy = std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
-    const json jz = -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
-
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    // MessagePack
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // expected MessagePack values
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_x = {{0xCA, 0x7F, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_y = {{0xCA, 0x7F, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_z = {{0xCA, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
-
-    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jx) == msgpack_x);
-    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jy) == msgpack_y);
-    CHECK(json::to_msgpack(jz) == msgpack_z);
-
-    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_x).get<T>()));
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_y).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_z).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-
-    // Make sure the other MessagePakc encodings for NaN, infinity, and
-    // -infinity are still supported.
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_x_2 = {{0xCB, 0x7F, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_y_2 = {{0xCB, 0x7F, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> msgpack_z_2 = {{0xCB, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_x_2).get<T>()));
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_y_2).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(json::from_msgpack(msgpack_z_2).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    // CBOR
-    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // expected CBOR values
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x = {{0xF9, 0x7E, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y = {{0xF9, 0x7C, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z = {{0xF9, 0xfC, 0x00}};
-
-    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jx) == cbor_x);
-    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jy) == cbor_y);
-    CHECK(json::to_cbor(jz) == cbor_z);
-
-    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x).get<T>()));
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-
-    // Make sure the other CBOR encodings for NaN, infinity, and -infinity are
-    // still supported.
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x_2 = {{0xFA, 0x7F, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y_2 = {{0xFA, 0x7F, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z_2 = {{0xFA, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_x_3 = {{0xFB, 0x7F, 0xF8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_y_3 = {{0xFB, 0x7F, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor_z_3 = {{0xFB, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};
-    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x_2).get<T>()));
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y_2).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z_2).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(std::isnan(json::from_cbor(cbor_x_3).get<T>()));
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_y_3).get<T>() == std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-    CHECK(json::from_cbor(cbor_z_3).get<T>() == -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity());
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test #5074 - portable workaround for single-element brace init")
-{
-    json const j_obj = {{"key", "value"}};
-
-    json const j = json::array({j_obj});
-    CHECK(j.is_array());
-    CHECK(j.size() == 1);
-    CHECK(j[0] == j_obj);
-}
-
-#if defined(JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS) && (JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS == 1)
-TEST_CASE("regression test #5074 - single-element brace init with JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS")
-{
-    // with JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS: single-element brace init copies/moves
-    json const j_obj = {{"key", "value"}, {"num", 42}};
-    json const j_arr = {1, 2, 3};
-
-    // object: brace init copies instead of wrapping
-    json const j1{j_obj};
-    CHECK(j1.is_object());
-    CHECK(j1 == j_obj);
-
-    // array: brace init copies instead of wrapping
-    json const j2{j_arr};
-    CHECK(j2.is_array());
-    CHECK(j2.size() == 3);
-    CHECK(j2 == j_arr);
-
-    // primitives still work as initializer lists
-    json const j3{true};
-    CHECK(j3.is_boolean());
-
-    json const j4{42};
-    CHECK(j4.is_number_integer());
-}
-#endif
-
-struct Example_5122
-{
-    float b = 2;
-    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> c{}; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init): needed for GCC -Weffc++
-    int a = 1;
-    NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(Example_5122, b, c, a)
-};
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - from_json into types holding nlohmann::ordered_map")
-{
-    Example_5122 src;
-    src.c.emplace("first", "1");
-    src.c.emplace("second", "2");
-
-    ordered_json const j = src;
-    Example_5122 const dst = j.get<Example_5122>();
-
-    CHECK(dst.b == src.b);
-    CHECK(dst.a == src.a);
-    REQUIRE(dst.c.size() == src.c.size());
-    auto src_it = src.c.begin();
-    auto dst_it = dst.c.begin();
-    for (; src_it != src.c.end(); ++src_it, ++dst_it)
-    {
-        CHECK(dst_it->first == src_it->first);
-        CHECK(dst_it->second == src_it->second);
-    }
-}
-
-// -Wself-assign-overloaded was introduced in Clang 7. Gate the pragma on
-// __has_warning so older Clang versions do not error with "unknown warning
-// group". The __has_warning check has to stay inside the __clang__ branch
-// because GCC does not provide it and would tokenize-error on the argument.
-#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_warning)
-    #if __has_warning("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
-        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH
-        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
-    #endif
-#endif
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - nlohmann::ordered_map copy-assignment is self-assignment safe")
-{
-    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> m;
-    m.emplace("first", "1");
-    m.emplace("second", "2");
-
-    // Insertion order is preserved by ordered_map, so we can check it directly.
-    m = m;
-
-    REQUIRE(m.size() == 2);
-    auto it = m.begin();
-    CHECK(it->first == "first");
-    CHECK(it->second == "1");
-    ++it;
-    CHECK(it->first == "second");
-    CHECK(it->second == "2");
-}
-
-#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_warning)
-    #if __has_warning("-Wself-assign-overloaded")
-        DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP
-    #endif
-#endif
-
-TEST_CASE("regression test #5122 - nlohmann::ordered_map move-assignment transfers contents")
-{
-    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> src;
-    src.emplace("first", "1");
-    src.emplace("second", "2");
-
-    nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> dst;
-    dst.emplace("stale", "x");
-    dst = std::move(src);
-
-    REQUIRE(dst.size() == 2);
-    auto it = dst.begin();
-    CHECK(it->first == "first");
-    CHECK(it->second == "1");
-    ++it;
-    CHECK(it->first == "second");
-    CHECK(it->second == "2");
-
-    // Re-assigning into the moved-from object must leave it in a usable state.
-    src = nlohmann::ordered_map<std::string, std::string> {};
-    src.emplace("after-move", "3");
-    REQUIRE(src.size() == 1);
-    CHECK(src.begin()->first == "after-move");
-}
-
-// Stand-in for a third-party library (e.g., Eigen as of 3.4, which added
-// STL-compatible begin()/end() to its vector types), living in its own
-// namespace with its own to_json overload for its vector type.
-namespace issue_4320_eigen
-{
-// "array-compatible" from the library's point of view (it has begin()/end()),
-// but for which this (fake) third-party namespace provides its own to_json.
-struct vector3
-{
-    double v[3]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays,cppcoreguidelines-use-default-member-init,modernize-use-default-member-init)
-    vector3(double x, double y, double z) : v{x, y, z} {} // NOLINT(hicpp-member-init,cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init)
-    double x() const
-    {
-        return v[0];
-    }
-    double y() const
-    {
-        return v[1];
-    }
-    double z() const
-    {
-        return v[2];
-    }
-    double* begin()
-    {
-        return v;
-    }
-    double* end()
-    {
-        return v + 3;
-    }
-    const double* begin() const
-    {
-        return v;
-    }
-    const double* end() const
-    {
-        return v + 3;
-    }
-};
-
-inline void to_json(json& j, const vector3& v) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    j = {{"x", v.x()}, {"y", v.y()}, {"z", v.z()}};
-}
-} // namespace issue_4320_eigen
-
-// The user's own namespace, using the (fake) Eigen type as an implementation
-// detail behind a payload type that has nothing to do with vectors/arrays.
-namespace issue_4320
-{
-// Publicly derives from issue_4320_eigen::vector3 but does *not* define its
-// own to_json - it is only ever used as a temporary to reach the base
-// class's to_json via ADL.
-struct vector3_wrapper : issue_4320_eigen::vector3
-{
-    using issue_4320_eigen::vector3::vector3;
-};
-
-struct payload
-{
-    double x, y, z;
-};
-
-inline vector3_wrapper to_eigen(const payload& p) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    return {p.x, p.y, p.z};
-}
-
-inline void to_json(json& j, const payload& p) // NOLINT(misc-use-internal-linkage)
-{
-    // Unqualified call, passing a *derived* vector3_wrapper: relies on ADL
-    // finding issue_4320_eigen::to_json(json&, const vector3&) through the
-    // vector3 base class, via a derived-to-base conversion. Must NOT resolve
-    // to the library's own generic array-compatible to_json (an exact-match
-    // template for vector3_wrapper, since it also has begin()/end()), which
-    // would serialize this as [x, y, z] instead of {"x":x, "y":y, "z":z}.
-    to_json(j, to_eigen(p));
-}
-} // namespace issue_4320
-
-TEST_CASE("issue #4320 - custom base class must not leak nlohmann::detail into ADL")
-{
-    // Before the fix, basic_json unconditionally derived from a type living in
-    // nlohmann::detail (json_default_base), which made nlohmann::detail an
-    // associated namespace of every basic_json for ADL purposes. That leaked
-    // the library's internal generic-array to_json overload into unqualified
-    // to_json() calls made from user code, silently bypassing user-defined
-    // to_json overloads reached via a derived-to-base conversion.
-    const issue_4320::payload p{1.0, 2.0, 3.0};
-
-    json j;
-    to_json(j, p);
-    CHECK(j == json({{"x", 1.0}, {"y", 2.0}, {"z", 3.0}}));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("issue #5338 - truncated CBOR tagged binary subtype is rejected")
-{
-    const std::vector<std::vector<std::uint8_t>> truncated_tags =
-    {
-        {0xD8},
-        {0xD9, 0x00},
-        {0xDA, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
-        {0xDB, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& data : truncated_tags)
-    {
-        CAPTURE(data);
-        for (const auto tag_handler :
-                {
-                    json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store
-                })
-        {
-            CAPTURE(tag_handler);
-            const auto result = json::from_cbor(data, true, false, tag_handler);
-            CHECK(result.is_discarded());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("issue #5402 - update(merge_objects=true) overwrites a primitive with an object")
-{
-    json t = {{"k", 1}};
-    t.update(json{{"k", {{"x", 2}}}}, true);
-    CHECK(t == json({{"k", {{"x", 2}}}}));
-
-    json mixed = {{"keep", {{"a", 1}}}, {"replace", 1}};
-    mixed.update(json{{"keep", {{"b", 2}}}, {"replace", {{"x", 2}}}}, true);
-    CHECK(mixed == json({{"keep", {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}}}, {"replace", {{"x", 2}}}}));
-}
-
-
-DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP

tests/src/unit-ubjson.cpp

@@ -2149,67 +2149,6 @@ TEST_CASE("UBJSON")
     }
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("UBJSON optimized arrays of a valueless type are bounded")
-{
-    // An element of type 'Z', 'T' or 'F' is encoded by its marker alone, so an
-    // optimized array of one of those has no payload and the declared count is
-    // the only thing deciding how much is allocated. Ten bytes used to produce
-    // billions of values (#2793); every other type costs at least one byte per
-    // element and is bounded by the end of the input.
-    json _;
-
-    SECTION("an excessive count is rejected")
-    {
-        // 'l' is a big-endian int32: 0x7FFFFFFF elements, about 34 GB of value
-        for (const auto marker :
-                {'Z', 'T', 'F'
-                })
-        {
-            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {'[', '$', static_cast<uint8_t>(marker), '#', 'l', 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
-            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(input), "[json.exception.out_of_range.408] syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: excessive array size", json::out_of_range&);
-            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(input, true, false).is_discarded());
-        }
-    }
-
-    SECTION("ordinary counts are unaffected")
-    {
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>({'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'i', 3})) == json({nullptr, nullptr, nullptr}));
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>({'[', '$', 'T', '#', 'i', 2})) == json({true, true}));
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>({'[', '$', 'F', '#', 'i', 2})) == json({false, false}));
-        // 'N' is a no-op rather than a value, and still yields an empty array
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>({'[', '$', 'N', '#', 'i', 2})) == json::array());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("a type with a payload is unaffected")
-    {
-        // A count past the limit is not rejected for 'U', which costs a byte
-        // per element and is bounded by the end of the input instead. The
-        // count is kept just past the limit rather than made huge, because a
-        // count that also exceeds the array's max_size() is reported as
-        // out_of_range before the input runs out, and max_size() depends on
-        // the width of std::size_t.
-        const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {'[', '$', 'U', '#', 'l', 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01};
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(input), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 10: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(input, true, false).is_discarded());
-    }
-
-    SECTION("the writer stays within what the reader accepts")
-    {
-        // below the limit the optimized form is used and is tiny; above it the
-        // writer falls back so that the result can still be read back
-        json const at_limit(1048576, nullptr);
-        const auto v_at_limit = json::to_ubjson(at_limit, true, true);
-        CHECK(v_at_limit.size() == 9);
-        CHECK(v_at_limit.at(1) == '$');
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_at_limit) == at_limit);
-
-        json const above_limit(1048577, nullptr);
-        const auto v_above_limit = json::to_ubjson(above_limit, true, true);
-        CHECK(v_above_limit.at(1) != '$');
-        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_above_limit) == above_limit);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_CASE("Universal Binary JSON Specification Examples 1")
 {
     SECTION("Null Value")