docs: cross-reference json_view and json_document for 3.13.0

Document the new zero-copy document/view API across the docs: add a "Documents and views" section to the basic_json API hub linking to all specializations, point parsing/conversion/modifying pages to the view-based alternatives, add document/view sections to feature pages, update the landing page to mention json_view.hpp/json_literals.hpp, and cross-link debugging/exceptions. Also document wide-string inputs (and ill-formed UTF-16/32 rejection), add parse/accept examples for wide strings, fix related doc gaps, and align features/parsing and FAQ with the added support. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-10-22 14:08:13 +00:00 · 2026-10-22 14:51:05 +02:00
25 changed files with 482 additions and 1211 deletions
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ Checks whether the input is valid JSON.
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.
    
+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all make this function return `false`.
+
 Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid JSON input
 (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.

@@ -35,9 +38,12 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an excep
    - a `#!c FILE` pointer (throws if null)
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
-    - a `std::string`
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -125,6 +131,21 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
    --8<-- "examples/accept__iterator_pair.output"
    ```

+??? example "Example: (3) reading from UTF-16 strings"
+
+    The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input. String literals like `u"..."`, `U"..."`, and
+    `L"..."` work as well.
+
+    ```cpp
+    --8<-- "examples/accept__wide_string.cpp"
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    --8<-- "examples/accept__wide_string.output"
+    ```
+
 ## See also

 - [parse](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
@@ -151,6 +172,9 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected in version 3.13.0; before that, some such sequences were accepted or
+  ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -44,6 +44,22 @@ are collected in [Template Parameter Requirements](../../features/types/template
 - [**json**](../json.md) - default specialization
 - [**ordered_json**](../ordered_json.md) - a specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys

+## Documents and views
+
+Besides `basic_json`, the library offers a second way to hold a parsed JSON text: a
+[`basic_json_document`](../basic_json_document/index.md), which owns or borrows the text and holds a flat index of the
+values in it, and a [`basic_json_view`](../basic_json_view/index.md), a read-only handle to one value of such a document.
+Both are defined in the header `<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`; see
+[Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
+
+- [**json_document**](../json_document.md) / [**ordered_json_document**](../ordered_json_document.md) - read-only
+  documents of the `basic_json` specialization they belong to
+- [**json_editable_document**](../json_editable_document.md) /
+  [**ordered_json_editable_document**](../ordered_json_editable_document.md) - documents that can be modified in place
+- [**json_view**](../json_view.md) / [**ordered_json_view**](../ordered_json_view.md) - views of a document
+- [**json_editable_view**](../json_editable_view.md) /
+  [**ordered_json_editable_view**](../ordered_json_editable_view.md) - views of an editable document
+
 ## Iterator invalidation

 All operations that add values to an **array** ([`push_back`](push_back.md) , [`operator+=`](operator+=.md),
@@ -343,6 +359,9 @@ Access to the JSON value
 ## See also

 - [RFC 8259: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259)
+- [basic_json_document](../basic_json_document/index.md) / [basic_json_view](../basic_json_view/index.md) - parse a JSON
+  text into a flat index and read it through a view
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - when to use a document and a view instead of a `basic_json`

 ## Version history

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a
+    [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 ## Template parameters

 `InputType`
@@ -34,9 +38,12 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
    - a `FILE` pointer (throws if null)
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
-    - a `std::string`
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -112,6 +119,13 @@ By default, a `'\0'` (NUL) byte anywhere in the input is treated as end of input
 outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-bytes-in-the-input) for details and the
 [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](../macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) macro to opt into rejecting it instead.

+!!! tip "Parsing into a document instead of a value"
+
+    [`basic_json_document::parse`](../basic_json_document/parse.md) accepts the same inputs and the same options, but
+    keeps the result as a flat index of the parsed values instead of a tree of `basic_json` values. It is faster and uses
+    less memory when only parts of the document are read, and it also accepts a pointer to a null-terminated wide string,
+    which `parse()` does not. See [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md).
+
 !!! tip "Performance"

    Contiguous inputs (strings, string views, vectors, arrays, pointer ranges) are the fastest to parse. A
@@ -250,6 +264,22 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
    --8<-- "examples/trailing_commas.output"
    ```

+??? example "Example: parse from UTF-16, UTF-32, and wide strings"
+
+    The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input; `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` are interpreted
+    as UTF-16 and UTF-32, and `std::wstring` uses the platform's `wchar_t` width. String literals like `u"..."`,
+    `U"..."`, and `L"..."` work as well, as do iterators over wide characters.
+
+    ```cpp
+    --8<-- "examples/parse__wide_string.cpp"
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    --8<-- "examples/parse__wide_string.output"
+    ```
+
 ## See also

 - [accept](accept.md) - check if the input is valid JSON
@@ -280,6 +310,9 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
  time).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md) restores `std::fgetc`).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0; before that, some such
+  sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ Read from input and generate SAX events
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a
+    [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index.md).

 ## Template parameters
@@ -42,8 +46,12 @@ The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose `value_type` is an integral type
@@ -160,6 +168,9 @@ use the same file with stdio functions, but it must not wait for another thread
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0; before that, some such
+  sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -115,6 +115,12 @@ points apply to every edit:
  [`source_offset()`](../basic_json_view/source_offset.md) of a value introduced by an edit is
  `#!cpp static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)`, the same value it reports for a decoded string.

+## See also
+
+- [basic_json_view](../basic_json_view/index.md) - the read-only handle to a value of a document
+- [json_document](../json_document.md) - the document type of the default specialization
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - the concept behind documents and views
+
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -21,17 +21,18 @@ static basic_json_document parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,

 Both overloads accept the same JSON text as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md), with the same
 `ignore_comments`/`ignore_trailing_commas` options, but build a [`basic_json_document`](index.md) (a flat index into
-the input) instead of a tree of `BasicJsonType` values. They take the same inputs as `BasicJsonType::parse()`. Byte
-inputs that stay alive can be borrowed; all others (streams, `#!cpp FILE*`, wide characters, non-contiguous
-iterators) are read into a copy that the document owns -- see the Notes. Use [`parse_copy()`](parse_copy.md) to get an
-owned copy of a borrowable input as well.
+the input) instead of a tree of `BasicJsonType` values. They take the same inputs as `BasicJsonType::parse()`, plus a
+pointer to a null-terminated wide string, which `BasicJsonType::parse()` does not accept. Byte inputs that stay alive
+can be borrowed; all others (streams, `#!cpp FILE*`, wide characters, non-contiguous iterators) are read into a copy
+that the document owns -- see the Notes. Use [`parse_copy()`](parse_copy.md) to get an owned copy of a borrowable input
+as well.

 ## Template parameters

 `InputType`
 :   A compatible input, for instance:

-    - a `#!cpp std::string`, `#!cpp std::string_view`, or a C-style array of single-byte characters
+    - a `#!cpp std::string`, a `#!cpp std::string_view` (C++17), or a C-style array of single-byte characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single-byte characters (`#!cpp char`, `#!cpp signed char`,
      `#!cpp unsigned char`, `#!cpp std::uint8_t`)
    - a container for which `#!cpp obj.data()` and `#!cpp obj.size()` give contiguous single-byte access, e.g.
@@ -47,6 +48,10 @@ owned copy of a borrowable input as well.
    `#!cpp std::string::iterator`; the iterators of single-byte characters are borrowed or read like the byte inputs
    above, those of wide characters are converted to UTF-8

+Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low
+surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a
+[`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 ## Parameters

 `input` (in)
@@ -155,3 +160,5 @@ buffer of a given length, pass a pair of pointers: `#!cpp parse(ptr, ptr + len)`
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101`.
@@ -143,6 +143,12 @@ still refers to it -- including ones taken before the change -- reads the new va

 - [**source_offset**](source_offset.md) - byte offset of this value in the document's source text

+## See also
+
+- [basic_json_document](../basic_json_document/index.md) - the document a view refers into
+- [materialize](materialize.md) - build the `BasicJsonType` value of a subtree
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - the concept behind documents and views
+
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // a valid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+    const std::u16string valid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+
+    // an invalid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+    const std::u16string invalid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\",}";
+
+    std::cout << std::boolalpha
+              << json::accept(valid_text) << ' '
+              << json::accept(invalid_text) << '\n';
+}
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+true false
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // the same JSON text, given in different encodings
+    const std::string utf8 = "{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::u16string utf16 = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::u32string utf32 = U"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::wstring wide = L"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+
+    // the encoding is deduced from the character type of the input, and all
+    // of them yield the same value
+    std::cout << json::parse(utf8) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(utf16) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(utf32) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(wide) << '\n';
+
+    // a wide string literal works as well: u"..." is UTF-16, U"..." is UTF-32
+    std::cout << json::parse(u"[1, 2, 3]") << '\n';
+
+    // iterators over wide characters work as well
+    std::cout << json::parse(utf16.begin(), utf16.end()) << '\n';
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+[1,2,3]
+{"name":"é"}
@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ which avoids repeating it:
    --8<-- "examples/get_to.output"
    ```

+!!! info "Getting values out of a document or a view"
+
+    A [view](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) offers the same `get<T>()` conversion, but reads it straight from the
+    document's index, without building a `basic_json` value first. Two conversions never copy at all:
+    [`get_string()`](../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) returns a string as a view into the source text, and
+    [`number_token()`](../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md) returns a number exactly as it was written. Every other
+    type is obtained from a subtree that is built on demand with
+    [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md). See
+    [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying).
+
 The library already knows how to convert to and from the scalar types and the STL containers (such as
 `#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::array`, `#!cpp std::optional`, and many more). Converting a JSON
 object back to a `#!cpp std::map` or a JSON array back to a `#!cpp std::vector` therefore works without any extra code:
@@ -234,3 +244,4 @@ The conversions above are built in for standard types. To make the same syntax w
 - [`get_ref`](../api/basic_json/get_ref.md) / [`get_ptr`](../api/basic_json/get_ptr.md) - access the stored value without copying
 - [Arbitrary types conversions](arbitrary_types.md) - support your own types
 - [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md) - toggle implicit conversions
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) - get values out of a document or a view
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # Creating JSON values

 There are several ways to create a JSON value in memory. This page gives an overview; to read a value from JSON text
-instead, see [parsing](parsing/index.md).
+instead, see [parsing](parsing/index.md). A JSON text can also be parsed into a
+[document](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) and read through a [view](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) instead of
+into a value; see [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md).

 ## From C++ values

@@ -101,3 +103,4 @@ string `#!json "42"`.
 - [`operator""_json`](../api/operator_literal_json.md) - the `_json` literal
 - [Converting values](conversions.md) - which C++ types can be used
 - [Parsing](parsing/index.md) - create a value from JSON text
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) - create a document and a view from JSON text instead of a value
@@ -287,6 +287,23 @@ external dependency and is not defined by default.

 See [full documentation of `JSON_USE_SIMDUTF`](../api/macros/json_use_simdutf.md).

+## `JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD`
+
+When defined, the parser of [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md)
+(`<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`) uses only portable C++ to scan strings, instead of vector instructions (SSE2 on x86-64,
+NEON on AArch64). The same input is accepted or rejected either way; only the speed differs. It is not defined by
+default.
+
+See [full documentation of `JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD`](../api/macros/json_view_no_simd.md).
+
+## `JSON_VIEW_USE_SSSE3`
+
+When defined on x86-64, the parser of [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md)
+(`<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`) validates non-ASCII text in strings with SSSE3 without asking the CPU first. It is not
+defined by default.
+
+See [full documentation of `JSON_VIEW_USE_SSSE3`](../api/macros/json_view_use_ssse3.md).
+
 ## `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*(...)`, `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*(...)`

 The library defines 12 macros to simplify the serialization/deserialization of types. See the page on
@@ -85,6 +85,16 @@ json a = {1, 2, 3, 4};
 a.erase(1);             // [1,3,4]  (erase by index)
 ```

+## Editing a document
+
+The operations above work on a `basic_json` value. A JSON text that was parsed into a
+[document](json_view.md#editing-a-document) can also be changed in place, without building a `basic_json` tree for the
+parts that are not touched: [`set`](../api/basic_json_document/set.md) replaces a value or an object member,
+[`push_back`](../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) appends to an array,
+[`insert`](../api/basic_json_document/insert.md) inserts into an array, and
+[`erase`](../api/basic_json_document/erase.md) removes a member or an element. These functions are available on the
+editable document types, such as [`json_editable_document`](../api/json_editable_document.md).
+
 ## See also

 - [`push_back`](../api/basic_json/push_back.md) / [`emplace_back`](../api/basic_json/emplace_back.md) - append to an array
@@ -93,3 +103,4 @@ a.erase(1);             // [1,3,4]  (erase by index)
 - [`merge_patch`](../api/basic_json/merge_patch.md) - apply an RFC 7396 merge patch
 - [`erase`](../api/basic_json/erase.md) / [`clear`](../api/basic_json/clear.md) - remove elements
 - [JSON Patch and Diff](json_patch.md) and [JSON Merge Patch](merge_patch.md) - structured modifications
+- [Editing a document](json_view.md#editing-a-document) - change a parsed document in place
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ flowchart LR
 The [`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) function reads a JSON value from an input. The input can be

 - a string (`#!cpp std::string`, C string, or string literal),
+- a wide string (`#!cpp std::u16string`, `#!cpp std::u32string`, or `#!cpp std::wstring`, or a wide string literal),
 - a `#!cpp std::istream` (e.g., an `#!cpp std::ifstream` reading from a file),
 - a `#!cpp FILE*` pointer,
 - a pair of iterators over a contiguous range (e.g., a `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>`), or
@@ -32,12 +33,18 @@ std::ifstream f("example.json");
 json data = json::parse(f);
 ```

-The input must be encoded in UTF-8; other encodings are not supported. A single input may contain only one JSON value.
+The input must be encoded in UTF-8; other encodings are not supported. The exception is wide-character input, which
+is read as UTF-16 or UTF-32 -- depending on the character type -- and converted to UTF-8; see the
+[`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) page for an example. A single input may contain only one JSON value.
 Inputs consisting of multiple values separated by newlines are handled by the [JSON Lines](json_lines.md) format.

 By default, the library rejects comments and trailing commas. Both can be enabled with parameters of the `parse`
 function — see [comments](../comments.md) and [trailing commas](../trailing_commas.md).

+[`basic_json_document::parse`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) accepts the same inputs with the same options,
+but keeps the result in a document rather than in a `basic_json` value; see
+[Documents and views](#documents-and-views) below.
+
 ## Strictness and trailing data

 [`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) reads a single JSON value and requires the whole input to be consumed: any
@@ -98,6 +105,24 @@ The library offers two parsing models:
 You can influence a DOM parse without switching to the SAX interface by passing a
 [parser callback](parser_callbacks.md), which is called during parsing and can, for example, discard parts of the input.

+## Documents and views
+
+A third model sits between DOM and SAX: [`basic_json_document::parse`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) parses
+the input into a document that keeps the text and a flat index of the values in it, and
+[`basic_json_view`](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) gives read-only access to the values through that index.
+Strings and numbers stay in the source text and are only decoded when they are read, which is faster and uses less
+memory than building a tree of `basic_json` values when only parts of the document are needed. A document can also be
+modified in place, and it can be saved and loaded again without parsing it.
+
+```cpp
+#include <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>
+
+json_document doc = json_document::parse(R"({"happy": true, "pi": 3.141})");
+std::cout << doc.root()["happy"].get<bool>() << '\n';
+```
+
+See [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
+
 ## Exceptions

 When the input is not valid JSON, the `parse` function throws an exception by default. If exceptions are undesired or
@@ -108,6 +133,7 @@ options.
 ## See also

 - [`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
+- [`basic_json_document::parse`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) - deserialize into a document instead of a value
 - [`accept`](../../api/basic_json/accept.md) - check if the input is valid JSON
 - [`sax_parse`](../../api/basic_json/sax_parse.md) - generate SAX events
 - [JSON Lines](json_lines.md) - parse newline-delimited JSON
@@ -115,3 +141,4 @@ options.
 - [SAX interface](sax_interface.md) - implement a custom SAX handler
 - [parsing and exceptions](parse_exceptions.md) - control error handling
 - [parsing untrusted input](untrusted_input.md) - what to consider when parsing input from untrusted sources
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) - parse into a document and read it through a view
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ Invalid UTF-8 is rejected while parsing, not just while serializing:

 - In JSON text, an ill-formed UTF-8 byte in a string is a
  [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) ("invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte").
+- In UTF-16 or UTF-32 input, an ill-formed sequence is a
+  [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) as well: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate
+  that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` are all rejected.
 - In a binary format, a string that is not valid UTF-8 is a
  [`parse_error.113`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error113).

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Debugging

-This page collects the library's built-in debugger integrations and other debugging-related features. They are
-not linked from a single place elsewhere in the docs, so are collected here.
+This page collects the library's built-in debugger integrations and other debugging-related features. They are not
+covered by any single page elsewhere in the docs, so they are collected here.

 ## Visual Studio (natvis)

@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@ As this global context comes at the price of storing one additional pointer per

    Now the exception message contains a JSON Pointer `/address/housenumber` that indicates which value has the wrong type.

-See [documentation of `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md) for more information.
+See [documentation of `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md) for more information, and
+[Debugging](debugging.md) for the debugger integrations of the library.

 ## Parse errors

@@ -81,8 +81,9 @@ rejected by default, and the library never adds them when serializing.

 The library supports **Unicode input** as follows:

- Only **UTF-8** encoded input is supported, which is the default encoding for JSON, according to [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html#section-8.1).
- `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` can be parsed, assuming UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding, respectively. These encodings are not supported when reading from files or other input containers.
+- **UTF-8** encoded input is supported, which is the default encoding for JSON, according to [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html#section-8.1).
+- `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` can be parsed, assuming UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding, respectively; `std::wstring` works as well and is interpreted as UTF-16 or UTF-32, depending on the width of the platform's `wchar_t`. These encodings cannot be read from a `FILE*` or an `std::istream`, which carry bytes only.
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 or UTF-32 input is rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a parse error. The same holds for iterators over 2- or 4-byte characters.
 - Other encodings such as Latin-1 or ISO 8859-1 are **not** supported and will yield parse or serialization errors.
 - The library will not replace [Unicode noncharacters](http://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1).
 - Invalid surrogates (e.g., incomplete pairs such as `\uDEAD`) will yield parse errors.
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ json::parse(std::string("\"") + '\0' + "\""); // throws parse_error.101: control

    Why are wide strings (e.g., `std::wstring`) dumped as arrays of numbers?

-As described [above](#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters), the library assumes UTF-8 as encoding.  To store a wide string, you need to change the encoding.
+As described [above](#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters), the library stores its strings as UTF-8. To store a wide string, you need to change the encoding.

 !!! example

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ JSON for Modern C++ is a header-only C++11 library that turns JSON into a first-
 magic of modern C++ so that creating, reading, and modifying JSON values feels as natural as it does in languages like
 Python. The whole library is available as a single header, `json.hpp`, with no dependencies, no subproject, and no
 complex build system to set up; a companion header, `json_fwd.hpp`, provides forward declarations to keep compile times
-down. See [header-only integration](integration/index.md) for details. It is heavily unit-tested with 100% code
+down, `<nlohmann/json_literals.hpp>` holds the user-defined string literals on their own, and
+`<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` adds zero-copy views and editable documents. See
+[header-only integration](integration/index.md) for details. It is heavily unit-tested with 100% code
 coverage, checked with Valgrind and the Clang Sanitizers for memory leaks, and continuously fuzz-tested by Google
 OSS-Fuzz.

@@ -58,7 +60,8 @@ Conda, and more), and pkg-config.

    ---

-    Creating, parsing, accessing, and serializing JSON values, JSON Pointer/Patch, binary formats, and more.
+    Creating, parsing, accessing, and serializing JSON values, JSON Pointer/Patch, binary formats, zero-copy views,
+    and more.

    [:octicons-arrow-right-24: Features](features/index.md)

@@ -74,7 +77,8 @@ Conda, and more), and pkg-config.

    ---

-    The complete reference for `basic_json` and its member functions, types, and related classes.
+    The complete reference for `basic_json` and its member functions, types, and related classes, as well as for
+    `json_document` and `json_view`.

    [:octicons-arrow-right-24: API documentation](api/basic_json/index.md)

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #undef JSON_SCAN_SSSE3_TARGET
 #undef JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
 #undef JSON_SCAN_VECTOR_UTF8
-#undef JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS

 #ifndef JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS
    #undef JSON_CATCH
@@ -34,14 +34,6 @@
 #include <nlohmann/detail/string_utils.hpp>
 #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>

-// the short-string fast path of the serializer assembles words from little-endian
-// loads, see serializer::put_short_quoted()
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__) || (defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
-    #define JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS 1
-#else
-    #define JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS 0
-#endif
-
 NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace detail
 {
@@ -88,14 +80,11 @@ class serializer
               const std::size_t indent_step_ = 0,
               error_handler_t error_handler_ = error_handler_t::strict)
        : o(&s)
-        , number_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
-        , string_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
        , indent_char(ichar)
        , pretty_print(pretty_print_)
        , ensure_ascii(ensure_ascii_)
        , indent_step(indent_step_)
        , error_handler(error_handler_)
-        , write_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
    {}

    // deleted because of pointer members
@@ -170,27 +159,34 @@ class serializer

                if (pretty_print)
                {
+                    put_literal("{\n");
+
                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);

-                    put_literal_indent("{\n", new_indent);
-
                    // first n-1 elements
                    auto i = val.m_data.m_value.object->cbegin();
                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_data.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
                    {
-                        put_quoted(i->first, "\": ");
-                        dump_element(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
-                        put_literal_indent(",\n", new_indent);
+                        put_indent(new_indent);
+                        put_char('"');
+                        dump_escaped(i->first);
+                        put_literal("\": ");
+                        dump_internal(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_literal(",\n");
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
                    JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
-                    put_quoted(i->first, "\": ");
-                    dump_element(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+                    put_char('"');
+                    dump_escaped(i->first);
+                    put_literal("\": ");
+                    dump_internal(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);

-                    put_literal_indent("\n", current_indent);
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
                    put_char('}');
                }
                else
@@ -201,16 +197,20 @@ class serializer
                    auto i = val.m_data.m_value.object->cbegin();
                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_data.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
                    {
-                        put_quoted(i->first, "\":");
-                        dump_element(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_char('"');
+                        dump_escaped(i->first);
+                        put_literal("\":");
+                        dump_internal(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
                        put_char(',');
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
                    JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
-                    put_quoted(i->first, "\":");
-                    dump_element(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_char('"');
+                    dump_escaped(i->first);
+                    put_literal("\":");
+                    dump_internal(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);

                    put_char('}');
                }
@@ -234,24 +234,27 @@ class serializer

                if (pretty_print)
                {
+                    put_literal("[\n");
+
                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);

-                    put_literal_indent("[\n", new_indent);
-
                    // first n-1 elements
                    for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.array->cbegin();
                            i != val.m_data.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
                    {
-                        dump_element(*i, new_indent, depth + 1);
-                        put_literal_indent(",\n", new_indent);
+                        put_indent(new_indent);
+                        dump_internal(*i, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_literal(",\n");
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_data.m_value.array->empty());
-                    dump_element(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), new_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+                    dump_internal(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), new_indent, depth + 1);

-                    put_literal_indent("\n", current_indent);
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
                    put_char(']');
                }
                else
@@ -262,13 +265,13 @@ class serializer
                    for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.array->cbegin();
                            i != val.m_data.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
                    {
-                        dump_element(*i, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                        dump_internal(*i, current_indent, depth + 1);
                        put_char(',');
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_data.m_value.array->empty());
-                    dump_element(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), current_indent, depth + 1);
+                    dump_internal(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), current_indent, depth + 1);

                    put_char(']');
                }
@@ -291,27 +294,6 @@ class serializer
    }

  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief serialize an element of a container
-
-    Most elements are scalars, which need none of the state dump_internal() keeps
-    for a container; writing them from here spares each the entry and exit of
-    that function.
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE void dump_element(const BasicJsonType& val,
-            const std::size_t current_indent,
-            const std::size_t depth)
-    {
-        if (val.m_data.m_type == value_t::object || val.m_data.m_type == value_t::array)
-        {
-            dump_internal(val, current_indent, depth);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            dump_scalar(val, current_indent);
-        }
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief write out @a val and everything below it without the call stack

@@ -371,13 +353,16 @@ class serializer
                    put_indent(frame.child_indent);
                }

+                put_char('"');
+                dump_escaped(frame.object_it->first);
+
                if (pretty_print)
                {
-                    put_quoted(frame.object_it->first, "\": ");
+                    put_literal("\": ");
                }
                else
                {
-                    put_quoted(frame.object_it->first, "\":");
+                    put_literal("\":");
                }

                const BasicJsonType& element = frame.object_it->second;
@@ -552,13 +537,78 @@ class serializer
        {
            case value_t::string:
            {
-                dump_string_value(*val.m_data.m_value.string);
+                put_char('"');
+                dump_escaped(*val.m_data.m_value.string);
+                put_char('"');
                return;
            }

            case value_t::binary:
            {
-                dump_binary_value(current_indent, *val.m_data.m_value.binary);
+                if (pretty_print)
+                {
+                    put_literal("{\n");
+
+                    // variable to hold indentation for the bytes
+                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);
+
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+
+                    put_literal("\"bytes\": [");
+
+                    if (!val.m_data.m_value.binary->empty())
+                    {
+                        for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.binary->cbegin();
+                                i != val.m_data.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i)
+                        {
+                            dump_byte(*i);
+                            put_literal(", ");
+                        }
+                        dump_byte(val.m_data.m_value.binary->back());
+                    }
+
+                    put_literal("],\n");
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+
+                    put_literal("\"subtype\": ");
+                    if (val.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype())
+                    {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        put_literal("null");
+                    }
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
+                    put_char('}');
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    put_literal("{\"bytes\":[");
+
+                    if (!val.m_data.m_value.binary->empty())
+                    {
+                        for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.binary->cbegin();
+                                i != val.m_data.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i)
+                        {
+                            dump_byte(*i);
+                            put_char(',');
+                        }
+                        dump_byte(val.m_data.m_value.binary->back());
+                    }
+
+                    put_literal("],\"subtype\":");
+                    if (val.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype())
+                    {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype());
+                        put_char('}');
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        put_literal("null}");
+                    }
+                }
                return;
            }

@@ -577,19 +627,19 @@ class serializer

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
-                dump_signed_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
+                dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
-                dump_unsigned_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
-                dump_float_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_float);
+                dump_float(val.m_data.m_value.number_float);
                return;
            }

@@ -612,107 +662,6 @@ class serializer
        }
    }

-    /// @brief write the string @a s in quotes; kept out of line, so that the
-    /// other scalars do not pay for its register needs (and the other way round)
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_string_value(const string_t& s)
-    {
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-        if (s.size() <= short_string_max && put_short_quoted(s, "\""))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-#endif
-        put_char('"');
-        dump_escaped(s);
-        put_char('"');
-    }
-
-    // The numbers, and the rest of what dump_scalar() writes, are left to
-    // functions of their own as well: a single function holding all of them
-    // saves and restores every register any of them needs, on every call. Now
-    // dump_scalar() only dispatches, and each writer pays for what it uses.
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_signed_value(const number_integer_t x)
-    {
-        dump_integer(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_unsigned_value(const number_unsigned_t x)
-    {
-        dump_integer(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_float_value(const number_float_t x)
-    {
-        dump_float(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_binary_value(const std::size_t current_indent, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& binary)
-    {
-        if (pretty_print)
-        {
-            put_literal("{\n");
-
-            // variable to hold indentation for the bytes
-            const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);
-
-            put_indent(new_indent);
-
-            put_literal("\"bytes\": [");
-
-            if (!binary.empty())
-            {
-                for (auto i = binary.cbegin();
-                        i != binary.cend() - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    dump_byte(*i);
-                    put_literal(", ");
-                }
-                dump_byte(binary.back());
-            }
-
-            put_literal("],\n");
-            put_indent(new_indent);
-
-            put_literal("\"subtype\": ");
-            if (binary.has_subtype())
-            {
-                dump_integer(binary.subtype());
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                put_literal("null");
-            }
-            put_char('\n');
-            put_indent(current_indent);
-            put_char('}');
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            put_literal("{\"bytes\":[");
-
-            if (!binary.empty())
-            {
-                for (auto i = binary.cbegin();
-                        i != binary.cend() - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    dump_byte(*i);
-                    put_char(',');
-                }
-                dump_byte(binary.back());
-            }
-
-            put_literal("],\"subtype\":");
-            if (binary.has_subtype())
-            {
-                dump_integer(binary.subtype());
-                put_char('}');
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                put_literal("null}");
-            }
-        }
-    }

    /*!
    @brief the indentation level to use for the children of the current value
@@ -729,217 +678,6 @@ class serializer
        return new_indent;
    }

-  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief append the string @a s in quotes, followed by @a tail
-
-    The quote, the string and @a tail (the closing quote, possibly with the
-    colon of an object key) are the bulk of what most documents consist of, and
-    most keys and many values are short and plain. Those are handled in one go
-    by put_short_quoted(); everything else takes the general path.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    void put_quoted(const string_t& s, const char (&tail)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-        if (put_short_quoted(s, tail))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-#endif
-        put_char('"');
-        dump_escaped(s);
-        put_literal(tail);
-    }
-
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-    /// the longest string put_short_quoted() takes
-    static constexpr std::size_t short_string_max = JSON_SCAN_VECTOR ? 32 : 16;
-
-    /// the high bit of every byte of @a v that is not printable ASCII or is a
-    /// quote, a backslash, or DEL (zero if the bytes can be copied as they are)
-    static std::uint64_t swar_not_plain(const std::uint64_t v) noexcept
-    {
-        constexpr std::uint64_t ones = 0x0101010101010101ull;
-        const std::uint64_t q = v ^ 0x2222222222222222ull; // '"'
-        const std::uint64_t b = v ^ 0x5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5Cull; // '\\'
-        return (((q - ones) & ~q) | ((b - ones) & ~b)         // == '"', == '\\'
-                | ((v - 0x2020202020202020ull) & ~v)          // < 0x20
-                | v | (v + ones))                             // >= 0x7F
-               & 0x8080808080808080ull;
-    }
-
-    template<typename WordType>
-    static WordType load_word(const char* p) noexcept
-    {
-        WordType w;
-        std::memcpy(&w, p, sizeof(w));
-        return w;
-    }
-
-    template<typename WordType>
-    static void store_word(char* p, const WordType w) noexcept
-    {
-        std::memcpy(p, &w, sizeof(w));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief write `"`, @a s and @a tail if @a s is short and needs no escaping
-
-    A string of up to 16 (32 with vector instructions) printable ASCII
-    characters (no quote, backslash, or DEL) is read with two overlapping loads
-    and written with two overlapping stores, instead of scanning it and calling
-    memcpy with a length that is only known at run time. Returns false, having
-    changed nothing, if @a s does not qualify or the write buffer lacks the
-    room.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    bool put_short_quoted(const string_t& s, const char (&tail)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-        const std::size_t n = s.size();
-        if (n > short_string_max || write_buffer_pos + n + N > write_buffer.size())
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        char* d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos + 1;
-        const char* const p = s.data();
-
-        if (n >= 8)
-        {
-#if JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
-            if (!(n >= 16 ? copy_plain_vectors(d, p, n) : copy_plain_halves(d, p, n)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-#else
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint64_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint64_t>(p + n - 8);
-            if ((swar_not_plain(a) | swar_not_plain(b)) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 8, b);
-#endif
-        }
-        else if (n >= 4)
-        {
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint32_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint32_t>(p + n - 4);
-            // the bytes above the string are filled with a plain character
-            const std::uint64_t w = a | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(b) << (8 * (n - 4)))
-                                    | (0x4141414141414141ull << (8 * n));
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 4, b);
-        }
-        else if (n >= 2)
-        {
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint16_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint16_t>(p + n - 2);
-            const std::uint64_t w = a | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(b) << (8 * (n - 2)))
-                                    | (0x4141414141414141ull << (8 * n));
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 2, b);
-        }
-        else if (n == 1)
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t w = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[0])) | (0x4141414141414141ull << 8u);
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            *d = p[0];
-        }
-
-        d[-1] = '"';
-        std::memcpy(d + n, tail, N - 1);
-        write_buffer_pos += n + N;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-#if JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
-    /// copy the 8 to 15 bytes [@a p, @a p + @a n) to @a d with two overlapping
-    /// words, tested together as one vector, see copy_plain_vectors()
-    static bool copy_plain_halves(char* d, const char* p, const std::size_t n) noexcept
-    {
-#if JSON_SCAN_NEON
-        const uint8x8_t lo = vld1_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p));
-        const uint8x8_t hi = vld1_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p + n - 8));
-        const uint8x16_t in = vcombine_u8(lo, hi);
-        const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(in), vdupq_n_s8(0x20)), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F))));
-        if (vmaxvq_u8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        vst1_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d), lo);
-        vst1_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d + n - 8), hi);
-#else
-        const __m128i lo = _mm_loadl_epi64(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i hi = _mm_loadl_epi64(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p + n - 8))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i in = _mm_unpacklo_epi64(lo, hi);
-        const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('"')), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'))),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmplt_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x20)), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x7F))));
-        if (_mm_movemask_epi8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        _mm_storel_epi64(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d)), lo); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        _mm_storel_epi64(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d + n - 8)), hi); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-#endif
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /// copy the 16 to 32 bytes [@a p, @a p + @a n) to @a d with two overlapping
-    /// vectors, unless one of them is a quote, a backslash, a control
-    /// character, DEL or not ASCII
-    static bool copy_plain_vectors(char* d, const char* p, const std::size_t n) noexcept
-    {
-#if JSON_SCAN_NEON
-        const uint8x16_t a = vld1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p));
-        const uint8x16_t b = vld1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p + n - 16));
-        const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8('\\')))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(a), vdupq_n_s8(0x20)), vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(b), vdupq_n_s8(0x20))),
-                                                vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F)), vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F)))));
-        if (vmaxvq_u8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        vst1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d), a);
-        vst1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d + n - 16), b);
-#else
-        const __m128i a = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i b = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p + n - 16))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i quote = _mm_set1_epi8('"');
-        const __m128i backslash = _mm_set1_epi8('\\');
-        const __m128i space = _mm_set1_epi8(0x20);
-        const __m128i del = _mm_set1_epi8(0x7F);
-        const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, quote), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, backslash)),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, quote), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, backslash))),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmplt_epi8(a, space), _mm_cmplt_epi8(b, space)),
-                                                 _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, del), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, del))));
-        if (_mm_movemask_epi8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        _mm_storeu_si128(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d)), a); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        _mm_storeu_si128(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d + n - 16)), b); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-#endif
-        return true;
-    }
-#endif
-#endif
-
  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED:
    /*!
    @brief dump escaped string
@@ -952,23 +690,14 @@ class serializer
    @param[in] s  the string to escape

    Complexity: Linear in the length of string @a s.
-
-    @note kept out of line: with the short-string attempts in front of it gone
-          from here, compilers would otherwise inline it into @ref put_quoted
-          and then no longer into the loops that call that
    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_escaped(const string_t& s)
+    void dump_escaped(const string_t& s)
    {
        // Short strings of printable ASCII - most object keys and many values -
        // are checked byte by byte against a table and then copied in one go.
        // For them, this is cheaper than starting the vector scanner below,
        // whose setup costs more than such a string takes to scan. The same
        // check serves both values of ensure_ascii.
-        //
-        // Where put_short_quoted() exists and takes strings of up to 32 bytes,
-        // the callers have tried it already, and repeating the attempt only
-        // costs time for strings that need escaping or are not ASCII.
-#if !(JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS && JSON_SCAN_VECTOR)
        if (s.size() <= 32)
        {
            const auto& copyable = ascii_copyable();
@@ -990,7 +719,6 @@ class serializer
                return;
            }
        }
-#endif

        // dispatch once here rather than test the flag inside the loop: it does
        // not change while a string is written, and folding it lets each of the
@@ -1068,7 +796,7 @@ class serializer
                        put_buffer(string_buffer, bytes);
                        bytes = 0;
                    }
-                    put_run(s, i, run);
+                    put_string(s, i, i + run);
                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
                    undumped_chars = 0;
                    i += run;
@@ -1108,27 +836,6 @@ class serializer

            const auto byte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s[i]);

-            if (EnsureAscii && state == UTF8_ACCEPT && byte >= 0x80)
-            {
-                // a run of well-formed multi-byte characters is escaped
-                // straight into the write buffer; an ill-formed sequence
-                // ends the run and is left to the byte-at-a-time path
-                if (bytes != 0)
-                {
-                    put_buffer(string_buffer, bytes);
-                    bytes = 0;
-                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-                }
-                const std::size_t escaped = write_u_escapes(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s.data()) + i, s.size() - i);
-                if (escaped != 0)
-                {
-                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-                    undumped_chars = 0;
-                    i += escaped - 1;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-
            switch (decode(state, codepoint, byte))
            {
                case UTF8_ACCEPT:  // decode found a new code point
@@ -1406,21 +1113,6 @@ class serializer
            return;
        }

-        // the usual indentation: four words of the indentation character are
-        // stored unconditionally and only the part wanted is claimed, which
-        // spares the call of memset
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(indent <= 32 && write_buffer_pos + 32 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t word = 0x0101010101010101ull * static_cast<unsigned char>(indent_char);
-            char* const d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            std::memcpy(d, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 8, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 16, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 24, &word, sizeof(word));
-            write_buffer_pos += indent;
-            return;
-        }
-
        const std::size_t capacity = write_buffer.size();

        // fill whatever room is left in the buffer; this is the whole job
@@ -1454,32 +1146,6 @@ class serializer
        write_buffer_pos = indent;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief append a string literal and then @a indent indentation characters
-
-    The usual line break and indentation go into the buffer with one check of
-    its room and four stores of the indentation, see @ref put_indent.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE void put_literal_indent(const char (&s)[N], const std::size_t indent) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-        constexpr std::size_t length = N - 1;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(indent <= 32 && write_buffer_pos + length + 32 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t word = 0x0101010101010101ull * static_cast<unsigned char>(indent_char);
-            char* const d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            std::memcpy(d, s, length);
-            std::memcpy(d + length, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 8, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 16, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 24, &word, sizeof(word));
-            write_buffer_pos += length + indent;
-            return;
-        }
-        put_literal(s);
-        put_indent(indent);
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief append a string literal to the write buffer

@@ -1504,28 +1170,6 @@ class serializer
        write_buffer_pos += length;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief append the characters of @a str in [@a start, @a start + @a length)
-
-    A run of up to 16 characters with 16 or more in the string from @a start on
-    and in the write buffer from its end on is copied as a whole block of 16,
-    which spares the call of memcpy with a length known only at run time; the
-    surplus characters in the buffer are overwritten by what follows.
-    */
-    template<typename StringType>
-    void put_run(const StringType& str, const std::size_t start, const std::size_t length)
-    {
-        // a short run is the exception in text without escapes (CJK, accented
-        // Latin), for which this keeps the long path the fast one
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(length <= 16 && start + 16 <= str.size() && write_buffer_pos + 16 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            std::memcpy(write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos, str.data() + start, 16);
-            write_buffer_pos += length;
-            return;
-        }
-        put_string(str, start, start + length);
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief append the characters of @a str in [@a start, @a end)

@@ -1768,75 +1412,6 @@ class serializer
        return escapes;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief escape the well-formed multi-byte characters at the start of @a data
-
-    Writes the "\\uXXXX" escape of each character (two of them for a character
-    above U+FFFF) straight into the write buffer, which is why the caller must
-    have written out what is pending in @ref string_buffer. Stops at the first
-    byte that is below 0x80 or starts an ill-formed or truncated sequence, which
-    the caller handles.
-
-    @return the number of bytes of @a data that have been escaped
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE std::size_t write_u_escapes(const unsigned char* data, std::size_t n)
-    {
-        constexpr const char* nibble_to_hex = "0123456789abcdef";
-        std::size_t i = 0;
-        while (i < n && data[i] >= 0x80)
-        {
-            const std::size_t length = validate_one_utf8(data + i, n - i);
-            if (length == 0)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            const auto b0 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i]);
-            const auto b1 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 1]);
-            std::uint32_t codepoint = 0;
-            switch (length)
-            {
-                case 2:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x1Fu) << 6u) | (b1 & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-                case 3:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x0Fu) << 12u) | ((b1 & 0x3Fu) << 6u) | (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 2]) & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x07u) << 18u) | ((b1 & 0x3Fu) << 12u) | ((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 2]) & 0x3Fu) << 6u) | (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 3]) & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-            }
-
-            // at most two escapes of six bytes each
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(write_buffer.size() - write_buffer_pos < 12))
-            {
-                flush();
-            }
-            char* d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            if (codepoint > 0xFFFFu)
-            {
-                d = put_u_escape(d, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)), nibble_to_hex);
-                codepoint = 0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu);
-            }
-            d = put_u_escape(d, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint), nibble_to_hex);
-            write_buffer_pos = static_cast<std::size_t>(d - write_buffer.data());
-            i += length;
-        }
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    static char* put_u_escape(char* d, const std::uint16_t codeunit, const char* nibble_to_hex) noexcept
-    {
-        const auto unit = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(codeunit);
-        d[0] = '\\';
-        d[1] = 'u';
-        d[2] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 12u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[3] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 8u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[4] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 4u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[5] = nibble_to_hex[unit & 0x0Fu];
-        return d + 6;
-    }
-
    /*!
     * @brief write a lowercase "\\uXXXX" escape sequence into @a string_buffer
     *
@@ -2194,22 +1769,11 @@ class serializer
    /// the output of the serializer (non-owning; the adapter lives at the call site)
    output_adapter_protocol<char>* o = nullptr;

-    /// a character buffer left uninitialized: the buffers below are written
-    /// before they are read (only the part written is ever read), and zeroing
-    /// 1.6 KiB took more than half of what dumping a small value costs (the
-    /// user-provided constructor keeps the member initialization, which
-    /// -Weffc++ asks for, from zeroing them)
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    struct uninitialized_buffer : std::array<char, N>
-    {
-        uninitialized_buffer() noexcept {} // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default,hicpp-use-equals-default,cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init,hicpp-member-init): see above
-    };
-
    /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
-    uninitialized_buffer<64> number_buffer;
+    std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};

    /// string buffer
-    uninitialized_buffer<512> string_buffer;
+    std::array<char, 512> string_buffer{{}};

    /// the indentation character
    const char indent_char;
@@ -2229,7 +1793,7 @@ class serializer
    /// buffer collecting output before it is flushed to the output adapter, so
    /// that the many small structural writes become few bulk writes
    static constexpr std::size_t write_buffer_size = 1024;
-    uninitialized_buffer<write_buffer_size> write_buffer;
+    std::array<char, write_buffer_size> write_buffer{{}};
    /// number of valid bytes currently held in @ref write_buffer
    std::size_t write_buffer_pos = 0;
 };
@@ -30178,14 +30178,6 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>


-// the short-string fast path of the serializer assembles words from little-endian
-// loads, see serializer::put_short_quoted()
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__) || (defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
-    #define JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS 1
-#else
-    #define JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS 0
-#endif
-
 NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace detail
 {
@@ -30232,14 +30224,11 @@ class serializer
               const std::size_t indent_step_ = 0,
               error_handler_t error_handler_ = error_handler_t::strict)
        : o(&s)
-        , number_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
-        , string_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
        , indent_char(ichar)
        , pretty_print(pretty_print_)
        , ensure_ascii(ensure_ascii_)
        , indent_step(indent_step_)
        , error_handler(error_handler_)
-        , write_buffer() // NOLINT(readability-redundant-member-init)
    {}

    // deleted because of pointer members
@@ -30314,27 +30303,34 @@ class serializer

                if (pretty_print)
                {
+                    put_literal("{\n");
+
                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);

-                    put_literal_indent("{\n", new_indent);
-
                    // first n-1 elements
                    auto i = val.m_data.m_value.object->cbegin();
                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_data.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
                    {
-                        put_quoted(i->first, "\": ");
-                        dump_element(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
-                        put_literal_indent(",\n", new_indent);
+                        put_indent(new_indent);
+                        put_char('"');
+                        dump_escaped(i->first);
+                        put_literal("\": ");
+                        dump_internal(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_literal(",\n");
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
                    JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
-                    put_quoted(i->first, "\": ");
-                    dump_element(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+                    put_char('"');
+                    dump_escaped(i->first);
+                    put_literal("\": ");
+                    dump_internal(i->second, new_indent, depth + 1);

-                    put_literal_indent("\n", current_indent);
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
                    put_char('}');
                }
                else
@@ -30345,16 +30341,20 @@ class serializer
                    auto i = val.m_data.m_value.object->cbegin();
                    for (std::size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_data.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i)
                    {
-                        put_quoted(i->first, "\":");
-                        dump_element(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_char('"');
+                        dump_escaped(i->first);
+                        put_literal("\":");
+                        dump_internal(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
                        put_char(',');
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(i != val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
                    JSON_ASSERT(std::next(i) == val.m_data.m_value.object->cend());
-                    put_quoted(i->first, "\":");
-                    dump_element(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_char('"');
+                    dump_escaped(i->first);
+                    put_literal("\":");
+                    dump_internal(i->second, current_indent, depth + 1);

                    put_char('}');
                }
@@ -30378,24 +30378,27 @@ class serializer

                if (pretty_print)
                {
+                    put_literal("[\n");
+
                    // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);

-                    put_literal_indent("[\n", new_indent);
-
                    // first n-1 elements
                    for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.array->cbegin();
                            i != val.m_data.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
                    {
-                        dump_element(*i, new_indent, depth + 1);
-                        put_literal_indent(",\n", new_indent);
+                        put_indent(new_indent);
+                        dump_internal(*i, new_indent, depth + 1);
+                        put_literal(",\n");
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_data.m_value.array->empty());
-                    dump_element(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), new_indent, depth + 1);
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+                    dump_internal(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), new_indent, depth + 1);

-                    put_literal_indent("\n", current_indent);
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
                    put_char(']');
                }
                else
@@ -30406,13 +30409,13 @@ class serializer
                    for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.array->cbegin();
                            i != val.m_data.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i)
                    {
-                        dump_element(*i, current_indent, depth + 1);
+                        dump_internal(*i, current_indent, depth + 1);
                        put_char(',');
                    }

                    // last element
                    JSON_ASSERT(!val.m_data.m_value.array->empty());
-                    dump_element(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), current_indent, depth + 1);
+                    dump_internal(val.m_data.m_value.array->back(), current_indent, depth + 1);

                    put_char(']');
                }
@@ -30435,27 +30438,6 @@ class serializer
    }

  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief serialize an element of a container
-
-    Most elements are scalars, which need none of the state dump_internal() keeps
-    for a container; writing them from here spares each the entry and exit of
-    that function.
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE void dump_element(const BasicJsonType& val,
-            const std::size_t current_indent,
-            const std::size_t depth)
-    {
-        if (val.m_data.m_type == value_t::object || val.m_data.m_type == value_t::array)
-        {
-            dump_internal(val, current_indent, depth);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            dump_scalar(val, current_indent);
-        }
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief write out @a val and everything below it without the call stack

@@ -30515,13 +30497,16 @@ class serializer
                    put_indent(frame.child_indent);
                }

+                put_char('"');
+                dump_escaped(frame.object_it->first);
+
                if (pretty_print)
                {
-                    put_quoted(frame.object_it->first, "\": ");
+                    put_literal("\": ");
                }
                else
                {
-                    put_quoted(frame.object_it->first, "\":");
+                    put_literal("\":");
                }

                const BasicJsonType& element = frame.object_it->second;
@@ -30696,13 +30681,78 @@ class serializer
        {
            case value_t::string:
            {
-                dump_string_value(*val.m_data.m_value.string);
+                put_char('"');
+                dump_escaped(*val.m_data.m_value.string);
+                put_char('"');
                return;
            }

            case value_t::binary:
            {
-                dump_binary_value(current_indent, *val.m_data.m_value.binary);
+                if (pretty_print)
+                {
+                    put_literal("{\n");
+
+                    // variable to hold indentation for the bytes
+                    const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);
+
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+
+                    put_literal("\"bytes\": [");
+
+                    if (!val.m_data.m_value.binary->empty())
+                    {
+                        for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.binary->cbegin();
+                                i != val.m_data.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i)
+                        {
+                            dump_byte(*i);
+                            put_literal(", ");
+                        }
+                        dump_byte(val.m_data.m_value.binary->back());
+                    }
+
+                    put_literal("],\n");
+                    put_indent(new_indent);
+
+                    put_literal("\"subtype\": ");
+                    if (val.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype())
+                    {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        put_literal("null");
+                    }
+                    put_char('\n');
+                    put_indent(current_indent);
+                    put_char('}');
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    put_literal("{\"bytes\":[");
+
+                    if (!val.m_data.m_value.binary->empty())
+                    {
+                        for (auto i = val.m_data.m_value.binary->cbegin();
+                                i != val.m_data.m_value.binary->cend() - 1; ++i)
+                        {
+                            dump_byte(*i);
+                            put_char(',');
+                        }
+                        dump_byte(val.m_data.m_value.binary->back());
+                    }
+
+                    put_literal("],\"subtype\":");
+                    if (val.m_data.m_value.binary->has_subtype())
+                    {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.binary->subtype());
+                        put_char('}');
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        put_literal("null}");
+                    }
+                }
                return;
            }

@@ -30721,19 +30771,19 @@ class serializer

            case value_t::number_integer:
            {
-                dump_signed_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
+                dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.number_integer);
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_unsigned:
            {
-                dump_unsigned_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                dump_integer(val.m_data.m_value.number_unsigned);
                return;
            }

            case value_t::number_float:
            {
-                dump_float_value(val.m_data.m_value.number_float);
+                dump_float(val.m_data.m_value.number_float);
                return;
            }

@@ -30756,107 +30806,6 @@ class serializer
        }
    }

-    /// @brief write the string @a s in quotes; kept out of line, so that the
-    /// other scalars do not pay for its register needs (and the other way round)
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_string_value(const string_t& s)
-    {
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-        if (s.size() <= short_string_max && put_short_quoted(s, "\""))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-#endif
-        put_char('"');
-        dump_escaped(s);
-        put_char('"');
-    }
-
-    // The numbers, and the rest of what dump_scalar() writes, are left to
-    // functions of their own as well: a single function holding all of them
-    // saves and restores every register any of them needs, on every call. Now
-    // dump_scalar() only dispatches, and each writer pays for what it uses.
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_signed_value(const number_integer_t x)
-    {
-        dump_integer(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_unsigned_value(const number_unsigned_t x)
-    {
-        dump_integer(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_float_value(const number_float_t x)
-    {
-        dump_float(x);
-    }
-
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_binary_value(const std::size_t current_indent, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& binary)
-    {
-        if (pretty_print)
-        {
-            put_literal("{\n");
-
-            // variable to hold indentation for the bytes
-            const auto new_indent = next_indent(current_indent, indent_step);
-
-            put_indent(new_indent);
-
-            put_literal("\"bytes\": [");
-
-            if (!binary.empty())
-            {
-                for (auto i = binary.cbegin();
-                        i != binary.cend() - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    dump_byte(*i);
-                    put_literal(", ");
-                }
-                dump_byte(binary.back());
-            }
-
-            put_literal("],\n");
-            put_indent(new_indent);
-
-            put_literal("\"subtype\": ");
-            if (binary.has_subtype())
-            {
-                dump_integer(binary.subtype());
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                put_literal("null");
-            }
-            put_char('\n');
-            put_indent(current_indent);
-            put_char('}');
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            put_literal("{\"bytes\":[");
-
-            if (!binary.empty())
-            {
-                for (auto i = binary.cbegin();
-                        i != binary.cend() - 1; ++i)
-                {
-                    dump_byte(*i);
-                    put_char(',');
-                }
-                dump_byte(binary.back());
-            }
-
-            put_literal("],\"subtype\":");
-            if (binary.has_subtype())
-            {
-                dump_integer(binary.subtype());
-                put_char('}');
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                put_literal("null}");
-            }
-        }
-    }

    /*!
    @brief the indentation level to use for the children of the current value
@@ -30873,217 +30822,6 @@ class serializer
        return new_indent;
    }

-  private:
-    /*!
-    @brief append the string @a s in quotes, followed by @a tail
-
-    The quote, the string and @a tail (the closing quote, possibly with the
-    colon of an object key) are the bulk of what most documents consist of, and
-    most keys and many values are short and plain. Those are handled in one go
-    by put_short_quoted(); everything else takes the general path.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    void put_quoted(const string_t& s, const char (&tail)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-        if (put_short_quoted(s, tail))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-#endif
-        put_char('"');
-        dump_escaped(s);
-        put_literal(tail);
-    }
-
-#if JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS
-    /// the longest string put_short_quoted() takes
-    static constexpr std::size_t short_string_max = JSON_SCAN_VECTOR ? 32 : 16;
-
-    /// the high bit of every byte of @a v that is not printable ASCII or is a
-    /// quote, a backslash, or DEL (zero if the bytes can be copied as they are)
-    static std::uint64_t swar_not_plain(const std::uint64_t v) noexcept
-    {
-        constexpr std::uint64_t ones = 0x0101010101010101ull;
-        const std::uint64_t q = v ^ 0x2222222222222222ull; // '"'
-        const std::uint64_t b = v ^ 0x5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5Cull; // '\\'
-        return (((q - ones) & ~q) | ((b - ones) & ~b)         // == '"', == '\\'
-                | ((v - 0x2020202020202020ull) & ~v)          // < 0x20
-                | v | (v + ones))                             // >= 0x7F
-               & 0x8080808080808080ull;
-    }
-
-    template<typename WordType>
-    static WordType load_word(const char* p) noexcept
-    {
-        WordType w;
-        std::memcpy(&w, p, sizeof(w));
-        return w;
-    }
-
-    template<typename WordType>
-    static void store_word(char* p, const WordType w) noexcept
-    {
-        std::memcpy(p, &w, sizeof(w));
-    }
-
-    /*!
-    @brief write `"`, @a s and @a tail if @a s is short and needs no escaping
-
-    A string of up to 16 (32 with vector instructions) printable ASCII
-    characters (no quote, backslash, or DEL) is read with two overlapping loads
-    and written with two overlapping stores, instead of scanning it and calling
-    memcpy with a length that is only known at run time. Returns false, having
-    changed nothing, if @a s does not qualify or the write buffer lacks the
-    room.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    bool put_short_quoted(const string_t& s, const char (&tail)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-        const std::size_t n = s.size();
-        if (n > short_string_max || write_buffer_pos + n + N > write_buffer.size())
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        char* d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos + 1;
-        const char* const p = s.data();
-
-        if (n >= 8)
-        {
-#if JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
-            if (!(n >= 16 ? copy_plain_vectors(d, p, n) : copy_plain_halves(d, p, n)))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-#else
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint64_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint64_t>(p + n - 8);
-            if ((swar_not_plain(a) | swar_not_plain(b)) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 8, b);
-#endif
-        }
-        else if (n >= 4)
-        {
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint32_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint32_t>(p + n - 4);
-            // the bytes above the string are filled with a plain character
-            const std::uint64_t w = a | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(b) << (8 * (n - 4)))
-                                    | (0x4141414141414141ull << (8 * n));
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 4, b);
-        }
-        else if (n >= 2)
-        {
-            const auto a = load_word<std::uint16_t>(p);
-            const auto b = load_word<std::uint16_t>(p + n - 2);
-            const std::uint64_t w = a | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(b) << (8 * (n - 2)))
-                                    | (0x4141414141414141ull << (8 * n));
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            store_word(d, a);
-            store_word(d + n - 2, b);
-        }
-        else if (n == 1)
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t w = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[0])) | (0x4141414141414141ull << 8u);
-            if (swar_not_plain(w) != 0)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-            *d = p[0];
-        }
-
-        d[-1] = '"';
-        std::memcpy(d + n, tail, N - 1);
-        write_buffer_pos += n + N;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-#if JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
-    /// copy the 8 to 15 bytes [@a p, @a p + @a n) to @a d with two overlapping
-    /// words, tested together as one vector, see copy_plain_vectors()
-    static bool copy_plain_halves(char* d, const char* p, const std::size_t n) noexcept
-    {
-#if JSON_SCAN_NEON
-        const uint8x8_t lo = vld1_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p));
-        const uint8x8_t hi = vld1_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p + n - 8));
-        const uint8x16_t in = vcombine_u8(lo, hi);
-        const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(in), vdupq_n_s8(0x20)), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F))));
-        if (vmaxvq_u8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        vst1_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d), lo);
-        vst1_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d + n - 8), hi);
-#else
-        const __m128i lo = _mm_loadl_epi64(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i hi = _mm_loadl_epi64(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p + n - 8))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i in = _mm_unpacklo_epi64(lo, hi);
-        const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('"')), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'))),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmplt_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x20)), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x7F))));
-        if (_mm_movemask_epi8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        _mm_storel_epi64(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d)), lo); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        _mm_storel_epi64(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d + n - 8)), hi); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-#endif
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /// copy the 16 to 32 bytes [@a p, @a p + @a n) to @a d with two overlapping
-    /// vectors, unless one of them is a quote, a backslash, a control
-    /// character, DEL or not ASCII
-    static bool copy_plain_vectors(char* d, const char* p, const std::size_t n) noexcept
-    {
-#if JSON_SCAN_NEON
-        const uint8x16_t a = vld1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p));
-        const uint8x16_t b = vld1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(p + n - 16));
-        const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8('\\')))),
-                                            vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(a), vdupq_n_s8(0x20)), vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(b), vdupq_n_s8(0x20))),
-                                                vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(a, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F)), vceqq_u8(b, vdupq_n_u8(0x7F)))));
-        if (vmaxvq_u8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        vst1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d), a);
-        vst1q_u8(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(d + n - 16), b);
-#else
-        const __m128i a = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i b = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p + n - 16))); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        const __m128i quote = _mm_set1_epi8('"');
-        const __m128i backslash = _mm_set1_epi8('\\');
-        const __m128i space = _mm_set1_epi8(0x20);
-        const __m128i del = _mm_set1_epi8(0x7F);
-        const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, quote), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, backslash)),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, quote), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, backslash))),
-                                             _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmplt_epi8(a, space), _mm_cmplt_epi8(b, space)),
-                                                 _mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, del), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(b, del))));
-        if (_mm_movemask_epi8(special) != 0)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        _mm_storeu_si128(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d)), a); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-        _mm_storeu_si128(static_cast<__m128i*>(static_cast<void*>(d + n - 16)), b); // NOLINT(bugprone-casting-through-void)
-#endif
-        return true;
-    }
-#endif
-#endif
-
  JSON_PRIVATE_UNLESS_TESTED:
    /*!
    @brief dump escaped string
@@ -31096,23 +30834,14 @@ class serializer
    @param[in] s  the string to escape

    Complexity: Linear in the length of string @a s.
-
-    @note kept out of line: with the short-string attempts in front of it gone
-          from here, compilers would otherwise inline it into @ref put_quoted
-          and then no longer into the loops that call that
    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void dump_escaped(const string_t& s)
+    void dump_escaped(const string_t& s)
    {
        // Short strings of printable ASCII - most object keys and many values -
        // are checked byte by byte against a table and then copied in one go.
        // For them, this is cheaper than starting the vector scanner below,
        // whose setup costs more than such a string takes to scan. The same
        // check serves both values of ensure_ascii.
-        //
-        // Where put_short_quoted() exists and takes strings of up to 32 bytes,
-        // the callers have tried it already, and repeating the attempt only
-        // costs time for strings that need escaping or are not ASCII.
-#if !(JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS && JSON_SCAN_VECTOR)
        if (s.size() <= 32)
        {
            const auto& copyable = ascii_copyable();
@@ -31134,7 +30863,6 @@ class serializer
                return;
            }
        }
-#endif

        // dispatch once here rather than test the flag inside the loop: it does
        // not change while a string is written, and folding it lets each of the
@@ -31212,7 +30940,7 @@ class serializer
                        put_buffer(string_buffer, bytes);
                        bytes = 0;
                    }
-                    put_run(s, i, run);
+                    put_string(s, i, i + run);
                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
                    undumped_chars = 0;
                    i += run;
@@ -31252,27 +30980,6 @@ class serializer

            const auto byte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(s[i]);

-            if (EnsureAscii && state == UTF8_ACCEPT && byte >= 0x80)
-            {
-                // a run of well-formed multi-byte characters is escaped
-                // straight into the write buffer; an ill-formed sequence
-                // ends the run and is left to the byte-at-a-time path
-                if (bytes != 0)
-                {
-                    put_buffer(string_buffer, bytes);
-                    bytes = 0;
-                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-                }
-                const std::size_t escaped = write_u_escapes(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s.data()) + i, s.size() - i);
-                if (escaped != 0)
-                {
-                    bytes_after_last_accept = 0;
-                    undumped_chars = 0;
-                    i += escaped - 1;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-
            switch (decode(state, codepoint, byte))
            {
                case UTF8_ACCEPT:  // decode found a new code point
@@ -31550,21 +31257,6 @@ class serializer
            return;
        }

-        // the usual indentation: four words of the indentation character are
-        // stored unconditionally and only the part wanted is claimed, which
-        // spares the call of memset
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(indent <= 32 && write_buffer_pos + 32 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t word = 0x0101010101010101ull * static_cast<unsigned char>(indent_char);
-            char* const d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            std::memcpy(d, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 8, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 16, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + 24, &word, sizeof(word));
-            write_buffer_pos += indent;
-            return;
-        }
-
        const std::size_t capacity = write_buffer.size();

        // fill whatever room is left in the buffer; this is the whole job
@@ -31598,32 +31290,6 @@ class serializer
        write_buffer_pos = indent;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief append a string literal and then @a indent indentation characters
-
-    The usual line break and indentation go into the buffer with one check of
-    its room and four stores of the indentation, see @ref put_indent.
-    */
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_ALWAYS_INLINE void put_literal_indent(const char (&s)[N], const std::size_t indent) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-    {
-        constexpr std::size_t length = N - 1;
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_LIKELY(indent <= 32 && write_buffer_pos + length + 32 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            const std::uint64_t word = 0x0101010101010101ull * static_cast<unsigned char>(indent_char);
-            char* const d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            std::memcpy(d, s, length);
-            std::memcpy(d + length, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 8, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 16, &word, sizeof(word));
-            std::memcpy(d + length + 24, &word, sizeof(word));
-            write_buffer_pos += length + indent;
-            return;
-        }
-        put_literal(s);
-        put_indent(indent);
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief append a string literal to the write buffer

@@ -31648,28 +31314,6 @@ class serializer
        write_buffer_pos += length;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief append the characters of @a str in [@a start, @a start + @a length)
-
-    A run of up to 16 characters with 16 or more in the string from @a start on
-    and in the write buffer from its end on is copied as a whole block of 16,
-    which spares the call of memcpy with a length known only at run time; the
-    surplus characters in the buffer are overwritten by what follows.
-    */
-    template<typename StringType>
-    void put_run(const StringType& str, const std::size_t start, const std::size_t length)
-    {
-        // a short run is the exception in text without escapes (CJK, accented
-        // Latin), for which this keeps the long path the fast one
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(length <= 16 && start + 16 <= str.size() && write_buffer_pos + 16 <= write_buffer.size()))
-        {
-            std::memcpy(write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos, str.data() + start, 16);
-            write_buffer_pos += length;
-            return;
-        }
-        put_string(str, start, start + length);
-    }
-
    /*!
    @brief append the characters of @a str in [@a start, @a end)

@@ -31912,75 +31556,6 @@ class serializer
        return escapes;
    }

-    /*!
-    @brief escape the well-formed multi-byte characters at the start of @a data
-
-    Writes the "\\uXXXX" escape of each character (two of them for a character
-    above U+FFFF) straight into the write buffer, which is why the caller must
-    have written out what is pending in @ref string_buffer. Stops at the first
-    byte that is below 0x80 or starts an ill-formed or truncated sequence, which
-    the caller handles.
-
-    @return the number of bytes of @a data that have been escaped
-    */
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE std::size_t write_u_escapes(const unsigned char* data, std::size_t n)
-    {
-        constexpr const char* nibble_to_hex = "0123456789abcdef";
-        std::size_t i = 0;
-        while (i < n && data[i] >= 0x80)
-        {
-            const std::size_t length = validate_one_utf8(data + i, n - i);
-            if (length == 0)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            const auto b0 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i]);
-            const auto b1 = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 1]);
-            std::uint32_t codepoint = 0;
-            switch (length)
-            {
-                case 2:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x1Fu) << 6u) | (b1 & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-                case 3:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x0Fu) << 12u) | ((b1 & 0x3Fu) << 6u) | (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 2]) & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    codepoint = ((b0 & 0x07u) << 18u) | ((b1 & 0x3Fu) << 12u) | ((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 2]) & 0x3Fu) << 6u) | (static_cast<std::uint32_t>(data[i + 3]) & 0x3Fu);
-                    break;
-            }
-
-            // at most two escapes of six bytes each
-            if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(write_buffer.size() - write_buffer_pos < 12))
-            {
-                flush();
-            }
-            char* d = write_buffer.data() + write_buffer_pos;
-            if (codepoint > 0xFFFFu)
-            {
-                d = put_u_escape(d, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)), nibble_to_hex);
-                codepoint = 0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu);
-            }
-            d = put_u_escape(d, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint), nibble_to_hex);
-            write_buffer_pos = static_cast<std::size_t>(d - write_buffer.data());
-            i += length;
-        }
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    static char* put_u_escape(char* d, const std::uint16_t codeunit, const char* nibble_to_hex) noexcept
-    {
-        const auto unit = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(codeunit);
-        d[0] = '\\';
-        d[1] = 'u';
-        d[2] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 12u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[3] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 8u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[4] = nibble_to_hex[(unit >> 4u) & 0x0Fu];
-        d[5] = nibble_to_hex[unit & 0x0Fu];
-        return d + 6;
-    }
-
    /*!
     * @brief write a lowercase "\\uXXXX" escape sequence into @a string_buffer
     *
@@ -32338,22 +31913,11 @@ class serializer
    /// the output of the serializer (non-owning; the adapter lives at the call site)
    output_adapter_protocol<char>* o = nullptr;

-    /// a character buffer left uninitialized: the buffers below are written
-    /// before they are read (only the part written is ever read), and zeroing
-    /// 1.6 KiB took more than half of what dumping a small value costs (the
-    /// user-provided constructor keeps the member initialization, which
-    /// -Weffc++ asks for, from zeroing them)
-    template<std::size_t N>
-    struct uninitialized_buffer : std::array<char, N>
-    {
-        uninitialized_buffer() noexcept {} // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default,hicpp-use-equals-default,cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init,hicpp-member-init): see above
-    };
-
    /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
-    uninitialized_buffer<64> number_buffer;
+    std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};

    /// string buffer
-    uninitialized_buffer<512> string_buffer;
+    std::array<char, 512> string_buffer{{}};

    /// the indentation character
    const char indent_char;
@@ -32373,7 +31937,7 @@ class serializer
    /// buffer collecting output before it is flushed to the output adapter, so
    /// that the many small structural writes become few bulk writes
    static constexpr std::size_t write_buffer_size = 1024;
-    uninitialized_buffer<write_buffer_size> write_buffer;
+    std::array<char, write_buffer_size> write_buffer{{}};
    /// number of valid bytes currently held in @ref write_buffer
    std::size_t write_buffer_pos = 0;
 };
@@ -41137,7 +40701,6 @@ struct formatter<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL, char> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-c
 #undef JSON_SCAN_SSSE3_TARGET
 #undef JSON_SCAN_VECTOR
 #undef JSON_SCAN_VECTOR_UTF8
-#undef JSON_DUMP_SHORT_STRINGS

 #ifndef JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS
    #undef JSON_CATCH
@@ -1580,94 +1580,3 @@ TEST_CASE("invalid UTF-8 at every position is handled like the reference")
        }
    }
 }
-
-TEST_CASE("short strings are written like the reference, as values and as keys")
-{
-    // strings of up to 16 characters (32 with vector instructions) that need no
-    // escaping are written as a whole (together with the quotes and, for a key,
-    // the colon); everything else, including a string that is merely short,
-    // takes the general path.
-    // Every length around the edges of the size classes of the fast path is
-    // combined with each kind of byte that must send a string to the general
-    // path, at each position, and compared with the reference for values and,
-    // via the value, for keys.
-    const std::vector<std::string> specials =
-    {
-        "\"", "\\", "\n", "\x1f", "\x7f", "\xc3\xa9", "\xe2\x82\xac", "\xf0\x9f\x98\x80", "\xff", "\x80", "\xc3"
-    };
-
-    for (std::size_t length = 0; length <= 36; ++length)
-    {
-        const std::string plain(length, 'k');
-        check_dump_against_reference(plain, false);
-
-        for (const auto& special : specials)
-        {
-            for (std::size_t pos = 0; pos <= length; ++pos)
-            {
-                std::string s = plain;
-                s.insert(pos, special);
-                check_dump_against_reference(s, false);
-
-                for (const bool ensure_ascii :
-                        {
-                            false, true
-                        })
-                {
-                    // a key and a value are written alike, in compact and
-                    // in pretty-printed form
-                    const json value = s;
-                    const json object = json::object({{s, 1}});
-                    for (const auto error_handler :
-                            {
-                                json::error_handler_t::replace, json::error_handler_t::keep
-                            })
-                    {
-                        const std::string quoted = value.dump(-1, ' ', ensure_ascii, error_handler);
-                        CHECK(object.dump(-1, ' ', ensure_ascii, error_handler) == "{" + quoted + ":1}");
-                        CHECK(object.dump(2, ' ', ensure_ascii, error_handler) == "{\n  " + quoted + ": 1\n}");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("runs of multi-byte characters are escaped like the reference under ensure_ascii")
-{
-    // a run of well-formed multi-byte characters is escaped straight into the
-    // write buffer; it has to flush that mid-run, stop at an ASCII character or
-    // an ill-formed sequence and leave those to the general path, and pick up
-    // behind what the general path has pending
-    const std::vector<std::string> characters =
-    {
-        "\xc2\x80", "\xdf\xbf", "\xe0\xa0\x80", "\xe2\x82\xac", "\xed\x9f\xbf", "\xef\xbf\xbf",
-        "\xf0\x90\x80\x80", "\xf0\x9f\x98\x80", "\xf4\x8f\xbf\xbf"
-    };
-    const std::vector<std::string> interruptions =
-    {
-        "", "a", "\n", "\"", "\x7f", "\xff", "\x80", "\xc3", "\xe2\x82", "\xf0\x9f\x98", "\xed\xa0\x80"
-    };
-
-    for (std::size_t shift = 0; shift <= 13; ++shift)
-    {
-        for (const auto& interruption : interruptions)
-        {
-            for (const std::size_t count :
-                    {
-                        std::size_t{1}, std::size_t{2}, std::size_t{85}, std::size_t{200}
-                    })
-            {
-                std::string s(shift, 'x');
-                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
-                {
-                    s += characters[(i + shift) % characters.size()];
-                }
-                s += interruption;
-                s += characters[shift % characters.size()];
-                s += characters[(shift + 3) % characters.size()];
-                check_dump_against_reference(s, shift < 2);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}