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merge into: amorfo77/json:fix/view-diagnostics-not-found
amorfo77/json:develop amorfo77/json:claude/release-readme-updates-60bc6f amorfo77/json:claude/number-utf8-parsing-perf-ef981b amorfo77/json:claude/nlohmann-json-dependabot-e6c3d7 amorfo77/json:fix/view-dtoa-assert amorfo77/json:claude/perf-iterator-ranges amorfo77/json:gh-pages amorfo77/json:claude/perf-swar-reduced-form amorfo77/json:claude/fix-issue-3989-db7e45 amorfo77/json:fix/view-diagnostics-not-found amorfo77/json:fix/json-view-removed-value-range amorfo77/json:ci/windows-macos-sets amorfo77/json:ci/tiers amorfo77/json:ci/path-filters amorfo77/json:pin-ci-dependencies amorfo77/json:claude/test-compilation-speed-993125 amorfo77/json:claude/todo-191-plan-508110 amorfo77/json:master
amorfo77/json:v3.12.0 amorfo77/json:v3.11.3 amorfo77/json:v3.11.2 amorfo77/json:v3.11.1 amorfo77/json:v3.11.0 amorfo77/json:v3.10.5 amorfo77/json:v3.10.4 amorfo77/json:v3.10.3 amorfo77/json:v3.10.2 amorfo77/json:v3.10.1 amorfo77/json:v3.10.0 amorfo77/json:v3.9.1 amorfo77/json:v3.9.0 amorfo77/json:v3.8.0 amorfo77/json:v3.7.3 amorfo77/json:v3.7.2 amorfo77/json:v3.7.1 amorfo77/json:v3.7.0 amorfo77/json:v3.6.1 amorfo77/json:3.6.1 amorfo77/json:v3.6.0 amorfo77/json:v3.5.0 amorfo77/json:v3.4.0 amorfo77/json:v3.3.0 amorfo77/json:3.3.0 amorfo77/json:v3.2.0 amorfo77/json:3.2.0 amorfo77/json:v3.1.2 amorfo77/json:3.1.2 amorfo77/json:v3.1.1 amorfo77/json:v3.1.0 amorfo77/json:3.1.0 amorfo77/json:v3.0.1 amorfo77/json:3.0.1 amorfo77/json:v3.0.0 amorfo77/json:3.0.0 amorfo77/json:v2.1.1 amorfo77/json:2.1.1 amorfo77/json:v2.1.0 amorfo77/json:2.1.0 amorfo77/json:v2.0.10 amorfo77/json:2.0.10 amorfo77/json:v2.0.9 amorfo77/json:2.0.9 amorfo77/json:v2.0.8 amorfo77/json:2.0.8 amorfo77/json:v2.0.7 amorfo77/json:v2.0.6 amorfo77/json:v2.0.5 amorfo77/json:v2.0.4 amorfo77/json:v2.0.3 amorfo77/json:v2.0.2 amorfo77/json:v2.0.1 amorfo77/json:v2.0.0 amorfo77/json:v1.1.0 amorfo77/json:v1.0.0 amorfo77/json:v1.0.0-rc1
..
pull from: amorfo77/json:claude/release-readme-updates-60bc6f
amorfo77/json:claude/release-readme-updates-60bc6f amorfo77/json:claude/number-utf8-parsing-perf-ef981b amorfo77/json:claude/nlohmann-json-dependabot-e6c3d7 amorfo77/json:develop amorfo77/json:fix/view-dtoa-assert amorfo77/json:claude/perf-iterator-ranges amorfo77/json:gh-pages amorfo77/json:claude/perf-swar-reduced-form amorfo77/json:claude/fix-issue-3989-db7e45 amorfo77/json:fix/view-diagnostics-not-found amorfo77/json:fix/json-view-removed-value-range amorfo77/json:ci/windows-macos-sets amorfo77/json:ci/tiers amorfo77/json:ci/path-filters amorfo77/json:pin-ci-dependencies amorfo77/json:claude/test-compilation-speed-993125 amorfo77/json:claude/todo-191-plan-508110 amorfo77/json:master
amorfo77/json:v3.12.0 amorfo77/json:v3.11.3 amorfo77/json:v3.11.2 amorfo77/json:v3.11.1 amorfo77/json:v3.11.0 amorfo77/json:v3.10.5 amorfo77/json:v3.10.4 amorfo77/json:v3.10.3 amorfo77/json:v3.10.2 amorfo77/json:v3.10.1 amorfo77/json:v3.10.0 amorfo77/json:v3.9.1 amorfo77/json:v3.9.0 amorfo77/json:v3.8.0 amorfo77/json:v3.7.3 amorfo77/json:v3.7.2 amorfo77/json:v3.7.1 amorfo77/json:v3.7.0 amorfo77/json:v3.6.1 amorfo77/json:3.6.1 amorfo77/json:v3.6.0 amorfo77/json:v3.5.0 amorfo77/json:v3.4.0 amorfo77/json:v3.3.0 amorfo77/json:3.3.0 amorfo77/json:v3.2.0 amorfo77/json:3.2.0 amorfo77/json:v3.1.2 amorfo77/json:3.1.2 amorfo77/json:v3.1.1 amorfo77/json:v3.1.0 amorfo77/json:3.1.0 amorfo77/json:v3.0.1 amorfo77/json:3.0.1 amorfo77/json:v3.0.0 amorfo77/json:3.0.0 amorfo77/json:v2.1.1 amorfo77/json:2.1.1 amorfo77/json:v2.1.0 amorfo77/json:2.1.0 amorfo77/json:v2.0.10 amorfo77/json:2.0.10 amorfo77/json:v2.0.9 amorfo77/json:2.0.9 amorfo77/json:v2.0.8 amorfo77/json:2.0.8 amorfo77/json:v2.0.7 amorfo77/json:v2.0.6 amorfo77/json:v2.0.5 amorfo77/json:v2.0.4 amorfo77/json:v2.0.3 amorfo77/json:v2.0.2 amorfo77/json:v2.0.1 amorfo77/json:v2.0.0 amorfo77/json:v1.1.0 amorfo77/json:v1.0.0 amorfo77/json:v1.0.0-rc1
32 Commits
fix/view-diagnostics-not-found .. claude/release-readme-updates-60bc6f
Author SHA1 Message Date
Niels Lohmann 67f2598f59 chore: remove the unreferenced docs/mkdocs/docs/images/json.gif 
The README header and the home page use the SVG slideshow built by
docs/mkdocs/scripts/slideshow/.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 13:17:24 +01:00
Niels Lohmann abcfc975c7 chore: remove the stale ChangeLog.md and docs/json.gif 
ChangeLog.md was last generated in January 2025 and still ends at
"unreleased (2024-12-22)"; 3.12.0 shipped without an entry. The release
notes live on the GitHub releases page and in docs/mkdocs/docs/home/releases/.
Remove the file, the Makefile target that called github_changelog_generator,
and the README credit for that tool.

docs/json.gif is an old copy of the feature slideshow that nothing
references; the home page uses the SVGs built by docs/mkdocs/scripts/slideshow/.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 13:14:55 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 16a5bebf3e docs: update the README for the release 
- Show the animated SVG feature slideshow (light and dark variant) instead
  of json.gif.
- Thank 20 further contributors and extend two existing entries.
- Fix the bad_serializer example (invalid template header, second function
  named to_json instead of from_json, missing template keyword).
- Add "Zero-copy views" to the table of contents, link ordered_json to its
  API page, and point the speed design goal to the performance page.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 08:51:42 +01:00
Niels Lohmann eac1b4343b ci: install the remaining pip dependencies with --require-hashes (#6050) 
Install Semgrep from a new hash-pinned requirements file in
cmake/requirements (covered by Dependabot) instead of a version-only
"pip install semgrep==1.168.0", and pass --require-hashes to the astyle
and natvis installs in check_amalgamation.yml, whose requirements files
got their hashes in #6046. Addresses the Scorecard Pinned-Dependencies
code-scanning alerts for semgrep.yml and check_amalgamation.yml.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 08:33:30 +01:00
Niels Lohmann a78e2a6b10 docs: blog post: remeasure on the 3.13.0 candidate and describe the latest performance work (#6041) 
* docs: blog post: describe the performance work of #6020, #6028-#6031 and #6033

Theme 1 gets the iterator pairs of std::string and std::vector, a new
subsection on the fused contiguous parser after yyjson's reader, and the
FILE buffer window after gnulib's freadptr(). Theme 2 shows the reduced
SWAR test and the (c ^ 2) < 33 vector compare. Themes 4 and 6 get the
binary strings without a zero fill and the 64 KiB window of the vector
sink. Appendices H and J list the new pull requests and their checks.

The numbers of the suite, the timeline, the comparison and the compile
times are not remeasured yet.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: blog post: remeasure on develop with #6029, #6031, #6033 and #6039

Rerun on develop 7fc8312c64 with the open pull requests #6029, #6031,
#6033 and #6039 merged, measured on November 7: the suite (median of 12
runs, now 3.3x), the timeline (358 commits, #6031 shown as a pending
step on the candidate, #6028 labeled, a tick for November), the compile
times, the stream gap, the allocator check and the comparison on the
Mac and on x86-64, including the held-out files.

The comparison now leaves out the "copy untimed" variants, as the post
describes, and the held-out chart no longer counts json::accept() as
another library. Appendix D, the Intel column of Appendix B and the
GCC 16/Clang 23 check on the Mac are still from November 3.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 07:12:46 +01:00
dependabot[bot] ffe77931b0 build(deps): bump mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin (#6047) 
Bumps [mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin) from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin/compare/v1.6.2...v1.6.3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin
  dependency-version: 1.6.3
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
 2026-11-10 07:11:35 +01:00
dependabot[bot] 2e52aa372b build(deps): bump watchdog from 6.0.0 to 7.0.0 in /tools/serve_header (#6048) 
Bumps [watchdog](https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog) from 6.0.0 to 7.0.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog/blob/master/changelog.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog/compare/v6.0.0...v7.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: watchdog
  dependency-version: 7.0.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
 2026-11-10 07:11:30 +01:00
dependabot[bot] 667fc8e3ab build(deps): bump katex and mermaid in /docs/mkdocs/scripts/mermaid (#6043) 
Bumps [katex](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX) to 0.18.10 and updates ancestor dependency [mermaid](https://github.com/mermaid-js/mermaid). These dependencies need to be updated together.


Updates `katex` from 0.16.47 to 0.18.10
- [Release notes](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX/compare/v0.16.47...v0.18.10)

Updates `mermaid` from 11.17.2 to 12.3.0
- [Release notes](https://github.com/mermaid-js/mermaid/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/mermaid-js/mermaid/compare/mermaid@11.17.2...mermaid@12.3.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: katex
  dependency-version: 0.18.10
  dependency-type: indirect
- dependency-name: mermaid
  dependency-version: 12.3.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
 2026-11-10 07:09:12 +01:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5.5 33f15727ce Parse JSON in one block of memory with a fused pointer-based parser (#6031) 
* Parse JSON in one block of memory with a fused pointer-based parser

The parser and the lexer exchange one token at a time, and the lexer keeps
its state (the current character, a pending unget, where the token starts)
in members, which every character pays for: json::accept() of twitter.json
took 2.8x as long as json_document::accept(). detail::contiguous_parser
reads text in one block of memory through a local pointer, with the
grammar, the whitespace and the tokens in one loop (after yyjson's reader),
and drives a SAX handler: parse()'s DOM handler, accept()'s handler, or the
user's handler of sax_parse(). It is used with the default options (no
callback, no comments, no trailing commas; sax_parse() with strict = true).

Errors are reported by the library parser, so the exception, its message and
its position stay the same. contiguous_parser stops at the token that the
library parser would reject, before reporting it, so the events up to the
error are the same; then:
- parse() runs the library parser with a handler that only reports the
  error (json_sax_error_reporter), with the lexer of parse(), which is
  instantiated anyway;
- sax_parse() runs it with a handler that forwards only parse_error() to
  the user's handler (json_sax_error_forwarder), so no event arrives twice;
- accept() returns the verdict.
A handler that returns false stops the parse as before. An error at the end
of a large input costs parse() about 1.2x of what it cost before.

On an Apple M1 Max: accept() 1.6-2.0x as fast, parse() 10-16% faster,
ordered_json 11-16%, sax_parse() with a user's handler 1.36-1.46x, small
messages 12-22% (parse()) and 2.1-2.4x (accept()). On x86-64 (GCC 15,
Clang 21): accept() 1.6-1.9x, parse() 5-17%, ordered_json 12-19%,
sax_parse() 1.32-1.57x. A translation unit that parses a string compiles 3%
(-O0) and 9% (-O2) slower.

unit-contiguous_parser.cpp compares the contiguous path with the byte path
(std::list iterators) on corner cases, generated documents, their
truncations and mutations, deep nesting, and narrow number types: the same
values with the same number types and float bits, exception messages,
accept() verdicts and sax_parse() events.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: unused parameter without exceptions, cpplint, BUILD.bazel

- json_sax_error_reporter::parse_error: mark the exception unused, as
  JSON_THROW does not use it with JSON_NOEXCEPTION
- unit-contiguous_parser.cpp: compare the exceptions of both paths only
  when exceptions are enabled (invalid input aborted the test otherwise)
- silence cpplint's readability/braces false positives on the if
  statements inside the parser's macros
- add contiguous_parser.hpp to BUILD.bazel

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* accept(): skip digits without computing their value

accept() needs the value of a number only for a float whose exponent may
reach the largest value. skip_digits() finds the end of the digits without
the multiply-adds of accumulate_digits(), and once an 8-byte word fails the
digit test, the remaining loop needs no bounds check: a non-digit is in
that word. The value is computed afterwards for the rare floats that need
it.

accept() of canada.json: -16 % on Apple M1, -22 % with GCC 15 and -21 %
with Clang 21 on x86-64; files with many numbers -9 to -15 %.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: mark parser callback in unit-contiguous_parser noexcept

Fixes the -Werror=noexcept failure with GCC 26 (ci_test_standards_gcc (26)).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: sweep_allocator::construct() accepts pointers to const

Recent libc++ (emsdk latest) probes construct(const T*, const T&) in an
unevaluated context while checking for trivial copies; the static_cast to
void* in the noexcept specification then fails to compile.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit 794bf70823c12a2a1cb2a8a95f34dfb6357746a8)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: guard sweep_allocator::construct() against const types instead of const_cast

The const_cast added in the previous commit is rejected by
cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast (clang-tidy). Make construct() not
viable for const U instead, which is what libc++ probes for.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit de099fa607001b710862fd1bbecef3609c54cbc4)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: astyle and clang-tidy for sweep_allocator::construct()

astyle 3.4.13 reformats the enable_if<!...> default template argument
(Check amalgamation). Delete the const overload instead, which makes the
libc++ probe for const objects fail in the SFINAE context just the same
and needs no <type_traits>.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Contiguous parser: review fixes (wording, macros, diagnostic positions)

- "default parser" instead of "library parser" in comments and tests
- the three comments in json.hpp say the same thing
- current() replaces the repeated `p != end ? *p : 0`
- the backslashes of each macro are aligned
- the docs say that JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS turns the fast path off

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
 2026-11-10 07:08:44 +01:00
Niels Lohmann b2626e25f6 ci: pin pip dependencies by hash (#6046) 
Add sha256 hashes for every release file to the requirements of the
astyle and natvis tools, and install Meson in the ubuntu workflow from a
new hashed requirements file with --require-hashes instead of an
unpinned "pip install meson". pip verifies all installs from these files
once they contain hashes, including the ones of the Makefile and
cmake/ci.cmake. Addresses the Scorecard Pinned-Dependencies alerts for
ubuntu.yml; the check_amalgamation.yml flags follow once develop has the
hashes.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 07:08:25 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 77a608c2ce ci: run CodeQL with build-mode none (#6045) 
Autobuild compiled the whole test suite. The resulting database was so
large that the hosted runner repeatedly lost communication with the
server while importing the TRAP files (about 80 minutes in), which left
failed CodeQL analyses on develop and on pull requests. Analyze the
sources without building them instead.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-10 07:08:13 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 6f01030c4e docs: fix json_view links in the 3.13.0 performance blog post (#6044) 
#6018 split features/json_view.md into features/json_view/ sub-pages while
#6022 added a blog post linking to the old page, so `mkdocs build --strict`
failed on develop (Publish documentation run 42577793091). Point the links
to json_view/index.md and json_view/editing.md.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-09 11:37:52 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 6a852ab96d Split the json_view feature page into sub-pages (#6018) 
* Split the json_view feature page into sub-pages

The single features/json_view.md page grew to ~600 lines covering eight
topics. Split it into features/json_view/ with an overview page and
pages for ownership and lifetime, differences from basic_json, reading
values, generic code, editing, and images.

The new differences page collects what was spread over several sections
("What is the same", "What is different", "Duplicate keys", and notes in
the conversion and serialization sections) under one summary table, and
adds the parts of the basic_json interface a view does not have. The
other pages now link to it instead of restating the rules.

Internal links across the documentation point to the new pages.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Docs: fix stale comments and trim repeated text in json_view pages

- fig-jsonview.js/.css: point the header comments at the new pages
- reading.md: views' strings are valid as long as the document (and a
  borrowed source text), as lifetime.md says
- reading.md, generic_code.md: link to differences.md instead of
  restating the member-order and repeated-key rules
- differences.md: drop the third mention of ordering comparisons, name
  rbegin()/rend() in the iterator row
- exceptions.md: link editable documents to editing.md

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-09 08:12:00 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 7757de3a58 Iterator: test for objects before arrays (#6039) 
#5835 replaced the switch on the value type in operator*, operator->,
operator++, operator-- and operator== of iter_impl with an if chain that
tests for an array first. Every step over an object then pays for a
failed test and a taken branch: with the iterator inlined, walking
twitter.json took 14% more cycles than with 3.12.0, and citm_catalog.json
3.5% more.

Test for objects first. Walking every value of the three files now
takes fewer cycles than with 3.12.0 (Apple M1 Max, Apple clang 21):
citm_catalog.json 1.21x, twitter.json 1.04x, canada.json 1.17x as fast.
canada.json, which holds only arrays, gives back part of the gain of
#5835 (develop: 1.62x); the other orders tried (arrays first without
hints, objects first without hints, a switch) each left one of the
files slower than 3.12.0.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-09 08:11:51 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 2c7474affc docs: add the blog post "How nlohmann/json 3.13.0 got 3× faster" (#6022) 
* docs: add the blog post "How 3.13.0 got faster"

A post for the documentation (Home > Blog) on how 3.13.0 became faster:
eight themes with the pull requests behind them, the ideas taken from other
libraries, what did not work, how the fast paths are tested, and the
compile-time cost. Every number comes from a run on 2026-10-27 (3.12.0 against
develop plus the open non-draft PRs, Apple M1 Max) or from the linked PR.

- docs/mkdocs/docs/home/blog/how_3_13_0_got_faster.md: the post.
- docs/mkdocs/scripts/figures/perf_blog.py: draws its 12 figures (overview,
  eight timeline panels, the SWAR test, the cliffs, json_view throughput) as
  inline SVGs in the nj-charts style; data/perf_timeline.csv holds the
  timeline.
- tests/benchmarks/history: history.cpp and history.py time one fixed program
  against the header of every commit that changed it, interleaved, and write
  one CSV row per commit with its PR. The timeline of the post comes from it.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: compare json_document with Glaze, sonic, RapidJSON and Rust parsers

Extends the comparison in "How 3.13.0 got faster" from yyjson, simdjson and
Boost.JSON to eleven engines: sonic-cpp, RapidJSON and Glaze (generic DOM,
lazy_json, reading into structs) in C++, sonic-rs, simd-json and serde_json in
Rust. Measured on an Apple M1 Max (Apple clang 21, Rust 1.99) and an x86-64
Haswell server (GCC 13, Clang 18). Every engine must return the same values,
string bytes and bit-identical number sums before it is timed.

The post now answers whether json_document is the fastest parser: it is the
fastest document parser at parse+dump everywhere and at parsing on Apple
silicon, ties with simdjson's DOM on x86-64, and loses to simdjson On-Demand
and Glaze structs when only a few fields are read.

tests/benchmarks/json_view/others holds the programs (bench_all.cpp, the Rust
crate with its Cargo.lock), summarize.py and the pinned versions and checksums.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: captions, test-file table and figure fixes for the 3.13.0 post

- caption every table and figure
- describe what makes twitter.json, citm_catalog.json, canada.json and
  jeopardy.json hard, and what each timeline panel exercises
- split the json_view layout figure into the tree and the index, with
  the example text above; fix the arrows into the string boxes
- arrows and a "less is better" axis label in the cliffs figure
- name nlohmann/json in the comparison tables and chart
- licenses of the adapted code in the thanks section

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: byline and licenses for the 3.13.0 post

- author and date below the title, styled as .nj-byline; its link gets
  no external-link icon
- the license of every library in the thanks section, checked against
  each project's license files; credit sonic-rs for QUOTE_TAB, which
  orjson adapted from it

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: dump comparison and split acknowledgments in the 3.13.0 post

- a dump workload in bench_all and bench_rs: each engine writes a
  document parsed beforehand, and every output must read back with
  bit-identical numbers; an optional argument selects one workload
- the post's comparison gains a write table, a throughput chart, a dump
  row for all three configurations, and the x86-64 cases it loses
- the thanks section is split into adapted code and borrowed ideas

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: x86-64 dump numbers with #5908's branch-free token digits

The dump of canada.json with GCC on x86-64 lost to yyjson by 0.78 because
GCC compiled #5908's token-digit selections as branches; 9fad526888 fixed
that. The post's x86-64 dump and parse+dump rows of canada.json are now
measured with it (GCC 0.95, Clang 0.91 against yyjson), theme 5 tells the
story, and "How we measured" says which rows include the commit.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Compare JSON libraries by use case in the json_view harness

bench_all and bench_rs now time use cases (validate, sum, select, edit,
minify, write) instead of library functions. Every library may solve a
use case in every way it offers; each variant's result is checked, and
three malformed inputs give its validation level (full, no UTF-8,
partial). summarize.py reports each library's fastest fully validating
variant and a faster one at a lower level, as text and as JSON.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: restructure the 3.13.0 post around themes and use cases

- deeper technical detail and code in the eight themes; pull request
  numbers move to the appendix, timeline steps are labelled by theme
- comparison with other libraries by use case, as heatmaps per
  platform, with validation levels and the caveats next to the results
- appendix: test files, all 182 suite rows with a histogram, timeline
  steps, algorithmic fixes, per-file tables, behaviour changes, setup,
  pull requests by theme

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Measure each library's fastest modes in the json_view harness

Address the points of a review from the other libraries' side:

- simdjson 5.0.8 (On-Demand structs, key selectors) and Glaze 9.1.0
- number-skipping modes: yyjson and RapidJSON raw numbers, Boost.JSON
  number_precision::none
- reused parsers and allocators for yyjson, RapidJSON and Boost.JSON
- Boost.JSON parse_into, Glaze generic with double numbers, and the
  same struct types for nlohmann, Glaze, simdjson and serde
- minified copies of twitter.json and citm_catalog.json
- a fourth probe (trailing garbage) and Glaze "(strict)" variants
- a new random variant order in every round, as a variant's time could
  depend on the one before it by up to 15 % on the Mac
- --files for other test files and --conformance for JSONTestSuite,
  with conformance-rs.sh for the Rust program

summarize.py also reports each library's best reused variant.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: rerun the library comparison of the 3.13.0 post with fairer rules

The figures and Appendix E use the reruns with each library's fastest
modes. Skipping number conversion while reading is now allowed for
every library; copying number text is still not chosen when writing.

The text now says who set the rules, where libraries that check less
win select, how minified files change the picture, and that the
reused jeopardy.json claim holds with every library reused. A new
section covers 19 held-out files and JSONTestSuite, including where
json_document loses, and lists what was not measured. Every
comparison number was recomputed; Glaze is credited in the intro.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: measure the 3.13.0 post against develop with #5964 and #5908

The suite (Appendix B, the short-version table, the overview and distribution
figures) and the timeline endpoint now measure develop d20c4dcd89 with #5964
and #5908 merged. The geometric mean stays 2.9x (2.95); Dump/signed_ints and
Dump/unsigned_ints gain 1.5x and 2.1x from #5964; GetVectorDouble/floats drops
from 10.3x to 7.0x because the old candidate's suite binary happened to compile
that loop faster (a standalone build takes 0.97 ms with both headers).

The timeline endpoint is the 10-27 value scaled by the ratio of the new to the
old candidate, both measured on 10-30, so that it stays comparable with the
other points of the timeline.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: add three figures to the 3.13.0 post

- short strings: two overlapping 16-byte loads and stores
- eight digits at a time: the three multiplications, lane by lane
- validate on the 19 held-out files, per file, Mac and x86-64

The prose the figures replace is trimmed.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: measure the 3.13.0 post against develop with all open pull requests

The baseline is now develop 9c349b1d7c with every open non-draft pull
request merged, including #5968, #5970, #5971, #5975, #5976, #5978,
#5979, #5980, #5981 and #5982. The suite was rerun on 11-01 with every
step repeated when the load rose above 5 while it ran; the comparison
with other libraries and the held-out files were rerun on 10-31.

- suite: 3.0x geometric mean (median 2.9x); Appendix B, the overview
  and the distribution regenerated
- timeline endpoint, Appendix D and the cliffs figure updated
- the held-out figure compares json_document with the fastest other
  library
- new paragraphs for the pull requests listed above

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: measure the 3.13.0 post against develop with the open pull requests of 11-02

Suite, timeline endpoint, Appendix D and the scalar-run numbers now come from
develop b2674a4a2f with #5990, #5991, #5992, #5996, #5997, #5998, #5999 and
#6000 merged. The scalar runs are measured against a build without them on
develop's code, which no longer checks for a scalar before entering the loop.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: measure the 3.13.0 post against develop with all open pull requests of 11-02

Suite, timeline endpoint, Appendix D and the scalar-run numbers now come from
develop b2674a4a2f with #5990-#5992, #5996-#6006 and #6008 merged. With #6008,
arrays of one element skip the scalar run, so nested arrays no longer pay for
it. The suite ran three rounds per version; the round of 3.12.0 and of 3.13.0
that differed from the other two was dropped, as the setup table says.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: fix the facts the review of the 3.13.0 post found wrong or imprecise

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: re-measure the 3.13.0 post and apply the review

Measure everything again against develop with the open pull requests of
11-03 (suite, timeline, comparison on the Mac and on x86-64, compile
times, stream gap), add the suite on an Intel MacBook Pro as a check,
mark the ways that keep number text as "N" in the use-case charts, move
the loop-shape box to theme 5, and apply the style and wording fixes of
the review.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: make the comparison of the 3.13.0 post fairer

Three reviews of "How it compares" (a maintainer audit of the harness, a
methodology review, a reader's red team) led to a full rerun on the Mac and
x86-64 with simdjson 5.1.1 and new ways in the harness:

- in-place parses with the copy made before the timer ("(copy untimed)",
  never chosen as a library's best) and json_document::parse_copy();
- RapidJSON through StringStream, and with default precision in validate,
  which reads no number;
- BENCH_ONLY takes several prefixes.

The post now gives the copy's real cost (11-14 us for twitter.json on the
Mac, not 30), what yyjson gains without it, the run-to-run noise, the LTO
check, the single-file losses that were missing, and qualifies the headline
claim. Every number in the section and Appendix E is recomputed; the
NUL-byte remark moved out of the body.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Format bench_all.cpp with astyle

The amalgamation check runs astyle over tests/ and failed on bench_all.cpp. The variant tables keep one variant per
line between *INDENT-OFF* and *INDENT-ON*; astyle formats the rest, and the list of use cases becomes a named array so
the loop header stays on one line.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Print the history benchmark's results with a stream

Flawfinder flagged the printf in history.cpp (CWE-134), although its format string is a constant. The stream prints the
same text, so history.py reads it as before.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: address review comments on the performance blog post

- fix wording: "are new", "for each input source", "the strings", "the last zero to seven bytes", "by" Danila
  Kutenin, "the result of that query"
- introduce `json_document` where it first gets a detail, say that the `-mbranches` flag is not used, explain
  why the position and token bookkeeping overloads are empty, and say that a step's percentage is relative to
  the time before the step and that a median of 4 is the mean of the two middle values
- write percentages without a space before `%` in the post and in the price figure (regenerated)

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: wrap the prose of the performance blog post at 120 columns

Only line breaks change: the rendered page is identical after whitespace normalization.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: blog post: address the second round of review comments

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: blog post: note that Boost.JSON's tree lead comes from its arena

The comparison builds Boost.JSON's tree in a monotonic_resource. With its
default allocator and precise numbers, boost::json::parse() takes as long
as json::parse() on twitter.json, 5% longer on citm_catalog.json and 17%
less time on canada.json (M1, C++23 -O3, best of 3 x 30 runs; the arena
saves Boost.JSON 28-41%).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: blog post: comparing already passes the depth; copying measured slower without the counter

operator== walks the standard containers itself and passes the depth as an
argument (#5840). A copy that does the same, inserting element by element,
measured 4-16% slower on an M1 Max with Apple clang, so copying keeps the
thread_local counter.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: blog post: name every user of the depth counter and every input the document copies

The "Bounded recursion" paragraph said only copying and equality for custom
containers use the thread_local counter. Converting from another basic_json
specialization and the ordering comparisons use it too; equality for the
standard containers passes the depth instead.

The "Strings stay in the input" bullet named only parse_copy() and an rvalue
std::string as owning inputs. Streams, FILE* and other input that is not one
contiguous block of bytes are read into an owned buffer as well.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-09 08:11:10 +01:00
dependabot[bot] 6343775000 build(deps): bump reuse from 6.2.0 to 6.3.0 in /cmake/requirements (#6035) 
Bumps [reuse](https://github.com/RichardLitt/standard-readme) from 6.2.0 to 6.3.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/RichardLitt/standard-readme/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/RichardLitt/standard-readme/commits)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: reuse
  dependency-version: 6.3.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
 2026-11-09 08:10:36 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 7fc8312c64 Fix ci_test_clang_sanitizer: build the CBOR test string from bytes (#6037) 2026-11-07 14:27:52 +01:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5.5 18138227dc Scan the buffer of a FILE in bulk with glibc and the Apple C library (#6030) 
* Scan the buffer of a FILE in bulk with glibc and the Apple C library

Parsing from a FILE* still read one character at a time through
getc_unlocked(), while a std::istream has its get area scanned in bulk.
file_input_adapter now offers the lexer the same kind of window into the
buffer of the FILE: it reads the fields that the C library's own
getc_unlocked() macro reads (glibc: _IO_read_ptr and _IO_read_end; Apple:
_p and _r) and consumes exactly the characters getc_unlocked() would
return, so the file is left where it was left before. The part of the
current token in a buffer that is about to be refilled is kept for error
messages, as for streams. The window needs the file locked for the whole
parse, so JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO and MemorySanitizer builds turn it
off; uClibc, which defines __GLIBC__ but has other fields, does not get it.

parse() from a FILE* gets 2.0-2.6x as fast on an Apple M1 Max and 1.7-2.2x
on x86-64 (glibc, GCC 15 and Clang 21), accept() 2.9-4.4x; that is about as
fast as parsing from a std::ifstream. The new tests read with FILE buffers
of 1 to 70 bytes and unbuffered files, after ungetc(), with SAX positions
and with binary strings across the buffer's edges.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: no setvbuf() buffer below 2 bytes on Windows

The Microsoft C runtime rejects a _IOFBF buffer size below 2 as an
invalid parameter and ends the process (0xc0000409), which made
test-file_input fail on all MSVC and clang-cl jobs.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: astyle formatting in unit-file_input.cpp

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: limit the multi-character ungetc() test to glibc and Apple

The Windows C runtime only supports one pushed-back character, which
broke the Windows CI jobs.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: sweep_allocator::construct() accepts pointers to const

Recent libc++ (emsdk latest) probes construct(const T*, const T&) in an
unevaluated context while checking for trivial copies; the static_cast to
void* in the noexcept specification then fails to compile.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit 794bf70823c12a2a1cb2a8a95f34dfb6357746a8)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: guard sweep_allocator::construct() against const types instead of const_cast

The const_cast added in the previous commit is rejected by
cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast (clang-tidy). Make construct() not
viable for const U instead, which is what libc++ probes for.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit de099fa607001b710862fd1bbecef3609c54cbc4)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: astyle and clang-tidy for sweep_allocator::construct()

astyle 3.4.13 reformats the enable_if<!...> default template argument
(Check amalgamation). Delete the const overload instead, which makes the
libc++ probe for const objects fail in the SFINAE context just the same
and needs no <type_traits>.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
 2026-11-07 10:11:09 +01:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5.5 951271127b Binary readers: append strings straight from contiguous input (#6028) 
* Binary readers: append strings straight from contiguous input

get_bytes() read every string into a zero-filled resize() and copied the
bytes over it, so each byte was written twice. A string that the input holds
in one block (bulk_remaining() at least its length) is now appended from it
directly. The claimed length is checked against the input first, so a huge
claimed length still allocates nothing it cannot fill; other inputs and
binary values keep the chunked loop.

from_cbor() and from_msgpack() of twitter.json and citm_catalog.json get
5.5-9.1% faster on an Apple M1 Max and 2.7-8.6% on x86-64 (GCC 15, Clang 21);
canada.json, which has few strings, is unchanged.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Binary readers: keep the tag argument of append_from_block() astyle-proof

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: bugprone-signed-char-misuse in append_from_block

Convert the (positive) length to its unsigned type before widening it
to std::size_t, as clang-tidy flags the int8_t to std::size_t cast.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: sweep_allocator::construct() accepts pointers to const

Recent libc++ (emsdk latest) probes construct(const T*, const T&) in an
unevaluated context while checking for trivial copies; the static_cast to
void* in the noexcept specification then fails to compile.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit 794bf70823c12a2a1cb2a8a95f34dfb6357746a8)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Tests: guard sweep_allocator::construct() against const types instead of const_cast

The const_cast added in the previous commit is rejected by
cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast (clang-tidy). Make construct() not
viable for const U instead, which is what libc++ probes for.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
(cherry picked from commit de099fa607001b710862fd1bbecef3609c54cbc4)
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: astyle and clang-tidy for sweep_allocator::construct()

astyle 3.4.13 reformats the enable_if<!...> default template argument
(Check amalgamation). Delete the const overload instead, which makes the
libc++ probe for const objects fail in the SFINAE context just the same
and needs no <type_traits>.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
 2026-11-07 10:10:50 +01:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5.5 cbb9e14889 Fix ci_emscripten: make sweep_allocator::construct() not viable for const types (#6036) 
* Tests: make sweep_allocator::construct() not viable for const types

The newest libc++ (emsdk latest, used by ci_emscripten) probes
construct(const T*, const T&) in an unevaluated context while checking
whether copies are trivial. For the test allocator, instantiating the
noexcept specification then fails to compile, because static_cast<void*>
cannot drop the const qualifier. Constrain construct() to non-const types,
which makes the probe fail in the SFINAE context instead of with a hard
error.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: astyle and clang-tidy for sweep_allocator::construct()

astyle 3.4.13 reformats the enable_if<!...> default template argument
(Check amalgamation). Delete the const overload instead, which makes the
libc++ probe for const objects fail in the SFINAE context just the same
and needs no <type_traits>.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N5NasEsrzHhSNouxSoEwqz
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
 2026-11-07 10:10:21 +01:00
Niels Lohmann b54267d2a7 Docs: compile times of JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT=0 and JSON_HAS_RANGES=0 (#6025) 
Add sections on switching off std::format and ranges support to the
compile-times page, with measurements (Apple clang, GCC 16, -std=c++20),
the functionality that is lost, and chart rows (issue #5294).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-05 16:04:39 +01:00
Niels Lohmann e48800f09d Binary reader and writer: remove checks that invariants make dead (#6001) 
* Binary reader and writer: remove checks that invariants make dead

Branch coverage of the test suite and of 24k mutated inputs showed
these conditions as never taken; each is implied by a check made
earlier on the same path:

- check_bson_document_size: `document_size < 0` (the size was rejected
  below 5 before it was stored)
- get_ubjson_ndarray_size: `second != 'N'` ('N' is rejected as a type
  marker before `second` can be set)
- bjd_type_name() == nullptr for an ndarray dtype: every marker
  is_valid_optimized_type() accepts for BJData has a name (now an assert)
- the early is_bjd_excluded_optimized_type() check in
  get_ubjson_size_type(): is_valid_optimized_type() rejects the same
  eight markers with the same error
- `input_format == bjdata` next to `is_ndarray`, bit 8 of the type, or a
  'B'/'u'/'m'/'M' marker: these only arise for BJData
- `first != npos` next to bit 8: the bit is only set after a count
- MessagePack writer: the `<= max` halves of the negative int8/16/32
  ladder (the ladder is in the `else` of `n >= 0`)

No change in behaviour: a build that aborts on each removed side passes
the test suite and the fuzz corpora, and a 1.6M-input differential run
of the reader against the original headers found no difference.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Remove is_bjd_excluded_optimized_type(), which has no caller left; fix two comments

is_valid_optimized_type() rejects the markers BJData excludes, so the reader
no longer needs its own list; the test now checks is_valid_optimized_type()
of a BJData reader against the writer's list. The BSON size comment now says
that open_bson_document() rejects a size below 5.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Make the BJData reader in the lookup test const (misc-const-correctness)

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-04 23:42:17 +01:00
dependabot[bot] 20fe34ceeb build(deps): bump lukka/get-cmake from 4.4.4 to 4.4.5 (#6024) 
Bumps [lukka/get-cmake](https://github.com/lukka/get-cmake) from 4.4.4 to 4.4.5.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/lukka/get-cmake/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/lukka/get-cmake/blob/main/RELEASE_PROCESS.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/lukka/get-cmake/compare/a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9...f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: lukka/get-cmake
  dependency-version: 4.4.5
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
 2026-11-04 23:38:57 +01:00
Christoph Grüninger 1da8735154 Fix leak and crash when an allocation throws during parsing (#6023) 
json_sax_dom_parser::insert_key_with_index: own the new object_key_index
in a unique_ptr before key_indexes may reallocate; a throwing reallocation
leaked it.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <foss@grueninger.de>
 2026-11-04 23:38:47 +01:00
Niels Lohmann a49242f088 Docs: reading and writing files; patch_inplace() is not atomic (#6017) 2026-11-04 17:46:20 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 42825fba07 Binary writers: zero only a window ahead of the vector sink's position (#6020) 
output_vector_sink grew the vector by resizing it to its whole new
capacity. resize() zeroes the characters it adds, so every doubling
zeroed megabytes of a fresh allocation at once: that faults in all its
pages and evicts them from the cache before the writer reaches them,
and the writer's stores then miss again. The sink now reserves the same
capacity as before but resizes the vector only to 64 KiB
(vector_sink_window) ahead of the position, which is still cached when
the writer's stores come.

to_cbor(), to_msgpack(), to_ubjson(), to_bjdata() and to_bon8() of an
array of one million numbers into a fresh vector: 4-26 % faster on x86
(Skylake laptop with Apple clang 13, Haswell VPS with GCC 16 and
Clang 23), 1-2.5 % on Apple M1 Max; other documents unchanged (within
0.4 % in reruns). The capacity and growth of the vector are as before.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-04 17:13:25 +01:00
Niels Lohmann efc437ef6e UBJSON/BJData/MessagePack reader: reject a container count equal to SIZE_MAX (#6002) 
* UBJSON/BJData reader: reject a container count equal to SIZE_MAX

The reader marks a container whose count is not known by npos, which
is SIZE_MAX. A count of exactly that value was stored unchanged and
then read as "no count", so the BJData input

    [ # M ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff i 01 ]

parsed as [1] instead of throwing out_of_range.408 as a count of
2^64-2 does. Where size_t is 32 bits, the same holds for 'm' and 'L'
counts of 2^32-1, in UBJSON too.

The counts of 'm', 'M' and the signed types now go through
store_ubjson_count(), which rejects npos with "integer value overflow"
(the message a count beyond size_t already gets), as the CBOR reader
does in get_cbor_container_size(). An ND-array dimension of 2^64-1 gets
the same message now, where it was "excessive ndarray size caused
overflow" (the product check) on 64-bit platforms.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* MessagePack reader: reject an array/map 32 length equal to SIZE_MAX

On a platform with a 32-bit std::size_t, an array 32 or map 32 length of
0xFFFFFFFF equals unknown_size(), so start_array()/start_object() were
told the size was unknown and skipped the max_size() check. Route both
through the CBOR length check, renamed get_container_size(), which
already rejects that value.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-04 17:13:16 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 57b898ef99 Replace a multibyte decimal point in dump() of a long double (#5998) 2026-11-03 19:17:41 +01:00
dependabot[bot] 92707f43f2 build(deps): bump step-security/harden-runner from 2.22.2 to 2.22.3 (#6021) 2026-11-03 19:17:27 +01:00
Niels Lohmann e32051125f Fix the build of develop: tests from #5997 and #5991 (#6019) 
* Fix the build of develop: tests from #5997 and #5991

- unit-msgpack-cpp17: assign the result of json::parse in
  CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS (GCC -Werror=unused-result)
- unit-json_view: failing_allocator::allocate is [[noreturn]]
  (clang -Wmissing-noreturn)
- unit-class_lexer: build the quoted string once
  (clang-tidy performance-inefficient-string-concatenation)
- unit-allocator: sweep_allocator provides pointer, reference and size
  typedefs, which GCC 4.8's std::map takes from the allocator
- unit-allocator: skip the "sax_parse into an existing value" sweep with
  iterator debugging, like the parser callback sweep: MSVC's std::vector
  default constructor is noexcept but allocates its debug proxy through
  the allocator, so a failing allocation in create<array_t>() terminates

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix the remaining CI failures of the tests from #5997 and #5991

- unit-custom-object-key-type: drop the redundant member initializer and
  return a braced init list (clang-tidy); direct-initialize the converted
  value, as copy-initialization makes GCC 4.8 instantiate the copy
  constructor, which needs a range constructor strict_object lacks
- unit-stream-bulk-scan: pick the claimed get area size by tag dispatch
  instead of a constant condition (MSVC C4127)
- unit-allocator: skip the parser callback and sax_parse sweeps with
  Clang 3.4 and 3.5, which leak memory when an element constructor throws
  inside a libstdc++ std::map copy or std::vector reallocation

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix the CI failures that the first failing TU of each job hid

- unit-stream-bulk-scan: compute the claimed size without a condition;
  the tag-dispatched template was unused with a 64-bit std::size_t
  (-Wunused-template)
- unit-json_view: give failing_allocator the typedefs, rebind and
  members that GCC 4.8's std::map takes from the allocator directly
- clang-tidy hits in the tests from #5997: raw string literals
  (unit-json_view), redundant c_str() and a NOLINT for &text[0]
  (unit-locale-cpp), reserve() before a loop (unit-ordered_json), and a
  NOLINT for a return that a braced list would turn into an array
  (unit-regression1)

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Skip the 3 GiB get-area test with a 32-bit std::size_t in the preprocessor

The claimed size was a constant 0 on Win32, so `claimed == 0 || ...` was a
constant condition and MSVC reported C4127. Guard the section with
`#if SIZE_MAX > UINT32_MAX` instead, as unit-msgpack-custom-types.cpp does.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Silence modernize-use-transparent-functors for failing_map in unit-json_view

std::less<> needs C++14, and the test is also built as C++11.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-03 13:42:46 +01:00
Niels Lohmann baba5db36f Fix the MSVC and GCC builds of develop (C4127, -Weffc++) (#6016) 
json_view number(): #6006 folded the check of the digit after a minus
sign into `else if (!negative || ...)`, which MSVC 19.44 reports as
C4127 (conditional expression is constant) and /WX turns into an
error in every MSVC and clang-cl job. The check now sits in the
`if (negative)` block, right after the sign is skipped; the error and
its position are unchanged.

unit-locale-cpp.cpp: the locale_switching_token added in #5997 held a
`const char*`, so GCC's -Weffc++ asked for a copy constructor and copy
assignment. The locale name is now a std::string.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
 2026-11-02 20:07:00 +01:00
Niels Lohmann 07876e2292 json_view: a value that is not found has no bytes in its exception context (#6015) 2026-11-02 19:11:07 +01:00
194 changed files with 80330 additions and 4445 deletions
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.github/workflows/cancel_closed_pr_runs.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/check_amalgamation.yml
+4 -4
View File
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ jobs:
- name: Install astyle
run: |
python3 -mvenv venv
venv/bin/pip3 install -r $MAIN_DIR/tools/astyle/requirements.txt
venv/bin/pip3 install --require-hashes -r $MAIN_DIR/tools/astyle/requirements.txt
- name: Install generate_natvis dependencies
run: pip3 install -r $NATVIS_TOOL_DIR/requirements.txt
run: pip3 install --require-hashes -r $NATVIS_TOOL_DIR/requirements.txt
- name: Regenerate the tools/macro_builder tables in macro_scope.hpp
run: |
.github/workflows/check_docs_links.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
timeout-minutes: 30
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+5 -6
View File
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -41,11 +41,10 @@ jobs:
uses: github/codeql-action/init@9b3254085494b55a0f7c4c2b3d2d52cc712ce370 # v4.39.1
with:
languages: c-cpp
# Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages (C/C++, C#, or Java).
# If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
- name: Autobuild
uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@9b3254085494b55a0f7c4c2b3d2d52cc712ce370 # v4.39.1
# Analyze the sources without compiling them. Autobuild compiled the
# whole test suite and the resulting database was so large that the
# runner often lost communication with the server while importing it.
build-mode: none
- name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@9b3254085494b55a0f7c4c2b3d2d52cc712ce370 # v4.39.1
.github/workflows/comment_check_amalgamation.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
pull-requests: write
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/dependency-review.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/flawfinder.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
security-events: write
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/json_view_benchmarks.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
timeout-minutes: 60
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/labeler.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/publish_documentation.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/semgrep.yml
+2 -2
View File
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
# SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN is still passed through so registry auth works if a
# token is ever added.
- name: Install Semgrep
run: python3 -m pip install --user semgrep==1.168.0
run: python3 -m pip install --user --require-hashes -r cmake/requirements/requirements-semgrep.txt
# `semgrep scan --sarif` always exits 0 even with findings; continue-on-error
# is a safety net so the SARIF upload still runs if the scan itself errors.
.github/workflows/stale.yml
+1 -1
View File
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
+24 -24
View File
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Check that Meson and pkg-config offer the CMake options
run: make check_build_options
- name: Install Meson
run: pip install meson
run: pip install --require-hashes -r cmake/requirements/requirements-meson.txt
- name: Install with Meson
run: |
meson setup build-meson --prefix=${{ github.workspace }}/install
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ jobs:
target: [ci_test_single_header, ci_cppcheck, ci_cpplint, ci_reproducible_tests, ci_non_git_tests, ci_offline_testdata, ci_reuse_compliance, ci_test_valgrind]
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: CXX=g++-${{ matrix.compiler }} cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Disable filesystem support (std::filesystem is unusable) for clang 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
run: echo "JSON_FORCED_GLOBAL_COMPILE_OPTIONS=-DJSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0;-DJSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM=0" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
if: ${{ matrix.compiler == '7' || matrix.compiler == '8' || matrix.compiler == '9' || matrix.compiler == '10' }}
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build with libc++
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ jobs:
# import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
# CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
- name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
with:
cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
# Clang: the std library module is provided by libc++ (the image's libstdc++
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
- name: Build
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Run CMake
run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$EMSDK/upstream/emscripten/cmake/Modules/Platform/Emscripten.cmake -GNinja
- name: Build
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ jobs:
target: [ci_test_examples, ci_test_build_documentation, ci_test_documentation_mermaid]
steps:
- name: Harden Runner
uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
uses: step-security/harden-runner@46b06cea07f9e64621fdf066ba77ac6915163d43 # v2.22.3
with:
egress-policy: audit
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Check that the job runs natively on arm64
run: uname -m && test "$(uname -m)" = aarch64
- name: Run CMake
.github/workflows/windows.yml
+2 -2
View File
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
with:
persist-credentials: false
- name: Get latest CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
- name: Set extra CXX_FLAGS for latest std_version
# /wd5285 silences C5285 emitted by the bundled third-party doctest.h, which
# specializes std::tuple (newly diagnosed by the VS2026 v145 toolset)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ jobs:
# import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
# CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
- name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
uses: lukka/get-cmake@f86dd60acae0d132056913e248bdabf0e0580b7a # v4.4.5
with:
cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
# CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS replaces CMake's MSVC defaults (which include /EHsc), and
BUILD.bazel
+1
View File
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ cc_library(
"include/nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/hash.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/input/contiguous_parser.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp",
"include/nlohmann/detail/input/lexer.hpp",
ChangeLog.md
-3272
View File
File diff suppressed because it is too large. Load diff
Makefile
+1 -18
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
.PHONY: all amalgamate check-amalgamation check_build_options pretty install_astyle clean ChangeLog.md release update_hedley update_hedley_undef BUILD.bazel natvis macro_builder_check run_benchmarks pvs_studio serve_header reuse spdx
.PHONY: all amalgamate check-amalgamation check_build_options pretty install_astyle clean release update_hedley update_hedley_undef BUILD.bazel natvis macro_builder_check run_benchmarks pvs_studio serve_header reuse spdx
##########################################################################
# configuration
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ MACRO_SCOPE_HPP=include/nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp
all:
@echo "amalgamate - amalgamate files single_include/nlohmann/json{,_fwd,_literals,_view}.hpp from the include/nlohmann sources"
@echo "BUILD.bazel - regenerate the Bazel BUILD file from the include/nlohmann sources"
@echo "ChangeLog.md - generate ChangeLog file"
@echo "check-amalgamation - check whether sources have been amalgamated and BUILD.bazel is up to date"
@echo "check_build_options - check that the Meson build and the pkg-config files offer the options of the CMake target"
@echo "clean - remove built files"
@@ -175,22 +174,6 @@ check-amalgamation:
BUILD.bazel:
cmake -P cmake/scripts/gen_bazel_build_file.cmake
##########################################################################
# ChangeLog
##########################################################################
# Create a ChangeLog based on the git log using the GitHub Changelog Generator
# (<https://github.com/github-changelog-generator/github-changelog-generator>).
# variable to control the diffs between the last released version and the current repository state
NEXT_VERSION ?= "unreleased"
ChangeLog.md:
github_changelog_generator -o ChangeLog.md --user nlohmann --project json --simple-list --release-url https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/%s --future-release $(NEXT_VERSION)
$(SED) -i 's|https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/tag/HEAD|https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/HEAD|' ChangeLog.md
$(SED) -i '2i All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).' ChangeLog.md
##########################################################################
# Release files
##########################################################################
README.md
+34 -9
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
[![JSON for Modern C++](docs/mkdocs/docs/images/json.gif)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases)
<a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases">
<picture>
<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="docs/mkdocs/docs/images/json-dark.svg">
<img src="docs/mkdocs/docs/images/json-light.svg" alt="JSON for Modern C++: animated feature slideshow">
</picture>
</a>
[![Build Status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/1acb366xfyg3qybk/branch/develop?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/nlohmann/json)
[![Ubuntu](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/actions?query=workflow%3AUbuntu)
@@ -39,6 +44,7 @@
- [Conversions to/from arbitrary types](#arbitrary-types-conversions)
- [Specializing enum conversion](#specializing-enum-conversion)
- [Binary formats (BSON, CBOR, MessagePack, UBJSON, BJData, and BON8)](#binary-formats-bson-cbor-messagepack-ubjson-bjdata-and-bon8)
- [Zero-copy views](#zero-copy-views)
- [Customers](#customers)
- [Ecosystem](#ecosystem)
- [Supported compilers](#supported-compilers)
@@ -68,7 +74,7 @@ Other aspects were not so important to us:
- **Memory efficiency**. Each JSON object has an overhead of one pointer (the maximal size of a union) and one enumeration element (1 byte). The default generalization uses the following C++ data types: `std::string` for strings, `int64_t`, `uint64_t` or `double` for numbers, `std::map` for objects, `std::vector` for arrays, and `bool` for Booleans. However, you can template the generalized class `basic_json` to your needs.
- **Speed**. There are certainly [faster JSON libraries](https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark#parsing-time) out there. However, if your goal is to speed up your development by adding JSON support with a single header, then this library is the way to go. If you know how to use a `std::vector` or `std::map`, you are already set.
- **Speed**. There are certainly [faster JSON libraries](https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark#parsing-time) out there. However, if your goal is to speed up your development by adding JSON support with a single header, then this library is the way to go. If you know how to use a `std::vector` or `std::map`, you are already set. The [performance](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/performance/) page shows how to get the most out of the library.
See the [contribution guidelines](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md#please-dont) for more information.
@@ -1052,7 +1058,7 @@ struct less_than_32_serializer {
Be **very** careful when reimplementing your serializer, you can stack overflow if you don't pay attention:
```cpp
template <typename T, void>
template <typename T, typename = void>
struct bad_serializer
{
template <typename BasicJsonType>
@@ -1063,10 +1069,10 @@ struct bad_serializer
}
template <typename BasicJsonType>
static void to_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T& value) {
static void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T& value) {
// this calls BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::from_json(j, value)
// if BasicJsonType::json_serializer == bad_serializer ... oops!
value = j.get<T>(); // oops!
value = j.template get<T>(); // oops!
}
};
```
@@ -1769,7 +1775,7 @@ I deeply appreciate the help of the following people.
330. [AniketDhemare](https://github.com/AniketDhemare) fixed a version in the documentation.
331. [Philip Müller](https://github.com/philip-paul-mueller) fixed an example.
332. [Leila Shcheglova](https://github.com/LeilaShcheglova) fixed a warning in a test.
333. [Alex Prabhat Bara](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) fixed a function name in the documentation.
333. [Alex Prabhat Bara](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) fixed a function name in the documentation and avoided temporary `basic_json` values for CBOR and MessagePack object keys.
334. [laterlaugh](https://github.com/laterlaugh) fixed some typos.
335. [Yuanhao Jia](https://github.com/MrJia1997) fixed the GDB pretty printer.
336. [Fallen_Breath](https://github.com/Fallen-Breath) fixed an example for JSON Pointer.
@@ -1847,7 +1853,7 @@ I deeply appreciate the help of the following people.
408. [Luke Banicevic](https://github.com/banaboi) fixed corrupt BSON output for lengths exceeding `INT32_MAX`, cleaned up the BSON writer, and improved the documentation.
409. [Patrick Armstrong](https://github.com/Patrick10199) updated the CBOR references and the half-precision float assertions.
410. [Yash Bavadiya](https://github.com/xevrion) added checks to all BSON reads.
411. [hum4nBeing](https://github.com/hum4nBeing) fixed the overflow handling of high-precision numbers in UBJSON.
411. [hum4nBeing](https://github.com/hum4nBeing) and [AJ369ninja](https://github.com/AJ369ninja) fixed the overflow handling of high-precision numbers in UBJSON.
412. [tomatotomata](https://github.com/tomatotomata) added checks for reading CBOR tagged subtypes.
413. [YingqiDuan](https://github.com/YingqiDuan) documented the BSON interoperability.
414. [KBS](https://github.com/youdie006) documented the standards compliance and the strictness of `parse()` and `operator>>`.
@@ -1861,6 +1867,26 @@ I deeply appreciate the help of the following people.
422. [Avionic Harshit](https://github.com/avionicharshit-byte) made `diff()` linear when an array shrinks.
423. [Qatadaha Bin Matloob](https://github.com/qatcod) fixed comparisons between integers and floats and fixed unparsable BJData output.
424. [Wu Shuwen](https://github.com/dajiaohuang) removed an unused include.
425. [Alexander Lanin](https://github.com/AlexanderLanin) improved the error message of `get_to()` for `const` arguments.
426. [satelliteprogrammer](https://github.com/satelliteprogrammer) added `merge_diff()` to create JSON Merge Patches (RFC 7396).
427. [Jeremy Nimmer](https://github.com/jwnimmer-tri) removed `alwayslink` from the Bazel build.
428. [Dadi Reddy Sai Praneeth Reddy](https://github.com/dsp0redy) made `to_msgpack()` throw when a size exceeds the MessagePack limit.
429. [ayush-singh-0601](https://github.com/ayush-singh-0601) reduced the runtime of the test suite.
430. [Kartikey Negi](https://github.com/ReturnKartikey) fixed the CBOR tag handling of tagged values that are not byte strings.
431. [Michiel van Slobbe](https://github.com/mvanslobbe) sped up the parser by checking for the expected separator first.
432. [Mohd Quamar Tyagi](https://github.com/Tyagiquamar) allowed SAX parsing of tagged CBOR.
433. [fhgffy](https://github.com/fhgffy) rejected NUL bytes in UBJSON and BJData high-precision numbers and fixed a `-Wswitch-enum` warning.
434. [Suyog Verma](https://github.com/commit-msuyog) used MSVC intrinsics for the 128-bit multiplication in the floating-point serialization.
435. [Bas van Dijk](https://github.com/basdedas) fixed a TU-local exposure of `UTF8_ACCEPT` and `UTF8_REJECT` in C++20 modules.
436. [Christoph Grüninger](https://github.com/gruenich) fixed a leak and a crash when an allocation throws during parsing.
437. [Amelia Barnaby](https://github.com/ameliabarnabyhub) made serializing discarded values to binary formats throw instead of writing corrupt output.
438. [Vesko Karaganev](https://github.com/veselink1) made the destructor use the provided allocator.
439. [Michael Sam](https://github.com/michaelsam94) kept allocation failures from escaping the `noexcept` destructor.
440. [Mihnea Magheru](https://github.com/sakuntalle) added a natvis visualizer for `detail::json_default_base`.
441. [Joseph Demarest](https://github.com/JosephDemarest) rejected nested indefinite-length CBOR strings.
442. [Afonso Januário](https://github.com/afonsojanu) made `std::hash<basic_json>` consistent with `operator==` for numbers.
443. [Kartik Gupta](https://github.com/KartikeyG-world) limited the natvis namespace variants to two ABI tags.
444. [manop55555](https://github.com/manop55555) reported a buffer over-read in `dump()` with large indentation values.
Thanks a lot for helping out! Please [let me know](mailto:mail@nlohmann.me) if I forgot someone.
@@ -1883,7 +1909,6 @@ The library itself consists of a single header file licensed under the MIT licen
- [**cpplint**](https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint) for style checks
- [**doctest**](https://github.com/doctest/doctest) for the unit tests
- [**Flawfinder**](https://dwheeler.com/flawfinder/) for static analysis
- [**GitHub Changelog Generator**](https://github.com/github-changelog-generator/github-changelog-generator) to generate the [ChangeLog](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/ChangeLog.md)
- [**Google Benchmark**](https://github.com/google/benchmark) to implement the benchmarks
- [**Hedley**](https://nemequ.github.io/hedley/) to avoid re-inventing several compiler-agnostic feature macros
- [**include-what-you-use**](https://include-what-you-use.org) to check the included headers
@@ -1950,7 +1975,7 @@ For more information, see [JSON With Commas and Comments (JWCC)](https://nigelta
By default, the library does not preserve the **insertion order of object elements**. This is standards-compliant, as the [JSON standard](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html) defines objects as "an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs".
If you do want to preserve the insertion order, you can try the type [`nlohmann::ordered_json`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2179). Alternatively, you can use a more sophisticated ordered map like [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/546#issuecomment-304447518)) or [`nlohmann::fifo_map`](https://github.com/nlohmann/fifo_map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/485#issuecomment-333652309)).
If you do want to preserve the insertion order, you can try the type [`nlohmann::ordered_json`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json/). Alternatively, you can use a more sophisticated ordered map like [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/546#issuecomment-304447518)) or [`nlohmann::fifo_map`](https://github.com/nlohmann/fifo_map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/485#issuecomment-333652309)).
See the [**documentation on object order**](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/object_order/) for more information.
cmake/requirements/requirements-meson.txt
+3
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
meson==1.12.1 \
--hash=sha256:930bc7542cbd9f57009e182fd014eba48cf1a0180a7b9006d2d32d8f168d8b02 \
--hash=sha256:ab0a6ca09f8ef70c564c8241fb5a23957886a0b53fb58412b5e07eaf07dba743
cmake/requirements/requirements-reuse.txt
+1 -1
View File
@@ -1 +1 @@
reuse==6.2.0
reuse==6.3.0
cmake/requirements/requirements-semgrep.txt
+989
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
# Semgrep and all its dependencies, pinned by hash for the Semgrep workflow. A pip install with
# hashes must list every dependency, so this file was generated with
# uv pip compile requirements.in --generate-hashes --python-version 3.14 \
# --python-platform x86_64-manylinux_2_39 --no-header --no-annotate
# from a requirements.in containing only "semgrep==1.168.0". Dependabot keeps it current.
annotated-types==0.8.0 \
--hash=sha256:13b2beaad985e05e2d6407ee4c4f35590b11f8d693a258a561055cac8f64cab7 \
--hash=sha256:f072f4d804ea359e4eaf198b1af7a8b0943881a87f31bb764f8bf219bb9419e0
anyio==4.16.0 \
--hash=sha256:59bb03251907983d1603d27c3087ddb1e93299ea2163adcdba37899a4fb12ffb \
--hash=sha256:c66ae634e0b8228396b801741beb3294326d4b6102f7bba4041c0dfb58c29026
attrs==26.1.0 \
--hash=sha256:c647aa4a12dfbad9333ca4e71fe62ddc36f4e63b2d260a37a8b83d2f043ac309 \
--hash=sha256:d03ceb89cb322a8fd706d4fb91940737b6642aa36998fe130a9bc96c985eff32
boltons==21.0.0 \
--hash=sha256:65e70a79a731a7fe6e98592ecfb5ccf2115873d01dbc576079874629e5c90f13 \
--hash=sha256:b9bb7b58b2b420bbe11a6025fdef6d3e5edc9f76a42fb467afe7ca212ef9948b
bracex==3.2.2 \
--hash=sha256:284d59c4656e5a0421ff691402074bd5847049d50410535764a2c522a47095bc \
--hash=sha256:d18976160b3ba01a57d5c53a5c8c3aa2506efa9e0a3a62467251f82b8f563fde
certifi==2026.10.23 \
--hash=sha256:a9895e6e2758b371e0545e321a3a8fd1fcfd9829ada8824a936dfb16aaaf36cd \
--hash=sha256:e9b54de76e530bb6cf0ccd036787103acb58fd42ba930ea8bf948ddbaa2f61d1
cffi==2.1.1 \
--hash=sha256:046bfc24911b37851ee1b51aab8bffe713d89c68c6a057b09484ce9fd5f69b4e \
--hash=sha256:06c72bb76605a4b0cd0aad6930b69d4baf7dd5d806cfc409b824191099700e66 \
--hash=sha256:0beceaabe56af686895136a2de78db54ecd8e4046b236b8fd6d6cb61389e9bf2 \
--hash=sha256:154852545011f779917b11c78db2358d095da62a9a172b78ad0a583ee5adc0d0 \
--hash=sha256:194cffa889098ced9976c3fc6340305e43f6303657d298da55366907c05c22d6 \
--hash=sha256:19ee6127ee34de7d83ce3d371ebc5ed91addbdcc39f9ab15ce4eb35a4e534971 \
--hash=sha256:1a18a57b58cfb21fc28d72e876acf10eaed67a1ed96226f92af4df681d571c4c \
--hash=sha256:1aa5645c30469b09530c4ebca77ebf8f17618293c58f8549cb1a543a50236e7d \
--hash=sha256:1dea0e4d7d4f11f619fe8c1d76caf49e24405b4b5743c0e3be16a500ecd930c9 \
--hash=sha256:208f941bb9d18e768138677f0a6d2ce01f590df56043dda1df1535ac57c88517 \
--hash=sha256:210019b6c7cf07f081b4c54635c8cf744377001350e29cc0f81c4377b4797735 \
--hash=sha256:246fa40ce8645a614ff682e0b70f37134e460eaf93a775e0cbe3cca585a67a80 \
--hash=sha256:25792eac27877609e7bb06d42ff88278a6624fff2ba9bbb523c09616b117e80f \
--hash=sha256:27350daa11d4f10c540e6e89dada4c54feb7256ad03e9a4dc075ebad7ba360d1 \
--hash=sha256:28907ab9bfb6aa13184cfc17c6b8e1023c5ab6fd7076d8c20a35e59fe04f8f29 \
--hash=sha256:2ae64be792b8966f2c69538199728b290e34726562896df1e5dc8ffd8d8188e8 \
--hash=sha256:31348097ff5bbe827ccc41795d4dd099d9f0625e7def00ee653c137a490c2a6c \
--hash=sha256:3143d81e29e1e20a9ce10901ec369012947876596f75a222235965f2b7ae832e \
--hash=sha256:3222ba5d678f80a030e6afbcc33dc1ae5cb45facabb61cee2c7016b8432fde48 \
--hash=sha256:3311ed60d36f83378794e1009ac6258bafbf81f7888b4caa7b35a521e3f95813 \
--hash=sha256:334644fbac4eff73d985a17a91226df55d0f394160c4cfb880e084c8f7161cac \
--hash=sha256:34e261f78cb6ceaaa36f42f2613f4380d94d9c759a9c73c769ee6e0247364632 \
--hash=sha256:363e05fa78e15116c3c32c210ee36884fd6b9afa6d440e47112c3bd511d64cb6 \
--hash=sha256:398aff33cee2767e3e781d2554c54bd0dff386bb437581e0d8011fde1a942ec1 \
--hash=sha256:3d22a20b1fb1632cc72c22f95f7b0d2961c3e1c235f245ba4c606c4771035659 \
--hash=sha256:42a494cee34437f05546455144f2b5d9ac09b1face62bcfce597d2e521066688 \
--hash=sha256:42e2f76b9455f5a9a844f770bf3e200ed3da0e15f5df3db9c31fe80b04b3d004 \
--hash=sha256:42f6930c31dc7f50732c9ae793c2786c7b6b044195967bbdde40bb9be81c4cc0 \
--hash=sha256:456a61fa52d579ebf9df2e9552ead5129855dbaff6c1e5a9b1bc408809bdc062 \
--hash=sha256:471cee653ae88de62096552e6d24ccb4a5adb8c8c9f10b5054d0122c15bf2779 \
--hash=sha256:49cbc70e6542d4ccccb936558d1064a8012541e78f821f955cff24e357776c94 \
--hash=sha256:4a7c934f7360e8cd64fe9efadcbd10c7c6364f531e432b9a4bf5ccbc9e0e8b50 \
--hash=sha256:4be96343e422f2dfcd12ab5c9f5aebe03f82f737c6bffeca6830b3875cb44aab \
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click==8.1.8 \
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click-option-group==0.5.9 \
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colorama==0.4.6 \
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cryptography==50.0.2 \
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exceptiongroup==1.2.2 \
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face==26.0.1 \
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glom==25.12.0 \
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googleapis-common-protos==1.76.0 \
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h11==0.16.0 \
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httpcore==1.0.9 \
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httpx==0.28.1 \
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httpx-sse==0.4.3 \
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idna==3.20 \
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importlib-metadata==8.7.1 \
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jsonschema==4.25.1 \
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jsonschema-specifications==2025.9.1 \
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markdown-it-py==4.2.0 \
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mcp==1.23.3 \
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mdurl==0.1.2 \
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opentelemetry-api==1.37.0 \
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opentelemetry-exporter-otlp-proto-common==1.37.0 \
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opentelemetry-exporter-otlp-proto-http==1.37.0 \
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opentelemetry-instrumentation==0.58b0 \
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opentelemetry-instrumentation-requests==0.58b0 \
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opentelemetry-instrumentation-threading==0.58b0 \
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opentelemetry-proto==1.37.0 \
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opentelemetry-sdk==1.37.0 \
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opentelemetry-semantic-conventions==0.58b0 \
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opentelemetry-util-http==0.58b0 \
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packaging==26.3 \
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peewee==3.19.0 \
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protobuf==6.33.6 \
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pycparser==3.12 \
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pydantic==2.14.3 \
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pydantic-core==2.50.4 \
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semantic-version==2.10.0 \
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semgrep==1.168.0 \
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sse-starlette==3.7.0 \
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docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/index.md
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@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Besides `basic_json`, the library offers a second way to hold a parsed JSON text
[`basic_json_document`](../basic_json_document/index.md), which owns or borrows the text and holds a flat index of the
values in it, and a [`basic_json_view`](../basic_json_view/index.md), a read-only handle to one value of such a document.
Both are defined in the header `<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`; see
[Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
[Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
- [**json_document**](../json_document.md) / [**ordered_json_document**](../ordered_json_document.md) - read-only
documents of the `basic_json` specialization they belong to
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ Access to the JSON value
specification of the JSON data interchange format
- [`basic_json_document`](../basic_json_document/index.md) - / [`basic_json_view`](../basic_json_view/index.md) - parse a JSON
text into a flat index and read it through a view
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - when to use a document and a view instead of a `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md) - when to use a document and a view instead of a `basic_json`
- [Types](../../features/types/index.md) - how JSON values are stored and which types exist
- [Converting values](../../features/conversions.md) - get values out of a JSON value and put values in
- [Creating JSON values](../../features/creating_values.md) - all the ways to build a JSON value
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/parse.md
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@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
[`basic_json_document::parse`](../basic_json_document/parse.md) accepts the same inputs and the same options, but
keeps the result as a flat index of the parsed values instead of a tree of `basic_json` values. It is faster and uses
less memory when only parts of the document are read, and it also accepts a pointer to a null-terminated wide string,
which `parse()` does not. See [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md).
which `parse()` does not. See [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md).
!!! tip "Performance"
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md
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@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ the patch. This function applies a JSON patch in place and returns void.
## Exception safety
No guarantees, value may be corrupted by an unsuccessful patch operation.
No guarantees: if an operation fails, the operations before it stay applied, and a failing `move` operation may already
have removed the value at its "from" location. Use [`patch`](patch.md) if the value must be unchanged after a failed
patch.
## Exceptions
@@ -62,8 +64,19 @@ the JSON value, the complexity can usually be neglected.
## Notes
Unlike [`patch`](patch.md), `patch_inplace` applies the operation "in place" and no copy of the JSON value is created.
That makes it faster for large documents by avoiding the copy. However, the JSON value might be corrupted if the
function throws an exception.
That makes it faster for large documents by avoiding the copy.
!!! warning "Not atomic"
`patch_inplace` applies the operations one after the other and does not undo them when one fails. After an
exception, the value holds the result of the operations before the failing one, and a failing `move` operation
(a "remove" followed by an "add") may already have removed the value at its "from" location; see the second example
below. [RFC 6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902#section-5) requires that a patch with a failing operation is
not deemed successful, but leaves open what happens to the document.
If the value must stay unchanged when the patch fails, use [`patch`](patch.md), which applies the patch to a copy:
`#!cpp j = j.patch(json_patch);`. Validating the patch beforehand is not enough, as "test" operations and missing
paths are only detected while the patch is applied.
Duplicate member names inside an operation object are resolved by the parser before the patch is applied (the last one
is kept, see [`object_t`](object_t.md#behavior)), so `#!json {"op": "add", "op": "remove", "path": "/a"}` is a
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/accept.md
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@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ compile; see [`parse`](parse.md#notes).
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`BasicJsonType::accept`](../basic_json/accept.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-the-same-as-parse) - how parsing a document differs from, and matches, basic_json::parse
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/differences.md#what-is-the-same) - how parsing a document differs from, and matches, basic_json::parse
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/basic_json_document.md
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@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Constant.
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md) - return whether the last parse failed
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - who owns the source text and for how long
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - who owns the source text and for how long
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/erase.md
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@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ by an erase, not only those at or after the removed element, since the container
- [`root`](root.md) - the view of the root value, the starting point of overload 3
- [`BasicJsonType::erase`](../basic_json/erase.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Edits](index.md#edits) - what an edit guarantees, for every overload
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - what an edit guarantees and costs
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/editing.md) - what an edit guarantees and costs
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/index.md
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@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ points apply to every edit:
anything `BasicJsonType` can be constructed from (numbers, strings, `#!cpp bool`, `#!cpp nullptr`, containers, ...).
- [`dump()`](../basic_json_view/dump.md) writes an edited document with members in document order, new members at
the end, and, with [`number_format::source`](../basic_json_view/number_format.md), keeps the spelling of every
number that was not itself edited — see [Editing a document](../../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) for
number that was not itself edited — see [Editing a document](../../features/json_view/editing.md) for
why this matters.
- [`read()`](read.md) discards all edits, [`shrink_to_fit()`](shrink_to_fit.md) does not move the node index once
there are edits, and [`memory_usage()`](memory_usage.md) includes the memory edits use.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ points apply to every edit:
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - guide to documents and views
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md) - guide to documents and views
- [`basic_json_view`](../basic_json_view/index.md) - the non-owning handle to a value in a document
- [`json_document`](../json_document.md) - and [`json_editable_document`](../json_editable_document.md) - the default specializations
- [`materialize`](../basic_json_view/materialize.md) - build a `basic_json` value from a view
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/insert.md
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@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ an edit in general.
- [`set`](set.md) - replace a value, or set an object member, an array element, or the value a JSON pointer refers to
- [`BasicJsonType::insert`](../basic_json/insert.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Edits](index.md#edits) - what an edit guarantees, for every overload
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - what an edit guarantees and costs
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/editing.md) - what an edit guarantees and costs
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/is_discarded.md
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ When the document is discarded, [`root()`](root.md) returns a discarded view (it
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`basic_json_view::is_discarded`](../basic_json_view/is_discarded.md) - return whether a view is invalid
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-the-same-as-parse) - how a discarded document arises
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/differences.md#what-is-the-same) - how a discarded document arises
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/load.md
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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ static basic_json_document load(std::vector<std::uint8_t>&& image,
In every overload, the node index is copied into storage the document itself owns — so that it is properly aligned,
and, for an [editable](index.md#edits) document, can be edited — while the text and the decoded strings stay in
`image`. The hash indexes [large objects](../../features/json_view.md) use for lookup are rebuilt, exactly as after
`image`. The hash indexes [large objects](../../features/json_view/index.md) use for lookup are rebuilt, exactly as after
parsing.
## Parameters
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ returned document, and any [view](../basic_json_view/index.md) taken from it, is
- [`save`](save.md) - write the document as an image
- [`owns_source`](owns_source.md) - return whether the document holds its own copy of the text
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from JSON text instead of an image
- [Images](../../features/json_view.md#images) - why and when to use images
- [Images](../../features/json_view/images.md) - why and when to use images
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/memory_usage.md
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@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ to observe the effect of [`shrink_to_fit()`](shrink_to_fit.md).
- [`node_count`](node_count.md) - the number of index entries
- [`shrink_to_fit`](shrink_to_fit.md) - release unused index capacity
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#the-idea) - the flat node index and its memory
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md#the-idea) - the flat node index and its memory
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/node_count.md
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ strings and, for an owned document, the text).
- [`memory_usage`](memory_usage.md) - the number of bytes held by the document
- [`shrink_to_fit`](shrink_to_fit.md) - release unused index capacity
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#the-idea) - the flat node index and its memory
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md#the-idea) - the flat node index and its memory
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/owns_source.md
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ document (`#!cpp owns_source() == false`) is only valid while the buffer it was
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`parse_copy`](parse_copy.md) - deserialize a copy of a compatible input, always owned
- [`source`](source.md) - the parsed text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - who owns the source text and for how long
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - who owns the source text and for how long
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/parse.md
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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ told apart from other class-type iterators, so their range is read into an owned
range (e.g. of a `#!cpp std::list<char>`).
See [`owns_source`](owns_source.md) to check which happened after a call, and the
[feature page](../../features/json_view.md) for the reasoning.
[feature page](../../features/json_view/index.md) for the reasoning.
**Numbers.** As for [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md), an integer literal too large for the 64-bit
integer type becomes a floating-point value.
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/parse_copy.md
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@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ compile; see [`parse`](parse.md#notes).
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input, borrowing it where possible
- [`owns_source`](owns_source.md) - return whether the document holds its own copy of the text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - borrowing or copying the source text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - borrowing or copying the source text
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/push_back.md
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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Like [`set`](set.md) on a member or an element, `push_back` never moves an exist
- [`root`](root.md) - the view of the root value
- [`BasicJsonType::push_back`](../basic_json/push_back.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Edits](index.md#edits) - what an edit guarantees, for every overload
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - what an edit guarantees and costs
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/editing.md) - what an edit guarantees and costs
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/read.md
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@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ compile; see [`parse`](parse.md#notes).
- [`parse`](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
- [`root`](root.md) - the view of the root value
- [`load`](load.md) - read a document from an image instead of parsing JSON text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - reusing a document and what it invalidates
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - reusing a document and what it invalidates
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/root.md
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@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ auto v = doc.root();
returned view is valid under the same conditions as any other view of the document — see
[Object inspection](../basic_json_view/index.md) — in particular, it is invalidated by the next
[`read()`](read.md) or [`shrink_to_fit()`](shrink_to_fit.md) on this document. A view can dangle, like a
`#!cpp std::string_view`; see [Ownership and lifetime](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime).
`#!cpp std::string_view`; see [Ownership and lifetime](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md).
## Examples
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/save.md
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@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ big-endian reader could not interpret correctly.
- [`load`](load.md) - read an image written by `save()`
- [`owns_source`](owns_source.md) - return whether the document holds its own copy of the text
- [`basic_json_view::dump`](../basic_json_view/dump.md) - serialize the document to JSON text instead of an image
- [Images](../../features/json_view.md#images) - why and when to use images
- [Images](../../features/json_view/images.md) - why and when to use images
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/set.md
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@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ one-node scalar.
- [`basic_json_view::dump`](../basic_json_view/dump.md) - serialize the document, keeping an untouched number's
spelling with `#!cpp number_format::source`
- [Edits](index.md#edits) - what an edit guarantees, for every overload
- [Editing a document](../../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - why editable documents keep the source
- [Editing a document](../../features/json_view/editing.md) - why editable documents keep the source
text's order and number spelling
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/shrink_to_fit.md
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@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ possible would be an internal optimization only, not a guarantee to rely on.
- [`node_count`](node_count.md) - the number of index entries
- [`memory_usage`](memory_usage.md) - the number of bytes held by the document
- [`root`](root.md) - the view of the root value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - what releasing memory invalidates
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - what releasing memory invalidates
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_document/source.md
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ is; see [`owns_source`](owns_source.md).
- [`owns_source`](owns_source.md) - return whether the document holds its own copy of the text
- [`source_offset`](../basic_json_view/source_offset.md) - byte offset of a value in the source text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - who owns the source text and for how long
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - who owns the source text and for how long
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/at.md
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@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Pointer path of the value within the document, and with
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Unlike [`operator[]`](operator[].md), which returns a [discarded](is_discarded.md) view for a missing key or an
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/basic_json_view.md
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@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ placeholder for "no value yet" and later be assigned a real view.
- [`is_discarded`](is_discarded.md) - return whether the view is invalid
- [`root`](../basic_json_document/root.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`view_mode`](../view_mode.md) - whether a document and its views can be edited
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#ownership-and-lifetime) - how long a view stays valid
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/lifetime.md) - how long a view stays valid
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/contains.md
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@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ No-throw guarantee: this function never throws exceptions.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Overload 1 always returns `#!cpp false` when the value is not an object — including a [discarded](is_discarded.md)
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/dump.md
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@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ except that `#!cpp -0` is written as `#!cpp 0`, the way [`BasicJsonType::parse()
`#!cpp number_format::source` copies every number exactly as written in the source text instead, with no exception
for `#!cpp -0` — `#!cpp 1.50`, `#!cpp 1E2`, `#!cpp -0.0`, `#!cpp -0`, or all digits of an integer literal with more
digits than any number type holds (such a literal is itself classified as a float, see
[What is different](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-different)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since
[What is different](../../features/json_view/differences.md)) — something `BasicJsonType` cannot do, since
parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
## Examples
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ parsing already reduces every number to its parsed value.
- [`operator<<`](operator_ltlt.md) - serialize this value to a stream
- [`materialize`](materialize.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value, e.g. to use `BasicJsonType::dump`'s `error_handler`
- [`BasicJsonType::dump`](../basic_json/dump.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
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@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ constant time on average.
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
Unlike [`BasicJsonType::find`](../basic_json/find.md), which always returns `#!cpp end()` for a non-object type, this
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/get.md
+3 -3
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@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) does), as well as the type
accept views, e.g. with [`is_json_view`](../is_json_view.md). A `from_json()` that also accepts types that are no JSON
values at all, such as the unconstrained `#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType&,
T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](../../features/arbitrary_types.md), is not called with a view: it may use
`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](../../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code).
`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](../../features/json_view/generic_code.md).
!!! warning "Duplicate keys"
Such a `from_json()` looks members up in the view, where a repeated key finds the **first** member, while
`#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` sees the **last** one, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md)
keeps it: for `#!cpp {"x":1,"x":2}`, `#!cpp get<point>()` reads `#!cpp x == 1`. See
[Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys).
[Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys).
Every other `T` — user types whose `from_json()` is written for `BasicJsonType` only, types without a default
constructor, `#!cpp std::tuple`s holding references, ... — is converted by `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`: the subtree is built into a real `BasicJsonType`
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ instead: its path is relative to the root of the view's subtree, because `materi
- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`materialize`](materialize.md) - build the `BasicJsonType` value of this subtree
- [`BasicJsonType::get`](../basic_json/get.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/get_string.md
+1 -1
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@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ since floating-point values and unescaped strings are read from the source lazil
- [`get`](get.md) - convert the value to a given type (`#!cpp get<string_view_t>()` is equivalent to this function)
- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - a number's token text, without a copy
- [`BasicJsonType::get_ref`](../basic_json/get_ref.md) - the closest counterpart of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - borrowing strings instead of copying them
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/get_to.md
+1 -1
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@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ them with those of a default-constructed `T`.
- [`get`](get.md) - convert the value to a given type
- [`BasicJsonType::get_to`](../basic_json/get_to.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - which conversions avoid building a basic_json value
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/index.md
+1 -1
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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ still refers to it — including ones taken before the change — reads the new
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - guide to documents and views
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md) - guide to documents and views
- [`basic_json_document`](../basic_json_document/index.md) - the document that owns the parsed data
- [`json_view`](../json_view.md) - and [`json_editable_view`](../json_editable_view.md) - the default specializations
- [`materialize`](materialize.md) - build a `basic_json` value from a view
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/is_discarded.md
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@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ A `basic_json_view` is not convertible to `#!cpp bool`: such a conversion would
- [`(constructor)`](basic_json_view.md) - the default constructor creates a discarded view
- [`basic_json_document::is_discarded`](../basic_json_document/is_discarded.md) - return whether the last parse failed
- [`BasicJsonType::is_discarded`](../basic_json/is_discarded.md) - the corresponding function of `basic_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#what-is-different) - how views differ from basic_json
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/differences.md) - how views differ from basic_json
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/materialize.md
+1 -1
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@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ never caches the result.
- [`root`](../basic_json_document/root.md) - the view of a document's root value
- [`BasicJsonType::parse`](../basic_json/parse.md) - build a `BasicJsonType` value directly from a JSON text
- [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) - source positions on parsed values
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - when to build a basic_json value from a view
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/number_format.md
+1 -1
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@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ source
- [`number_token`](number_token.md) - get a single number's token text without dumping the whole value
- [`BasicJsonType::error_handler_t`](../basic_json/error_handler_t.md) - the analogous enumeration for
`BasicJsonType::dump`'s decoding-error behavior
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing numbers as they appeared in the source
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/number_token.md
+1 -1
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@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ buffer — and is valid exactly as long as that text is, see the [validity rules
- [`BasicJsonType::number_integer_t`](../basic_json/number_integer_t.md),
[`number_unsigned_t`](../basic_json/number_unsigned_t.md), [`number_float_t`](../basic_json/number_float_t.md) - the
number types `#!cpp get<T>()` and `materialize()` convert into
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying) - reading a number exactly as written
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/operator[].md
+1 -1
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@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ document.
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) or iterate the members with [`items()`](items.md) and keep the last match.
The key hash index of a larger object (128 members or more) leads to the first member of a key as well.
[`begin()`](begin.md)/[`end()`](end.md) and [`items()`](items.md) iterate over *all* members, including
duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) and
duplicates, in document order. See [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) and
[`size()`](size.md#notes).
!!! info "JSON pointer resolution"
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md
+1 -1
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@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Neither overload builds a `BasicJsonType` value for a view to do the comparison
compare by value across their types (`#!cpp 1 == 1.0`), and an object compares by its members, with duplicate keys
resolved exactly as `parse()` resolves them — the last value, at the position of the first occurrence of the key.
This is not what [`operator[]`](operator[].md) and the other lookups return for a duplicate key: they find the *first*
member (see [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys)).
member (see [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys)).
## Parameters
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/operator_ltlt.md
+1 -1
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@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Linear, as [`dump`](dump.md#complexity).
- [`dump`](dump.md) - serialize to a JSON-formatted string
- [`operator<<(std::ostream&)`](../operator_ltlt.md) - the corresponding operator for `basic_json`
- [`JSON_NO_IO`](../macros/json_no_io.md) - switch off functions relying on certain C++ I/O headers
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/reading.md#writing-a-view-back) - writing a view back without building a tree
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/source_offset.md
+1 -1
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@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ string, whose token length is not the same as its decoded [`size()`](size.md).
- [`source`](../basic_json_document/source.md) - the parsed text
- [`is_string`](is_string.md) - return whether the value is a string
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md#images) - images and the source text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/images.md) - images and the source text
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json_view/value.md
+1 -1
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@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Pointer path of the value within the document, and with
If the source text repeats a key, this resolves to the *first* member with it, not to the last one that
[`materialize()`](materialize.md) and `parse()` keep. See the [Notes on duplicate keys](operator[].md#notes) of
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
`operator[]` and [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view/differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the reasons and for how to get
the last value.
!!! info "Differences to `at` and `operator[]`"
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/is_json_view.md
+1 -1
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@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ view class.
- [basic_json_view](basic_json_view/index.md) - a handle to one value of a document
- [get](basic_json_view/get.md) - which conversions read the view directly
- [view_mode](view_mode.md) - read-only or editable
- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code) - functions and `from_json()` for views
- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view/generic_code.md) - functions and `from_json()` for views
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_document.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ specialization.
- [`json_view`](json_view.md) - a view of a value of a `json_document`
- [`ordered_json_document`](ordered_json_document.md) - the corresponding document for `ordered_json`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_editable_document.md
+1 -1
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@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This type is an **editable** [`basic_json_document`](basic_json_document/index.m
[`json`](json.md) specialization: in addition to everything [`json_document`](json_document.md) offers,
[`set`](basic_json_document/set.md) and [`push_back`](basic_json_document/push_back.md) change values after
parsing, without ever rewriting the source text — see [Edits](basic_json_document/index.md#edits) and
[Editing a document](../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document).
[Editing a document](../features/json_view/editing.md).
## Examples
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_editable_view.md
+1 -1
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@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ still referring to it seeing the change, see [Edits](basic_json_document/index.m
- [`json_view`](json_view.md) - the corresponding read-only view
- [`ordered_json_editable_view`](ordered_json_editable_view.md) - the corresponding view for
`ordered_json_editable_document`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - editing a document in place and writing it back
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/editing.md) - editing a document in place and writing it back
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_view.md
+1 -1
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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This type is a [`basic_json_view`](basic_json_view/index.md) of a value of a [`j
- [`json_document`](json_document.md) - the document type this view refers into
- [`ordered_json_view`](ordered_json_view.md) - the corresponding view for `ordered_json_document`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md
+3
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@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ or quotes.
Note that enabling this macro increases the size of every JSON value by two `std::size_t` fields and adds slight runtime
overhead to parsing, copying JSON value objects, and the generation of error messages for exceptions. It also causes
these values to be reported in those error messages.
In addition, `parse()`, `accept()`, and `sax_parse()` no longer use the
[faster path for input in one block of memory](../../features/parsing/index.md#input-sources-and-performance), so
parsing a string or a buffer is slower than without the macro.
If [`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](json_diagnostics.md) is also set, the message contains the path and the byte range, such as
`(/1) (bytes 4-8)`. An exception about the root value has no path and only the range, such as `(bytes 0-4)`.
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md
+2 -2
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@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ The default value is `0`: streams are scanned in bulk.
!!! note "Performance"
Parsing from a `std::ifstream` or `std::istringstream` is typically 1.5 to 2 times as fast as before, and reading
many small values from one stream with `operator>>` 1.4 to 4 times as fast. Parsing from a stream is then within
about 10 to 20 % of first reading the whole file into a `std::string` and parsing that.
many small values from one stream with `operator>>` 1.4 to 4 times as fast. Parsing from a stream then takes about
1.15 to 1.45 times as long as first reading the whole file into a `std::string` and parsing that.
A stream buffer without a get area (one that only overrides `underflow()` and `uflow()` and hands out every
character from there) offers nothing to scan in bulk, so it is read one character at a time as before.
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md
+14 -4
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@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
```
When defined to `1`, parsing from a `#!cpp FILE*` reads every character with `std::fgetc`, as in version 3.12.0 and
earlier, instead of locking the file once and reading it with the unlocked stdio functions.
earlier, instead of locking the file once and reading it with the unlocked stdio functions. This also turns off the
scan of the `FILE`'s buffer in bulk (see below), which [`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)
does not affect.
It does not change any result: values, exceptions, and the position of the file after parsing are the same either way.
Only the speed and the locking of the file differ (see the notes on locking below).
@@ -37,9 +39,17 @@ The default value is `0`: the file is locked once and read with the unlocked std
| Microsoft (MSVC, clang-cl) | `_lock_file`, `_fgetc_nolock`, `_unlock_file` |
| others (e.g., musl, MinGW, newlib) | `std::fgetc`, as before |
This makes parsing from a `FILE*` 3 to 4 times as fast with the Apple C library and 1.1 to 1.3 times as fast with
glibc, whose locking is cheaper. The binary formats ([`from_cbor`](../basic_json/from_cbor.md),
[`from_msgpack`](../basic_json/from_msgpack.md), ...) read from a `FILE*` the same way.
With glibc and the Apple C library, the parser also scans the characters that the `FILE` already holds in its
buffer in bulk, as it scans the get area of a stream (see
[`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)): it reads the same fields of the `FILE` that
the C library's own `getc_unlocked` reads, and it consumes exactly the characters that `getc_unlocked` would have
returned, so the file is left where it was left before.
Locking the file once makes parsing from a `FILE*` 3 to 4 times as fast with the Apple C library and 1.1 to 1.3
times as fast with glibc, whose locking is cheaper. Scanning the buffer in bulk makes `parse()` another 1.7 to 2.6
times as fast (and `accept()` 2.9 to 4.4 times), about as fast as parsing from a `std::ifstream`. The binary
formats ([`from_cbor`](../basic_json/from_cbor.md), [`from_msgpack`](../basic_json/from_msgpack.md), ...) read
from a `FILE*` the same way.
!!! note "Locking"
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_no_simd.md
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@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ By default, `#!cpp JSON_NO_SIMD` is not defined, and vector instructions are use
- [Parsing: input sources and performance](../../features/parsing/index.md#input-sources-and-performance) - how input
sources affect parsing performance
- [Serialization](../../features/serialization.md) - pretty-printing, UTF-8 handling, and number output
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md) - the zero-copy view, whose parser the macro also affects
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view/index.md) - the zero-copy view, whose parser the macro also affects
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/ordered_json_document.md
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@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ of object keys, instead of sorting them like [`json_document`](json_document.md)
- [`ordered_json_view`](ordered_json_view.md) - a view of a value of an `ordered_json_document`
- [`json_document`](json_document.md) - the corresponding document for the default `json` specialization
- [Object Order](../features/object_order.md) - preserving the insertion order of object keys
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/ordered_json_editable_document.md
+1 -1
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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ members [`set`](basic_json_document/set.md) added — instead of sorting them li
specialization
- [Object Order](../features/object_order.md) - preserving the insertion order of object keys
- [Edits](basic_json_document/index.md#edits) - what an edit guarantees
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - editing a document in place and writing it back
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/editing.md) - editing a document in place and writing it back
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/ordered_json_editable_view.md
+1 -1
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@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ This type is a [`basic_json_view`](basic_json_view/index.md) of a value of an
- [`ordered_json_editable_document`](ordered_json_editable_document.md) - the document type this view refers into
- [`ordered_json_view`](ordered_json_view.md) - the corresponding read-only view
- [`json_editable_view`](json_editable_view.md) - the corresponding view for `json_editable_document`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md#editing-a-document) - editing a document in place and writing it back
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/editing.md) - editing a document in place and writing it back
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/ordered_json_view.md
+1 -1
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@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This type is a [`basic_json_view`](basic_json_view/index.md) of a value of an
- [`ordered_json_document`](ordered_json_document.md) - the document type this view refers into
- [`json_view`](json_view.md) - the corresponding view for `json_document`
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md) - how to parse, inspect and edit a document without building a tree
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/api/view_mode.md
+1 -1
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@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ nor a [`json_editable_view`](json_editable_view.md). Views of the two modes comp
- [basic_json_view](basic_json_view/index.md) - a handle to one value of a document
- [json_editable_document](json_editable_document.md) - an editable document of `json`
- [(constructor)](basic_json_view/basic_json_view.md) - the conversion from a read-only to an editable view
- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code) - functions that accept views
- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view/generic_code.md) - functions that accept views
## Version history
docs/mkdocs/docs/css/brand.css
+25 -1
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@@ -759,9 +759,14 @@ body:has(.nj-hero) .md-content {
}
}
/* blog posts: author and date right below the title */
.md-typeset .nj-byline { margin: -.8rem 0 1.6rem; font-size: .75rem; color: var(--md-default-fg-color--light); }
.md-typeset .nj-byline a { color: inherit; }
.md-typeset .nj-byline a:hover { color: var(--md-accent-fg-color); }
/* figure captions: "Figure N." in bold, close to the figure, set in from the text column; figures and tables are
numbered per page, each with its own counter */
.md-content__inner { counter-reset: nj-figure nj-table; }
.md-content__inner { counter-reset: nj-figure nj-table nj-listing; }
.md-typeset :is(.nj-caption, .nj-charts-caption) {
max-width: none;
margin: .3rem 2rem 1.5rem;
@@ -782,6 +787,25 @@ body:has(.nj-hero) .md-content {
.md-typeset :is(.nj-caption, .nj-charts-caption) { margin-inline: 1rem; }
}
/* code captions: "Listing N." in bold, directly below the code block, in the figure caption style */
.md-typeset .nj-code-caption {
max-width: none;
margin: -.4rem 2rem 1.5rem;
font-size: .75rem;
line-height: 1.5;
text-align: left;
color: var(--md-default-fg-color--light);
}
.md-typeset .nj-code-caption::before {
counter-increment: nj-listing;
content: "Listing " counter(nj-listing) ". ";
font-weight: 700;
color: var(--md-default-fg-color);
}
@media screen and (max-width: 44.9375em) {
.md-typeset .nj-code-caption { margin-inline: 1rem; }
}
/* table captions: "Table N." in bold, directly below the table, in the figure caption style */
.md-typeset .nj-table-caption {
max-width: none;
docs/mkdocs/docs/css/fig-charts.css
+44
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@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--compile, .md-typeset svg.nj-charts--scaling { max-width: 26rem; }
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--sizes { max-width: 26rem; }
/* home/blog/how_3_13_0_got_faster.md (scripts/figures/perf_blog.py) */
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--blog { max-width: 34rem; }
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--swar { max-width: 34rem; }
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--timeline { max-width: 22rem; }
.nj-charts text { fill: currentColor; font-size: 13px; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-leg { font-size: 13.5px; }
@@ -43,10 +47,34 @@
paint-order: stroke; stroke: var(--md-default-bg-color); stroke-width: 4px; stroke-linejoin: round; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-factor { fill: var(--nj-charts-ink2); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; text-anchor: middle; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-note { fill: var(--nj-charts-ink2); font-size: 12px; }
/* heatmap cells (perf_blog_usecases_*.svg): green for the fastest, gray around twice the time, red for the slowest;
adjacent steps checked for CVD separation on the light and the slate surface; the numbers are in every cell */
.md-typeset svg.nj-charts--heat { max-width: 49rem; }
.nj-charts--heat { --nj-heat-0: #3fa557; --nj-heat-1: #8bcc95; --nj-heat-2: #ebeae6; --nj-heat-3: #f2ae9b;
--nj-heat-4: #dc5a43; --nj-heat-ink: #1b1b1b; --nj-heat-ink-strong: #1b1b1b; }
[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .nj-charts--heat { --nj-heat-0: #3a9d50; --nj-heat-1: #2c6b3a; --nj-heat-2: #33353a;
--nj-heat-3: #8a3f2e; --nj-heat-4: #d95b3a; --nj-heat-ink: #e8e8e6; --nj-heat-ink-strong: #141414; }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-0 { fill: var(--nj-heat-0); }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-1 { fill: var(--nj-heat-1); }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-2 { fill: var(--nj-heat-2); }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-3 { fill: var(--nj-heat-3); }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-4 { fill: var(--nj-heat-4); }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-na { fill: none; stroke: var(--nj-charts-grid); stroke-width: 1; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-cell { fill: var(--nj-heat-ink); font-size: 12px; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.nj-charts :is(.nj-heat-0, .nj-heat-4) ~ .nj-charts-cell { fill: var(--nj-heat-ink-strong); }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-cell--small { font-size: 10.5px; }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-cell { cursor: default; outline: none; }
.nj-charts .nj-heat-cell:is(:hover, :focus-visible, .nj-heat-on) rect { stroke: var(--md-default-fg-color); stroke-width: 1.5; }
.nj-heat-tip { position: absolute; z-index: 5; max-width: 24rem; padding: .5rem .7rem; border-radius: 6px;
background: var(--md-default-bg-color); color: var(--md-default-fg-color);
box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .25); font-size: .68rem; line-height: 1.45; pointer-events: none; }
.nj-heat-tip strong { display: block; margin-bottom: .2rem; }
.nj-heat-tip[hidden] { display: none; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-grid { stroke: var(--nj-charts-grid); stroke-width: 1; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-zero, .nj-charts .nj-charts-axis { stroke: var(--nj-charts-base); stroke-width: 1.5; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-ref { stroke: currentColor; stroke-width: 1.5; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-head { fill: var(--nj-charts-base); }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-c1 { fill: var(--nj-charts-c1); }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-c2 { fill: var(--nj-charts-c2); }
@@ -140,3 +168,19 @@
/* direct line labels replace the legend */
.nj-charts .nj-charts-name-json { fill: var(--nj-charts-json-c); font-weight: 600; }
.nj-charts .nj-charts-name-ojson { fill: var(--nj-charts-ojson-c); font-weight: 600; }
/* theme badges of home/blog/how_3_13_0_got_faster.md: the number of one of the eight themes, as a digit in a blue
circle, in headings, text, tables and the timeline figures (nj-theme-dot); "U" and other marks are gray */
.md-typeset .nj-theme { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; box-sizing: border-box;
min-width: 1.45em; height: 1.45em; padding: 0 .3em; border-radius: .725em; vertical-align: .08em;
background: var(--nj-blue); color: var(--md-default-bg-color); font-size: .78em; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1;
font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; text-decoration: none; }
.md-typeset a.nj-theme:is(:hover, :focus-visible) { background: var(--nj-blue-deep); color: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
.md-typeset .nj-theme--other { background: var(--md-default-fg-color--light); }
.md-typeset h2 .nj-theme { margin-right: .35em; vertical-align: .12em; }
.md-typeset .nj-theme-list > ul { list-style: none; margin-left: 0; }
.md-typeset .nj-theme-list > ul > li { margin-left: 0; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; }
.md-typeset .nj-theme-list > ul > li > .nj-theme { margin-right: .55em; text-indent: 0; }
.nj-charts .nj-theme-dot { fill: var(--nj-blue); }
.nj-charts .nj-theme-dot--other { fill: var(--nj-charts-ink2); }
.nj-charts .nj-theme-num { fill: var(--md-default-bg-color); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; }
docs/mkdocs/docs/css/fig-jsonview.css
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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
/* figures: jsonview (features/json_view.md; SVGs from scripts/figures/json_view_layout.py, stepper in js/fig-jsonview.js) */
/* figures: jsonview (features/json_view/*.md; SVGs from scripts/figures/json_view_layout.py, stepper in js/fig-jsonview.js) */
/* one colour per concept, the same in every figure: structure (object/array, views) blue, keys navy, strings green,
numbers orange, decoded strings purple, owned edit storage teal, dangling/invalid red */
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/conversions.md
+2 -2
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@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ which avoids repeating it:
[`number_token()`](../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md) returns a number exactly as it was written. Every other
type is obtained from a subtree that is built on demand with
[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md). See
[Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md#getting-values-out-without-copying).
[Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/reading.md#getting-values-out-without-copying).
The library already knows how to convert to and from the scalar types and the STL containers (such as
`#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::array`, `#!cpp std::optional`, and many more). Converting a JSON
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ The conversions above are built in for standard types. To make the same syntax w
- [`get_ref`](../api/basic_json/get_ref.md) - / [`get_ptr`](../api/basic_json/get_ptr.md) - access the stored value without copying
- [Arbitrary types conversions](arbitrary_types.md) - support your own types
- [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md) - toggle implicit conversions
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) - get values out of a document or a view
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md) - get values out of a document or a view
- [`adl_serializer`](../api/adl_serializer/index.md) - the default serializer behind the conversions
- [`type`](../api/basic_json/type.md) - query the type of a value
- [`JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION`](../api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md) - toggle conversion to tuples of references
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/creating_values.md
+2 -2
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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
There are several ways to create a JSON value in memory. This page gives an overview; to read a value from JSON text
instead, see [parsing](parsing/index.md). A JSON text can also be parsed into a
[document](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) and read through a [view](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) instead of
into a value; see [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md).
into a value; see [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md).
## From C++ values
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ string `#!json "42"`.
- [`operator""_json`](../api/operator_literal_json.md) - the `_json` literal
- [Converting values](conversions.md) - which C++ types can be used
- [Parsing](parsing/index.md) - create a value from JSON text
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) - create a document and a view from JSON text instead of a value
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md) - create a document and a view from JSON text instead of a value
- [`basic_json`](../api/basic_json/index.md) - the class template and its member functions
- [Types](types/index.md) - the JSON value types
- [`JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS`](../api/macros/json_brace_init_copy_semantics.md) - change how a single braced value is interpreted
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/files.md
+130
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@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
# Reading and writing files
The library has no functions that take a file name. It reads from and writes to streams, so files are handled with
`#!cpp std::ifstream` and `#!cpp std::ofstream` (or a `#!cpp FILE*` when reading). This page collects the recipes for
the common cases and the mistakes that show up again and again.
## Reading a JSON file
Pass the stream to [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) directly, and check that the file was opened:
```cpp
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
using json = nlohmann::json;
json read_json_file(const std::string& path)
{
std::ifstream f(path);
if (!f.is_open())
{
throw std::runtime_error("cannot open " + path);
}
return json::parse(f);
}
```
- **Check that the file is open.** A stream that failed to open looks like an empty input, so `parse` reports
[`parse_error.101`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) ("unexpected end of input") at line 1,
column 1 instead of saying that the file is missing. A relative path is resolved against the working directory of the
running program, which is often not the directory of the source file (see the
[FAQ](../home/faq.md#parsing-a-file-fails-with-unexpected-end-of-input)).
- **Read the file into a string only if the memory is no concern.** Parsing from a `#!cpp std::ifstream` takes about
1.15 to 1.45 times as long as reading the whole file into a string with one `read()` and parsing that, but it needs no
memory for the copy (see [input sources and performance](parsing/index.md#input-sources-and-performance)). The common
way to read a file with `#!cpp std::istreambuf_iterator<char>` is so slow that it takes about twice as long as parsing
from the stream. This advice is for
`#!cpp json::parse`. [`json_document`](json_view/index.md) reads a stream into a buffer that it owns anyway, so there is no
copy to save: reading the file into a `#!cpp std::string` yourself and passing that as an lvalue, which the document
borrows, was about 6 to 12 % faster than parsing from the stream, with the same single buffer.
- `parse` requires the file to hold exactly one JSON value. Files with one value per line are read with
[JSON Lines](parsing/json_lines.md); files too large for memory are covered in
[Large, streamed, and partial input](parsing/large_and_partial_input.md).
## Writing a JSON file
[`dump`](../api/basic_json/dump.md) the value into a string first, then write the string:
```cpp
void write_json_file(const std::string& path, const json& j)
{
const std::string text = j.dump(4) + '\n'; // may throw: nothing is written yet
std::ofstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
if (!f.is_open())
{
throw std::runtime_error("cannot open " + path);
}
f << text;
f.close();
if (f.fail())
{
throw std::runtime_error("cannot write " + path);
}
}
```
- **Serialize before opening the file.** Opening a `#!cpp std::ofstream` truncates the file. `dump` and
[`operator<<`](../api/operator_ltlt.md) throw [`type_error.316`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error316)
when a string is not valid UTF-8 (see [handling invalid UTF-8](serialization.md#handling-invalid-utf-8)), and
`#!cpp f << std::setw(4) << j` may already have written part of the value when it throws. Serializing into a string
first leaves the old file untouched in that case.
- **Check the stream after closing it.** A full disk or a missing permission sets the stream's error state; it does not
throw unless you enabled exceptions on the stream with `exceptions()`.
- `std::ios::binary` writes the text as it is. Without it, Windows writes `\r\n` for every newline of a pretty-printed
value.
## Replacing a file without corrupting it
The library never writes a file itself, so this section is not about the library. It is general C++ advice for a
problem users of the library keep running into.
A program that crashes or is killed while it writes leaves a truncated file behind. To make sure readers see either the
old or the new contents, write to a temporary file in the same directory and rename it over the original
(C++17, `#!cpp <filesystem>`):
```cpp
#include <filesystem>
void replace_json_file(const std::filesystem::path& path, const json& j)
{
std::filesystem::path tmp = path;
tmp += ".tmp"; // use a unique name if several processes may write the file
write_json_file(tmp.string(), j);
std::filesystem::rename(tmp, path); // replaces path
}
```
The temporary file must be in the same directory (more precisely, on the same file system) as the target: a rename
across file systems does not fall back to a copy, it fails and throws `#!cpp std::filesystem::filesystem_error`. On
POSIX systems, the rename atomically replaces the file. Standard C++ has no way to flush a file to the disk (`fsync`),
so this protects against a crashed program, but not necessarily against a power loss.
## Binary formats
The [binary formats](binary_formats/index.md) work the same way, with the streams opened in binary mode:
```cpp
// read
std::ifstream in("data.cbor", std::ios::binary);
json j = json::from_cbor(in);
// write
const std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = json::to_cbor(j);
std::ofstream out("data.cbor", std::ios::binary);
out.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(bytes.data()), static_cast<std::streamsize>(bytes.size()));
```
Without `std::ios::binary`, Windows turns the bytes `0x0D 0x0A` into `0x0A` and may stop at a byte `0x1A` while reading,
and turns `0x0A` into `0x0D 0x0A` while writing, which corrupts the data.
## See also
- [Parsing](parsing/index.md) - the inputs `parse` accepts
- [Serialization](serialization.md) - the options of `dump`
- [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md), [`dump`](../api/basic_json/dump.md)
- [`operator>>`](../api/operator_gtgt.md), [`operator<<`](../api/operator_ltlt.md)
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/index.md
+5 -3
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@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ C++ types, and finally serialize it again.
[SAX interface](parsing/sax_interface.md), [error handling](parsing/parse_exceptions.md),
[large and partial input](parsing/large_and_partial_input.md), and
[parsing untrusted input](parsing/untrusted_input.md).
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) — read a JSON text through a flat index instead of building a `json` tree;
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md) — read a JSON text through a flat index instead of building a `json` tree;
strings and numbers stay in the input and are only decoded when needed.
- [Editable documents](json_view.md#editing-a-document) — modify a parsed document without building a `json` tree.
- [Images](json_view.md#images) — save a parsed document and load it again without parsing it.
- [Editable documents](json_view/editing.md) — modify a parsed document without building a `json` tree.
- [Images](json_view/images.md) — save a parsed document and load it again without parsing it.
- [Comments](comments.md) and [trailing commas](trailing_commas.md) — opt-in relaxations of the JSON grammar.
## Accessing and modifying values
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ C++ types, and finally serialize it again.
[BJData](binary_formats/bjdata.md), [BON8](binary_formats/bon8.md), [BSON](binary_formats/bson.md),
[CBOR](binary_formats/cbor.md), [MessagePack](binary_formats/messagepack.md), or [UBJSON](binary_formats/ubjson.md).
- [Binary values](binary_values.md) — store and exchange raw byte sequences.
- [Reading and writing files](files.md) — read and write files safely, including replacing a file without
corrupting it.
## How values are stored and configured
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_patch.md
+2 -1
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@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ other three continue on its result.
[`patch`](../api/basic_json/patch.md) leaves the original value unchanged and returns the patched result as a copy.
If the document is large and the original value is no longer needed,
[`patch_inplace`](../api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md) applies the same operations in place instead.
[`patch_inplace`](../api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md) applies the same operations in place instead. Unlike
`patch`, it is not atomic: if an operation fails, the operations before it stay applied.
!!! note "Duplicate member names"
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_view.md
-589
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@@ -1,589 +0,0 @@
# Zero-copy JSON views
`#!cpp <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` adds a read-only, non-owning way to look at a parsed JSON text, as an alternative to
building a [`basic_json`](../api/basic_json/index.md) tree with [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md).
## The problem
[`basic_json::parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) builds a tree of `basic_json` values: one allocation for every
array and object, and every string copied into its own `std::string`. That is the right trade-off when the program
goes on to read and write the value freely, but it does more work than necessary when only a small part of a large
JSON text is actually needed, or when the same text is parsed over and over (many small messages, for instance) and
most of the resulting tree is thrown away almost immediately.
## The idea
[`basic_json_document::parse()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) parses the same JSON grammar, with the same
options, but instead of a tree it builds a flat index of the values it found: one
[16-byte entry](../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views) per value (and one per object key), in document
order. Integers are converted while parsing and stored in their entry. Floating-point numbers and strings are
referenced in place in the source text: a float is converted when it is read, and only strings that contain escape
sequences are decoded, into one shared buffer owned by the document.
[`basic_json_view`](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) is a small, trivially copyable handle (two pointers) into that
index. It gives you the read-only, type-inspection part of the `basic_json` interface —
[`type()`](../api/basic_json_view/type.md) and the `is_*()` predicates,
[`size()`](../api/basic_json_view/size.md)/[`empty()`](../api/basic_json_view/empty.md) — as well as element access
([`operator[]`](../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md), [`at`](../api/basic_json_view/at.md),
[`front`](../api/basic_json_view/front.md)/[`back`](../api/basic_json_view/back.md)), lookup
([`find`](../api/basic_json_view/find.md), [`contains`](../api/basic_json_view/contains.md),
[`count`](../api/basic_json_view/count.md)), and iteration
([`begin`](../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/[`end`](../api/basic_json_view/end.md),
[`items`](../api/basic_json_view/items.md)) — without ever allocating a `basic_json` value. When you do need an
actual `basic_json` value for a subtree, [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) builds exactly the
one [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) would have produced for it.
The same small text, parsed both ways:
<div class="nj-fig-wrap" markdown>
--8<-- "images/json_view_layout.svg"
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>Top: the tree of separate heap allocations that `basic_json::parse()` builds. Bottom: `json_document::parse()` keeps the source text and builds one flat index of 16-byte nodes that point back into it, plus a buffer of decoded strings.</p>
## How to use it
Include `<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` in addition to (or instead of) `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. Parse into a
[`json_document`](../api/json_document.md), inspect its [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md), and
`materialize()` when you need a real value. `materialize()` works on any view, not just the root, so you can turn just
the subtree you need into a value:
??? example "Example: parse a document, inspect its root, and materialize it"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_document.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_document.output"
```
[`ordered_json_document`](../api/ordered_json_document.md) is the equivalent for
[`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md), just as [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md) is to
[`json`](../api/json.md).
## Ownership and lifetime
A document either **borrows** the text it was parsed from, or **owns** its own copy of it; call
[`owns_source()`](../api/basic_json_document/owns_source.md) to find out which happened.
[`parse()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) decides this from the value category and type of its argument (an
lvalue `#!cpp std::string` is borrowed; an rvalue `#!cpp std::string` is moved in, owned without a copy; a stream is
read into an owned buffer; and so on — see [`parse`'s Notes](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md#notes) for the full
table). [`parse_copy()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse_copy.md) always owns a copy, regardless of the input.
!!! warning "A borrowed document depends on your buffer"
If a document borrows its text, that text **must outlive the document** (and every view taken from it) and must
stay **unmodified** for as long as the document exists, since floating-point values and unescaped strings are
read from it lazily. Reading or writing through a view after the underlying buffer is gone is undefined behavior,
exactly as it would be for a dangling `#!cpp std::string_view`.
A view is valid only while all of the following hold:
- the document is alive,
- the document has not been re-parsed since the view was taken (with [`read()`](../api/basic_json_document/read.md)
or [`parse()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) into it),
- the document has not had [`shrink_to_fit()`](../api/basic_json_document/shrink_to_fit.md) called on it since, and
- if the document borrows its source text, that text is still alive and unmodified.
Moving the `basic_json_document<>` itself is fine and does **not** invalidate its views: the index is a separate heap
allocation that keeps its address across the move. Take a fresh view from [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md)
whenever any of the other conditions above was not met.
<div class="nj-fig-wrap" markdown>
--8<-- "images/json_view_lifetime.svg"
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>Four timelines of a document and its views, each bar showing when an object is alive or valid and when it dangles. Destroying the borrowed text, re-parsing, or shrinking the document invalidates the views taken before; moving the document does not.</p>
A view can dangle, exactly like a `#!cpp std::string_view`: nothing stops you from using it after its document is
gone. This is deliberate. A view is two pointers and trivially copyable; making it safe (a `#!cpp std::shared_ptr` in
the document and a `#!cpp std::weak_ptr` in each view) would make it larger, add reference counting to every copy,
and a `lock()` to every access — exactly the costs the view exists to avoid. What is caught is the obvious case:
because a view dies with its document, [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md) is not callable on a temporary
document: `#!cpp auto v = json_document::parse(text).root();` does not compile. Give the document a name first.
??? example "Example: borrowed and owned documents, and when views become invalid"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_view_ownership.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_view_ownership.output"
```
## What is the same as `parse()`
- **Accept/reject.** [`accept()`](../api/basic_json_document/accept.md) and
[`parse()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) accept and reject exactly the same inputs as
[`basic_json::accept()`](../api/basic_json/accept.md)/[`basic_json::parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md), with the
same `ignore_comments` and `ignore_trailing_commas` options.
- **Errors.** A failing parse throws the same exception — the same id, message, and position — because on failure
the library's own parser is run on the same bytes to produce the diagnostic. Valid input never pays for this, and
the replay builds no values: it costs about a lexing pass up to the error.
`#!cpp allow_exceptions == false` skips the replay and gives a
[discarded](../api/basic_json_document/is_discarded.md) document instead of throwing, just as it gives a discarded
value for `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`.
- **Number classification.** An integer literal that does not fit into the 64-bit integer type becomes a
floating-point value, exactly as it does for `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`.
- **Macros.** [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](../api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) and
[`JSON_NOEXCEPTION`](../api/macros/json_noexception.md)/[`JSON_THROW_USER`](../api/macros/json_throw_user.md)
behave the same way they do for `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. These are the macros that change what the parser accepts or
how it reports errors. Two more macros add context to the exceptions of views, as they do for those of
`#!cpp basic_json`:
- With [`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md), an exception names the JSON Pointer path of the
value within the document.
- With [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md), an exception names the bytes of
the value in the source text.
A view has neither parent pointers nor stored positions, so both are found from the document's index when the
exception is thrown. This takes time linear in the size of the document. One exception has neither:
`key()` of an iterator over an array or a primitive value
([`invalid_iterator.207`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator207)), because a view's iterator does
not know the value it iterates over.
The other macros only affect the values `materialize()` produces, through `BasicJsonType`.
## What is different
- **Only 64-bit integers.** `basic_json_document<BasicJsonType>` requires `BasicJsonType::number_integer_t` and
`number_unsigned_t` to both be 64 bits wide; this is a compile-time `#!cpp static_assert`.
- **A 4 GiB input limit.** An input of 4294967280 bytes (4 GiB minus 16 bytes) or more throws
[`out_of_range.416`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range416), a limit
`#!cpp basic_json::parse()` does not have. It keeps an index entry at 16 bytes: offsets and counts are 32 bits
wide. The limit is 16 bytes below 2^32, because the parser reads in 16-byte steps, and a position one step past the
end must still fit.
- **A stream is always read to its end.** There is no partial/streaming read of an `#!cpp std::istream`: the stream
is read to its end into a buffer the document owns, and parsing starts after that.
- **Fewer source positions after edits.** With
[`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) enabled,
[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) sets the same positions as `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`.
In an [editable document](../api/json_editable_document.md), a value written by an edit has none, and neither has
an array or object whose elements changed or whose last element has none; a `basic_json` value keeps its positions
when it is changed. See [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md#notes).
- **Objects iterate in document order.** [`begin()`](../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/
[`end()`](../api/basic_json_view/end.md) and [`items()`](../api/basic_json_view/items.md) visit an object's
members in the order they appear in the source text. `basic_json`'s default `object_t` is a `std::map`, which
sorts by key, so iterating a [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)d value can print members in
a different order than iterating the view they came from.
- **Chained access is safe.** [`operator[]`](../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md) with a missing key, an index
out of range, or an unresolvable JSON pointer returns a [discarded](../api/basic_json_view/is_discarded.md) view, and
`operator[]` on a discarded view returns a discarded view without throwing: `#!cpp v["a"]["b"][0]` can be tested
once at the end. Type errors on values that exist (a key on an array, an index on an object) still throw, and
[`at`](../api/basic_json_view/at.md) throws for every missing value.
- **Duplicate keys: lookups find the first member, `parse()` keeps the last.** See [Duplicate keys](#duplicate-keys)
below.
- **Ordering comparisons are not provided** by `basic_json_view` — there is no `#!cpp operator<`.
[`operator==`](../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md) and [`operator!=`](../api/basic_json_view/operator_ne.md) are
provided, though: two views, or a view and a `BasicJsonType` value, compare equal exactly when
[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) or [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) would produce
equal values for them, without ever building a tree to do it. For ordering, too,
[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) is the way to get a value you can compare.
## Duplicate keys
!!! warning "A lookup in a view and in the parsed value can give different answers"
If an object in the source text repeats a key, [`operator[]`](../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md),
[`at`](../api/basic_json_view/at.md), [`find`](../api/basic_json_view/find.md),
[`value`](../api/basic_json_view/value.md), [`contains`](../api/basic_json_view/contains.md), and JSON pointer
resolution all return the **first** member with that key. `basic_json::parse()` instead keeps the **last** value
of a repeated key, so for `#!cpp {"a":1,"a":2}`, `#!cpp view["a"]` is `#!cpp 1` while `#!cpp parse(text)["a"]` is
`#!cpp 2`. [`count`](../api/basic_json_view/count.md) counts every member with the key, so it is `#!cpp 2` here.
[`begin()`](../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/[`end()`](../api/basic_json_view/end.md) and
[`items()`](../api/basic_json_view/items.md) visit *every* occurrence, in document order, and
[`size()`](../api/basic_json_view/size.md) counts all of them, so `#!cpp view.size()` can be larger than
`#!cpp view.materialize().size()`.
**Why the first?** A lookup can stop as soon as it finds a match. Returning the last member would force every lookup
to scan all members of the object, even when the key is found at the very first one: this made lookups in small
objects 1.6 to 3.4 times slower. The hash index of the keys of objects with 128 members or more leads to the first member of a
key as well. Other zero-copy parsers that index the source text, such as yyjson and simdjson, also return the first
member. RFC 8259 only says that names within an object SHOULD be unique and that the behavior of a receiver that sees
duplicates is unpredictable, so neither choice is wrong.
The same holds for [`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) of a type whose `from_json()` reads the view, such as
the types of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` macros: their members are looked up, so `#!cpp get<point>()` of
`#!cpp {"x":1,"x":2}` reads `#!cpp x == 1`, while `#!cpp materialize().get<point>()` reads `#!cpp 2`.
**What stays the same as `parse()`?** [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) and
[`get<std::map<...>>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) replay every member in order, so they keep the *last* value
exactly like `#!cpp basic_json::parse()` (at the position of the first occurrence of the key, for an
[`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md)).
**How do I get the value `parse()` would give?** Either call `#!cpp view.materialize()` and look the key up in the
result, or iterate the members and keep the last match:
```cpp
// the last member with the key "a", as parse() would keep it
json_view last;
for (const auto item : view.items())
{
if (item.key() == "a")
{
last = item.value();
}
}
```
If you cannot trust the source text to have unique keys, check [`size()`](../api/basic_json_view/size.md) against the
number of distinct keys, or reject duplicates when iterating.
## Getting values out without copying
[`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) converts most `T` directly from the flat index, without ever building a
`basic_json` value for the conversion: `#!cpp bool`, arithmetic types, `#!cpp std::nullptr_t`,
`#!cpp std::string`/other `#!cpp std::basic_string`s (copied once), `basic_json_view` itself, the standard containers
and other types the library converts (`#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::list`, `#!cpp std::array`,
`#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::tuple`, `#!cpp std::optional`, ...), and the types of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` and
`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM` macros. Types whose `from_json()` is written for `basic_json` only go through
[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)`.get<T>()` instead: the subtree is built into a real
`basic_json` value first, exactly as [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) would, and converted from there. See
[Writing generic code](#writing-generic-code) for how to write a `from_json()` that reads views.
Two conversions never copy at all:
- [`get_string()`](../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) (equivalently, `#!cpp get<string_view_t>()`) returns a
string as a `string_view_t` pointing into the document's [`source()`](../api/basic_json_document/source.md) text —
or, for a string that contains escape sequences, into the document's own buffer of decoded strings — instead of
allocating a new `#!cpp std::string`.
- [`number_token()`](../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md) returns a number exactly as it was written in the
source, e.g. `#!cpp "1.50"`, `#!cpp "1E2"`, or an integer with more digits than any number type holds, instead of
rounding it into a `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t` the way `#!cpp get<T>()` (and
[`basic_json::parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md)) would.
Both results are only valid as long as the view — and, for a string with no escapes, the borrowed source text — is.
### `string_view` members
A struct whose member is a `#!cpp std::string_view` (C++17) can be decoded from a view with the
`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` macros, and the member is not copied either: for a string without escape sequences it points
into the document's source text, and for a string with escape sequences into the document's buffer of decoded strings.
The member is valid as long as the document is alive and, for a document that
[borrows its source text](#ownership-and-lifetime) (as [`parse()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) does for
an lvalue `#!cpp std::string`, a `#!cpp std::string_view`, or a C string), as long as that text is.
```cpp
struct record
{
std::string_view name;
int count;
NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(record, name, count)
};
const std::string text = R"({"name": "widget", "count": 3})";
const json_document doc = json_document::parse(text); // borrows text
const record r = doc.root().get<record>(); // r.name points into text, valid while text and doc are
```
!!! warning "Decoding into a `string_view` from a `json` value dangles at once"
The same struct also compiles with `#!cpp json::parse(text).get<record>()`, but there `name` points into the
temporary `json` value, which is destroyed at the end of the statement. Use a named
[`json_document`](../api/json_document.md), as above, to decode such a struct.
## Writing generic code
A view's type names its `BasicJsonType` and its [`view_mode`](../api/view_mode.md):
[`json_view`](../api/json_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::read_only>`, and
[`json_editable_view`](../api/json_editable_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::editable>`. These are
different types. The only conversion between them turns a view of a read-only document into a view of an editable
document of the same `BasicJsonType`, so a function written for one shortcut accepts few other views:
```cpp
void print_names(json_view v); // accepts neither an ordered_json_view nor a json_editable_view
void print_names(json_editable_view v); // also accepts a json_view, but no ordered_json_view
```
This is the same pitfall as a `to_json`/`from_json` written for `json` instead of any `BasicJsonType`, which then does
not work for `ordered_json`. The shortcuts are for declaring documents and views; a function that takes a view names
the views it accepts with a template:
```cpp
// views of editable documents only
template<typename BasicJsonType>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable> v);
// views of read-only documents only
template<typename BasicJsonType>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::read_only> v);
// views of either document type
template<typename BasicJsonType, view_mode Mode>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, Mode> v);
```
Views are passed by value: they are two pointers, cheap to copy, like a `#!cpp std::string_view`. A `const&` works as
well, but a non-`const` reference does not bind to the views that [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md),
[`operator[]`](../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md), and [`at()`](../api/basic_json_view/at.md) return, so
`#!cpp f(doc.root())` would not compile.
There is no conversion from an editable view to a read-only one, by design: the mode decides how a view walks the
index. A read-only view reads a container in place, while a view of an editable document follows the links that edits
leave behind, so a read-only view of an edited document would read stale values. The other direction is safe: a
read-only document has no edits, so a view of it [converts](../api/basic_json_view/basic_json_view.md) to an
editable view, which reads it like an editable document before its first edit. A template deduces the mode without
conversions, so the template forms above still accept only the modes they name. Views of both modes compare with
[`operator==`](../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md).
[`is_json_view<T>`](../api/is_json_view.md) tells views from other types, for constraints that cannot be written as a
`basic_json_view<...>` parameter.
### A `from_json()` that reads views
[`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) on a view calls `T`'s `from_json()` with the view itself if that
`from_json()` accepts views, and with [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) otherwise. The
`from_json()` functions of the [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive.md),
[`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md), and
[`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) macros, and those of the library
for the standard types, accept views, so these types need nothing else. For decoding the statuses of
twitter.json into structs, reading the view is about 5 times faster than `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`.
A hand-written `from_json()` reads views if it is constrained to `json` values and views:
```cpp
template < typename J, typename std::enable_if <
nlohmann::is_json_view<J>::value || std::is_same<J, nlohmann::json>::value, int >::type = 0 >
void from_json(const J& j, person& p)
{
p.name = j.at("name").template get<std::string>();
p.age = j.at("age").template get<int>();
}
```
Its body may only use what views and `basic_json` have in common: the type checks, `at()`, `operator[]`, `contains()`,
`value()`, `size()`, iteration and `items()`, and `get<T>()`/`get_to()`. An unconstrained
`#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, person& p)`, as in
[arbitrary type conversions](arbitrary_types.md), is never called with a view, as it might use `basic_json` functions
a view does not have; such a type is converted through `materialize()`. A `from_json()` for `json` only is
converted through `materialize()` as well.
One thing differs when a `from_json()` reads the view: members looked up by name (`at()`, `value()`, ... and thus
the macros) find the **first** member with a repeated key, see [Duplicate keys](#duplicate-keys);
`#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` would see the last one. Containers built from an object, such as `#!cpp std::map`,
keep the **last** value either way, as [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) does.
`to_json()` is unaffected: it writes `basic_json` values, never views.
## Writing a view back
[`dump()`](../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) serializes a view directly from the flat index, without ever building a
`basic_json` value. An object's members are written in document order, not sorted by key, and *every* occurrence of a
repeated key is written, not only the last one — the same two ways [iteration](#what-is-different) already differs
from a [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)d value, see [Duplicate keys](#duplicate-keys).
`#!cpp materialize().dump()` gives a different result in both respects for a `json_view`.
By default, numbers are written the way [`basic_json::dump()`](../api/basic_json/dump.md) would.
[`number_format::source`](../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md) instead copies every number exactly as it was
written in the source text — a price like `#!cpp 19.90`, a long order or account ID with more digits than any number
type holds, or a high-precision coordinate — something `basic_json` cannot do at all, since parsing already reduces
a number to its parsed `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t` value.
[`operator<<`](../api/basic_json_view/operator_ltlt.md) writes a view to a stream the way `basic_json`'s does, using
the stream's `width`/`fill` for indentation.
## Editing a document
Everything above is read-only: a `json_document`/`json_view` lets you look at a parsed text without copying it, but
not change it. [`basic_json_document<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable>`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) — more conveniently
spelled [`json_editable_document`](../api/json_editable_document.md) or
[`ordered_json_editable_document`](../api/ordered_json_editable_document.md) — also lets you
[`set`](../api/basic_json_document/set.md) a value, [`push_back`](../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) onto or
[`insert`](../api/basic_json_document/insert.md) into an array, and [`erase`](../api/basic_json_document/erase.md)
an object member or an array element, still without ever building a `basic_json` tree for parts you do not touch.
The [mode](../api/view_mode.md) defaults to `#!cpp view_mode::read_only`, so `json_document`/`ordered_json_document` are unaffected — they carry
none of the bookkeeping edits need, and calling `set`/`push_back`/`insert`/`erase` on one is a compile error, not a
runtime one.
### Why: editing without reformatting
The `#!cpp 19.90` price from [above](#writing-a-view-back) is exactly the kind of value that makes editing a `json`
or `ordered_json` value in place lossy. Say you parse a configuration file, patch one field, and write it back:
- **`json`** re-sorts every key on the way in (`object_t` is a `#!cpp std::map`) and rewrites every number to its
shortest round-trip form on the way out — a one-field patch turns into a diff that reorders the whole file and
rewrites `#!cpp 19.90` to `#!cpp 19.9`.
- **`ordered_json`** keeps the key order, but still rewrites every number the same way: parsing has already reduced
it to a `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t`, and there is no way back to how it was spelled in the source text.
The patch of the example below (set `"host"`, add `"retries"`) written back by each of them:
<div class="nj-jsonview-cmp" role="group" aria-label="The same patch written back by json, ordered_json, and json_editable_document">
<div><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>json</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">keys sorted, numbers rewritten</p><pre>{<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">"host"</span>:"db2",
"name":"cache",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">19.9</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
<div><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>ordered_json</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">key order kept, numbers rewritten</p><pre>{"name":"cache",
"host":"db2",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">19.9</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
<div class="nj-jsonview-cmp--best"><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>json_editable_document</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">order and spelling kept</p><pre>{"name":"cache",
"host":"db2",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-ok">19.90</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
</div>
An editable document keeps both. [`dump()`](../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) of an edited document writes members in
document order — a member [`set`](../api/basic_json_document/set.md) added goes at the end, exactly where it was
inserted, and an [`erase`](../api/basic_json_document/erase.md)d member simply leaves a gap: everything around it
keeps its place — and [`number_format::source`](../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md) keeps the exact spelling
of every number an edit did not itself touch; a number an edit *did* touch is written the way
[`BasicJsonType::dump()`](../api/basic_json/dump.md) would write it, since there is no source spelling for a brand
new value.
??? example "Example: patch a configuration, keeping member order and number spellings"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_editable_document.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_editable_document.output"
```
### What stays valid, and what an edit costs
The source text itself is **never written**, and the parsed index never moves — a value keeps the node it was
parsed into for as long as it is not itself replaced. So every [view](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) taken before
an edit, including a previously obtained [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md), stays valid and, if it
still refers to the edited value, sees the edit; a view of a value a later edit drops or replaces just keeps showing
what it last held. New values go to storage the document allocates and owns on demand. The one thing an edit does
invalidate is the **iterators** taken over an edited array or object: the first time an element is added to it,
inserted into it, erased from it, or replaced by a value that spans a different number of nodes, its elements move from the parsed, fixed layout to a growable block of links
so that [`push_back`](../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) can later grow it in amortized constant time —
existing elements are not touched, but an iterator that was walking the old layout no longer matches. A string
obtained with
[`get_string()`](../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) is unaffected either way and stays valid across further
edits. See [`basic_json_document`'s Edits](../api/basic_json_document/index.md#edits) for the details, and
[`set`'s Exception safety](../api/basic_json_document/set.md#exception-safety) for what an edit guarantees if it
throws (the *basic* guarantee, not the strong one `dump()` and the read-only functions provide). How edits are kept in
the index is described in the [architecture overview](../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views).
Step through the edits of a small document (the node fields follow the [architecture overview](../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views)):
<div class="nj-jsonview-steps" data-nj-jsonview-steps>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="After parsing">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_0.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 1 of 5. After parsing: nine nodes in the parsed index, no owned storage yet.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="set an existing member">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_1.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 2 of 5. <code>doc.set(doc.root(), "port", 6380)</code> overwrites the node of the integer in place; no member is added or removed, so the object keeps its parsed layout.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="erase an array element">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_2.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 3 of 5. <code>doc.erase(doc.root()["tags"], 0)</code>: the array is edited for the first time, so its elements move to a block of links in owned storage. The node of <code>"eu"</code> stays in the index, but nothing refers to it any more; iterators over the array taken before are invalid.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="push_back onto the array">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_3.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 4 of 5. <code>doc.push_back(doc.root()["tags"], "new")</code>: the new string gets its own node, its text goes to the buffer of edited text, and a link to it is appended to the block of the array.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="set a new member">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_4.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 5 of 5. <code>doc.set(doc.root(), "retries", 3)</code>: a new member, so the object moves to a block too: copies of its keys, links to the values it already had, then the new key and a link to the new integer.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>The node index and the owned storage of the document after each of five edits. Use *Back*, *Next*, or the numbered buttons to switch between the steps; without JavaScript all steps are shown one below the other.</p>
## Images
[`save()`](../api/basic_json_document/save.md) writes a document as an *image*: a byte buffer that
[`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) reads back into a document without parsing — no lexing, no building
the node index, nothing but copying the nodes and pointing the text and the decoded strings at the image. Where
[`parse_copy()`](../api/basic_json_document/parse_copy.md) still has to scan the whole input,
[`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) turns that scan into a copy of the node index alone.
**Why.** A document that is parsed once and then read many times — a configuration loaded at startup, a template
rendered on every request, a large reference dataset a worker process needs in memory — pays for parsing once but
can amortize [`save()`](../api/basic_json_document/save.md)'s cost across every later load. That makes images useful
for a cache: save a document the first time it is parsed (to a file, a shared-memory segment, an in-process cache),
and [`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) it on every later use instead of parsing the source text again.
They are just as useful for handing a parsed document to another process (or a forked worker) running the same build
of the library, since [`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) turns the transfer into a copy of the node index
plus pointers into the received bytes, not a re-parse.
**Choosing a check.** [`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) takes an
[`image_check`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md#image_check) that trades validation against speed:
`image_check::full` (the default) checks everything the parser itself guarantees, so a checked image is exactly as
safe to read and serialize as a freshly parsed document — the right choice whenever the image did not come straight
from this process's own [`save()`](../api/basic_json_document/save.md), such as a file or a network peer.
`image_check::bounds` only checks structure and bounds — cheaper, since it skips scanning the text and the decoded
strings — and fits a cache the process trusts, one it wrote and reads back itself. `image_check::none` skips
validation entirely, for an image trusted as much as the process's own memory. See
[`load()`'s Notes](../api/basic_json_document/load.md#notes) for exactly what each level does and does not guarantee.
??? example "Example: cache a parsed configuration as an image"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json_document__save.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json_document__save.output"
```
!!! warning "Experimental"
The image format is versioned but not yet stable, and may change in an incompatible way before it is declared
stable. It is little-endian only (on big-endian targets, `save()` and `load()` do not exist), and tied to the
library build that wrote it — use it to cache a document or to hand one to another process running the *same*
build, not as a long-term storage format; keep the original JSON text if a saved document needs to be readable by
a future library version.
The idea of a document you can read without parsing comes from zero-copy formats such as
[FlatBuffers](https://github.com/google/flatbuffers) and [YaFF](https://github.com/yandex/yaff); the check
[`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md) runs follows the idea of FlatBuffers' Verifier. No code is taken from
either.
## Choosing between `json`, `ordered_json`, the SAX interface, and `json_view`
| | [`json`](../api/json.md) / [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md) | [SAX interface](parsing/sax_interface.md) | [`json_document`](../api/json_document.md) / [`json_view`](../api/json_view.md) | [`json_editable_document`](../api/json_editable_document.md) / [`json_editable_view`](../api/json_editable_view.md) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Ownership** | owns every value | owns nothing; you decide what to keep, in your handler | borrows or owns the *text*; the index is always owned by the document | same as `json_document`; edits go to storage the document owns |
| **Mutability** | freely mutable | not applicable (a one-shot event stream) | read-only | [`set`](../api/basic_json_document/set.md)/[`push_back`](../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md)/[`insert`](../api/basic_json_document/insert.md)/[`erase`](../api/basic_json_document/erase.md) edit in place; the source text is never rewritten |
| **What you get** | a full tree you can read, write, and keep as long as you like | a sequence of callbacks; whatever your handler builds from them | a flat index plus, on demand, [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)d `json`/`ordered_json` values for the parts you actually use | the same, plus [`dump()`](../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) of an edited document that keeps the member order and, with [`number_format::source`](../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md), the spelling of every untouched number |
| **Typical use** | general-purpose JSON handling: config, request/response bodies you build or modify, anything you hold onto | validating or projecting a text into your own data structure without ever holding the whole thing as JSON | large or high-volume input where you only need part of it, or need it repeatedly, and can keep the source text (or a copy) alive for as long as the document lives | a document you read, patch a few fields of, and write back — a configuration file, for instance — where the rest of it should come back exactly as it was |
| **Caching/reload** | not applicable — re-parse, or roll your own serialization | not applicable | [`save()`](../api/basic_json_document/save.md)/[`load()`](../api/basic_json_document/load.md): cache the parsed index as an image and reload it without parsing | same, saving the document's current — possibly edited — state |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Each column is one way to work with JSON in this library, and each row compares one property of them.</p>
## See also
- [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) - the document that owns the parsed index (parse, access, images, edits)
- [`basic_json_view`](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) - the non-owning handle to a value in a document
- [`json_document`](../api/json_document.md) - and [`ordered_json_document`](../api/ordered_json_document.md) - the read-only documents
- [`json_editable_document`](../api/json_editable_document.md) - and [`ordered_json_editable_document`](../api/ordered_json_editable_document.md) - the documents that can be edited in place
- [Architecture](../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views) - the layout of the node index
- [SAX interface](parsing/sax_interface.md) - event-based parsing without building a tree
- [Performance](performance.md) - benchmarks and tuning of parsing and serialization
- [Large, Streamed, and Partial Input](parsing/large_and_partial_input.md) - reading only the part of a text you need
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_view/differences.md
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# Differences from `basic_json`
A [`basic_json_view`](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) offers the read-only part of the
[`basic_json`](../../api/basic_json/index.md) interface, and in most respects it behaves exactly like the value
[`basic_json::parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) would have built from the same text. This page lists where it
does not: what a document parses differently, what a view's functions do differently, and which parts of the
`basic_json` interface a view does not have.
## Summary
| | `basic_json` value from `parse()` | view of a `json_document` | to get the `basic_json` behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Integer types](#parsing) | any `number_integer_t`/`number_unsigned_t` | 64-bit only (compile-time check) | — |
| [Input size](#parsing) | unlimited | less than 4 GiB | — |
| [Parser callbacks](#parsing) | `parser_callback_t` | none | filter while iterating |
| [`operator[]` on a missing key or index](#element-access) | inserts (non-`const`) or undefined behavior (`const`) | returns a discarded view | — |
| [Object member order](#object-member-order) | sorted by key (`json`), insertion order (`ordered_json`) | document order | `materialize()` |
| [Repeated keys](#duplicate-keys) | the last value is kept | lookups find the first member; iteration, `size()`, and `dump()` see all of them | `materialize()` |
| [Conversions](#conversions) | `get<T>()`, implicit conversions, `get_ptr()`, `get_ref()` | `get<T>()`, `get_string()`, `number_token()` | `materialize()` |
| [Number spelling](#serialization) | lost when parsing | kept: `number_token()`, `number_format::source` | — |
| [Comparison](#comparison) | `==`, `!=`, `<`, `<=>`, ... | `==` and `!=` only | `materialize()` |
| [Modification](#what-a-view-does-not-have) | member functions of the value | only through an [editable document](editing.md) | `materialize()` |
| [Iterators](#what-a-view-does-not-have) | bidirectional (`rbegin()`/`rend()`) | forward only | `materialize()` |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Each row is one difference; the last column names the way to get `basic_json`'s behavior from a view, where there is one.</p>
## Parsing
### What is the same
- **Accept/reject.** [`accept()`](../../api/basic_json_document/accept.md) and
[`parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) accept and reject exactly the same inputs as
[`basic_json::accept()`](../../api/basic_json/accept.md)/[`basic_json::parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md),
with the same `ignore_comments` and `ignore_trailing_commas` options.
- **Errors.** A failing parse throws the same exception — the same id, message, and position — because on failure
the library's own parser is run on the same bytes to produce the diagnostic. Valid input never pays for this, and
the replay builds no values: it costs about a lexing pass up to the error.
`#!cpp allow_exceptions == false` skips the replay and gives a
[discarded](../../api/basic_json_document/is_discarded.md) document instead of throwing, just as it gives a
discarded value for `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`.
- **Number classification.** An integer literal that does not fit into the 64-bit integer type becomes a
floating-point value, exactly as it does for `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`.
- **Macros.** [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](../../api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) and
[`JSON_NOEXCEPTION`](../../api/macros/json_noexception.md)/[`JSON_THROW_USER`](../../api/macros/json_throw_user.md)
behave the same way they do for `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. These are the macros that change what the parser accepts or
how it reports errors. The other macros only affect the values `materialize()` produces, through `BasicJsonType`.
Two of them also add context to the exceptions of views, see [Exception context](#exception-context).
### What is different
- **Only 64-bit integers.** `basic_json_document<BasicJsonType>` requires `BasicJsonType::number_integer_t` and
`number_unsigned_t` to both be 64 bits wide; this is a compile-time `#!cpp static_assert`.
- **A 4 GiB input limit.** An input of 4294967280 bytes (4 GiB minus 16 bytes) or more throws
[`out_of_range.416`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range416), a limit
`#!cpp basic_json::parse()` does not have. It keeps an index entry at 16 bytes: offsets and counts are 32 bits
wide. The limit is 16 bytes below 2^32, because the parser reads in 16-byte steps, and a position one step past the
end must still fit.
- **A stream is always read to its end.** There is no partial/streaming read of an `#!cpp std::istream`: the stream
is read to its end into a buffer the document owns, and parsing starts after that. For a file, reading it into a
`#!cpp std::string` yourself and parsing that (an lvalue is borrowed) is therefore not more expensive in memory, and
was about 6 to 12 % faster than parsing from an `#!cpp std::ifstream`.
- **No parser callbacks.** [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) takes no
[`parser_callback_t`](../../api/basic_json/parser_callback_t.md): a document always indexes the whole text. Skip
the values you do not need when reading the view instead.
- **JSON text only.** A document is parsed from JSON text; there is no counterpart of
[`from_cbor()`](../../api/basic_json/from_cbor.md) and the other binary formats, and
[`is_binary()`](../../api/basic_json_view/is_binary.md) is always `#!cpp false`.
## Element access
**Chained access is safe.** [`operator[]`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md) with a missing key, an index
out of range, or an unresolvable JSON pointer returns a [discarded](../../api/basic_json_view/is_discarded.md) view,
and `operator[]` on a discarded view returns a discarded view without throwing: `#!cpp v["a"]["b"][0]` can be tested
once at the end. Type errors on values that exist (a key on an array, an index on an object) still throw, and
[`at`](../../api/basic_json_view/at.md) throws for every missing value.
`basic_json`'s non-`const` `operator[]` instead inserts a missing key, and its `const` `operator[]` has undefined
behavior for one.
## Objects
### Object member order
[`begin()`](../../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/[`end()`](../../api/basic_json_view/end.md) and
[`items()`](../../api/basic_json_view/items.md) visit an object's members in the order they appear in the source text.
`basic_json`'s default `object_t` is a `std::map`, which sorts by key, so iterating a
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)d value can print members in a different order than
iterating the view they came from. [`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) of a view writes members in document
order as well.
### Duplicate keys
!!! warning "A lookup in a view and in the parsed value can give different answers"
If an object in the source text repeats a key, [`operator[]`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md),
[`at`](../../api/basic_json_view/at.md), [`find`](../../api/basic_json_view/find.md),
[`value`](../../api/basic_json_view/value.md), [`contains`](../../api/basic_json_view/contains.md), and JSON
pointer resolution all return the **first** member with that key. `basic_json::parse()` instead keeps the **last**
value of a repeated key, so for `#!cpp {"a":1,"a":2}`, `#!cpp view["a"]` is `#!cpp 1` while
`#!cpp parse(text)["a"]` is `#!cpp 2`. [`count`](../../api/basic_json_view/count.md) counts every member with the
key, so it is `#!cpp 2` here.
[`begin()`](../../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/[`end()`](../../api/basic_json_view/end.md) and
[`items()`](../../api/basic_json_view/items.md) visit *every* occurrence, in document order, and
[`size()`](../../api/basic_json_view/size.md) counts all of them, so `#!cpp view.size()` can be larger than
`#!cpp view.materialize().size()`. [`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) writes every occurrence, too, so
`#!cpp materialize().dump()` gives a different result for such an object.
**Why the first?** A lookup can stop as soon as it finds a match. Returning the last member would force every lookup
to scan all members of the object, even when the key is found at the very first one: this made lookups in small
objects 1.6 to 3.4 times slower. The hash index of the keys of objects with 128 members or more leads to the first
member of a key as well. Other zero-copy parsers that index the source text, such as yyjson and simdjson, also return
the first member. RFC 8259 only says that names within an object SHOULD be unique and that the behavior of a receiver
that sees duplicates is unpredictable, so neither choice is wrong.
The same holds for [`get<T>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) of a type whose `from_json()` reads the view, such
as the types of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` macros: their members are looked up, so `#!cpp get<point>()` of
`#!cpp {"x":1,"x":2}` reads `#!cpp x == 1`, while `#!cpp materialize().get<point>()` reads `#!cpp 2`.
**What stays the same as `parse()`?** [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) and
[`get<std::map<...>>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) (and the other containers built from an object) replay
every member in order, so they keep the *last* value exactly like `#!cpp basic_json::parse()` (at the position of the
first occurrence of the key, for an [`ordered_json`](../../api/ordered_json.md)).
**How do I get the value `parse()` would give?** Either call `#!cpp view.materialize()` and look the key up in the
result, or iterate the members and keep the last match:
```cpp
// the last member with the key "a", as parse() would keep it
json_view last;
for (const auto item : view.items())
{
if (item.key() == "a")
{
last = item.value();
}
}
```
If you cannot trust the source text to have unique keys, check [`size()`](../../api/basic_json_view/size.md) against
the number of distinct keys, or reject duplicates when iterating.
## Conversions
- **No implicit conversions.** A view has no `#!cpp operator ValueType()`, no `#!cpp get_ptr()`, and no
`#!cpp get_ref()`; use [`get<T>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md), or
[`get_string()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) for a string without a copy.
- **`from_json()` overloads.** [`get<T>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) calls `T`'s `from_json()` with the view
only if that `from_json()` accepts views, and with [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)
otherwise; see [A `from_json()` that reads views](generic_code.md#a-from_json-that-reads-views). Both give the same
result except for [repeated keys](#duplicate-keys).
- **`string_view` members.** A struct with a `#!cpp std::string_view` member decoded from a view points into the
document, see [`string_view` members](reading.md#string_view-members). Decoding the same struct from a `json` value
compiles, too, but dangles at once if the value is a temporary.
## Serialization
[`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) writes numbers the way
[`basic_json::dump()`](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) would by default, but writes object members in
[document order](#object-member-order) and writes [every occurrence of a repeated key](#duplicate-keys).
A view can also do what a `basic_json` value cannot: [`number_token()`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md)
and [`number_format::source`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md) give every number exactly as it was spelled
in the source text, while parsing into `basic_json` already reduces a number to its `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t`
value. See [Writing a view back](reading.md#writing-a-view-back).
## Comparison
**Ordering comparisons are not provided** by `basic_json_view` — there is no `#!cpp operator<`.
[`operator==`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md) and [`operator!=`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator_ne.md)
are provided, though: two views, or a view and a `BasicJsonType` value, compare equal exactly when
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) or [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) would produce
equal values for them, without ever building a tree to do it. For ordering,
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) is the way to get a value you can compare.
## Exception context
With [`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md), an exception of a view names the JSON Pointer path of
the value within the document, and with
[`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md), it names the bytes of the value in the
source text, as they do for the exceptions of `#!cpp basic_json`.
A view has neither parent pointers nor stored positions, so both are found from the document's index when the
exception is thrown. This takes time linear in the size of the document. One exception has neither: `key()` of an
iterator over an array or a primitive value
([`invalid_iterator.207`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator207)), because a view's iterator does
not know the value it iterates over.
**Fewer source positions after edits.** With
[`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) enabled,
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) sets the same positions as `#!cpp basic_json::parse()`. In
an [editable document](editing.md), a value written by an edit has none, and neither has an array or object whose
elements changed or whose last element has none; a `basic_json` value keeps its positions when it is changed. See
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md#notes).
## What a view does not have
A view is a read-only handle. These parts of the `basic_json` interface have no counterpart on a view;
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) the subtree to use them:
- **Modifiers** such as `push_back`, `insert`, `erase`, `update`, or `operator=`. A view never changes a value
itself; an [editable document](editing.md) changes the values its views refer to through
[`set`](../../api/basic_json_document/set.md), [`push_back`](../../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md),
[`insert`](../../api/basic_json_document/insert.md), and [`erase`](../../api/basic_json_document/erase.md).
- **Reverse iteration.** A view's iterator is a forward iterator; there is no `rbegin()`/`rend()`.
- **JSON Patch and friends**: [`patch()`](../../api/basic_json/patch.md),
[`merge_patch()`](../../api/basic_json/merge_patch.md), [`diff()`](../../api/basic_json/diff.md),
[`flatten()`](../../api/basic_json/flatten.md).
- **Binary formats**: [`to_cbor()`](../../api/basic_json/to_cbor.md) and the other writers, and binary values
([`get_binary()`](../../api/basic_json/get_binary.md)).
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`basic_json_view`](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) - the full interface of a view
- [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) - build the `basic_json` value of a view
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_view/editing.md
+133
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# Editing a document
A [`json_document`](../../api/json_document.md)/[`json_view`](../../api/json_view.md) lets you look at a parsed text
without copying it, but not change it.
[`basic_json_document<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable>`](../../api/basic_json_document/index.md) — more
conveniently spelled [`json_editable_document`](../../api/json_editable_document.md) or
[`ordered_json_editable_document`](../../api/ordered_json_editable_document.md) — also lets you
[`set`](../../api/basic_json_document/set.md) a value, [`push_back`](../../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) onto
or [`insert`](../../api/basic_json_document/insert.md) into an array, and
[`erase`](../../api/basic_json_document/erase.md) an object member or an array element, still without ever building a
`basic_json` tree for parts you do not touch.
The [mode](../../api/view_mode.md) defaults to `#!cpp view_mode::read_only`, so
`json_document`/`ordered_json_document` are unaffected — they carry none of the bookkeeping edits need, and calling
`set`/`push_back`/`insert`/`erase` on one is a compile error, not a runtime one.
## Why: editing without reformatting
A price like `#!cpp 19.90` is exactly the kind of value that makes editing a `json` or `ordered_json` value in place
lossy. Say you parse a configuration file, patch one field, and write it back:
- **`json`** re-sorts every key on the way in (`object_t` is a `#!cpp std::map`) and rewrites every number to its
shortest round-trip form on the way out — a one-field patch turns into a diff that reorders the whole file and
rewrites `#!cpp 19.90` to `#!cpp 19.9`.
- **`ordered_json`** keeps the key order, but still rewrites every number the same way: parsing has already reduced
it to a `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t`, and there is no way back to how it was spelled in the source text.
The patch of the example below (set `"host"`, add `"retries"`) written back by each of them:
<div class="nj-jsonview-cmp" role="group" aria-label="The same patch written back by json, ordered_json, and json_editable_document">
<div><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>json</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">keys sorted, numbers rewritten</p><pre>{<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">"host"</span>:"db2",
"name":"cache",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">19.9</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
<div><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>ordered_json</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">key order kept, numbers rewritten</p><pre>{"name":"cache",
"host":"db2",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-bad">19.9</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
<div class="nj-jsonview-cmp--best"><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-h"><code>json_editable_document</code></p><p class="nj-jsonview-cmp-v">order and spelling kept</p><pre>{"name":"cache",
"host":"db2",
"port":6379,
"price":<span class="nj-jsonview-ok">19.90</span>,
"retries":3}</pre></div>
</div>
An editable document keeps both. [`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) of an edited document writes members in
document order — a member [`set`](../../api/basic_json_document/set.md) added goes at the end, exactly where it was
inserted, and an [`erase`](../../api/basic_json_document/erase.md)d member simply leaves a gap: everything around it
keeps its place — and [`number_format::source`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md) keeps the exact spelling
of every number an edit did not itself touch; a number an edit *did* touch is written the way
[`BasicJsonType::dump()`](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) would write it, since there is no source spelling for a brand
new value. See [Writing a view back](reading.md#writing-a-view-back).
??? example "Example: patch a configuration, keeping member order and number spellings"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_editable_document.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_editable_document.output"
```
## What stays valid, and what an edit costs
The source text itself is **never written**, and the parsed index never moves — a value keeps the node it was
parsed into for as long as it is not itself replaced. So every [view](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) taken before
an edit, including a previously obtained [`root()`](../../api/basic_json_document/root.md), stays valid and, if it
still refers to the edited value, sees the edit; a view of a value a later edit drops or replaces just keeps showing
what it last held. New values go to storage the document allocates and owns on demand. The one thing an edit does
invalidate is the **iterators** taken over an edited array or object: the first time an element is added to it,
inserted into it, erased from it, or replaced by a value that spans a different number of nodes, its elements move
from the parsed, fixed layout to a growable block of links so that
[`push_back`](../../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) can later grow it in amortized constant time — existing
elements are not touched, but an iterator that was walking the old layout no longer matches. A string obtained with
[`get_string()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) is unaffected either way and stays valid across further
edits. See [`basic_json_document`'s Edits](../../api/basic_json_document/index.md#edits) for the details, and
[`set`'s Exception safety](../../api/basic_json_document/set.md#exception-safety) for what an edit guarantees if it
throws (the *basic* guarantee, not the strong one `dump()` and the read-only functions provide). How edits are kept in
the index is described in the [architecture overview](../../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views).
Step through the edits of a small document (the node fields follow the
[architecture overview](../../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views)):
<div class="nj-jsonview-steps" data-nj-jsonview-steps>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="After parsing">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_0.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 1 of 5. After parsing: nine nodes in the parsed index, no owned storage yet.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="set an existing member">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_1.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 2 of 5. <code>doc.set(doc.root(), "port", 6380)</code> overwrites the node of the integer in place; no member is added or removed, so the object keeps its parsed layout.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="erase an array element">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_2.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 3 of 5. <code>doc.erase(doc.root()["tags"], 0)</code>: the array is edited for the first time, so its elements move to a block of links in owned storage. The node of <code>"eu"</code> stays in the index, but nothing refers to it any more; iterators over the array taken before are invalid.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="push_back onto the array">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_3.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 4 of 5. <code>doc.push_back(doc.root()["tags"], "new")</code>: the new string gets its own node, its text goes to the buffer of edited text, and a link to it is appended to the block of the array.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="nj-jsonview-step" data-label="set a new member">
<div class="nj-jsonview-scroll">
--8<-- "images/json_view_edit_4.svg"
</div>
<figcaption>Step 5 of 5. <code>doc.set(doc.root(), "retries", 3)</code>: a new member, so the object moves to a block too: copies of its keys, links to the values it already had, then the new key and a link to the new integer.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>The node index and the owned storage of the document after each of five edits. Use *Back*, *Next*, or the numbered buttons to switch between the steps; without JavaScript all steps are shown one below the other.</p>
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`json_editable_document`](../../api/json_editable_document.md) - and [`ordered_json_editable_document`](../../api/ordered_json_editable_document.md) - the documents that can be edited in place
- [`basic_json_document`'s Edits](../../api/basic_json_document/index.md#edits) - the rules of edits in detail
- [Differences from `basic_json`](differences.md#exception-context) - source positions after edits
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
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# Writing generic code
## View types
A view's type names its `BasicJsonType` and its [`view_mode`](../../api/view_mode.md):
[`json_view`](../../api/json_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::read_only>`, and
[`json_editable_view`](../../api/json_editable_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::editable>`. These
are different types. The only conversion between them turns a view of a read-only document into a view of an
editable document of the same `BasicJsonType`, so a function written for one shortcut accepts few other views:
```cpp
void print_names(json_view v); // accepts neither an ordered_json_view nor a json_editable_view
void print_names(json_editable_view v); // also accepts a json_view, but no ordered_json_view
```
This is the same pitfall as a `to_json`/`from_json` written for `json` instead of any `BasicJsonType`, which then does
not work for `ordered_json`. The shortcuts are for declaring documents and views; a function that takes a view names
the views it accepts with a template:
```cpp
// views of editable documents only
template<typename BasicJsonType>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable> v);
// views of read-only documents only
template<typename BasicJsonType>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::read_only> v);
// views of either document type
template<typename BasicJsonType, view_mode Mode>
void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, Mode> v);
```
Views are passed by value: they are two pointers, cheap to copy, like a `#!cpp std::string_view`. A `const&` works as
well, but a non-`const` reference does not bind to the views that
[`root()`](../../api/basic_json_document/root.md), [`operator[]`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md), and
[`at()`](../../api/basic_json_view/at.md) return, so `#!cpp f(doc.root())` would not compile.
There is no conversion from an editable view to a read-only one, by design: the mode decides how a view walks the
index. A read-only view reads a container in place, while a view of an editable document follows the links that edits
leave behind, so a read-only view of an edited document would read stale values. The other direction is safe: a
read-only document has no edits, so a view of it [converts](../../api/basic_json_view/basic_json_view.md) to an
editable view, which reads it like an editable document before its first edit. A template deduces the mode without
conversions, so the template forms above still accept only the modes they name. Views of both modes compare with
[`operator==`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md).
[`is_json_view<T>`](../../api/is_json_view.md) tells views from other types, for constraints that cannot be written as
a `basic_json_view<...>` parameter.
## A `from_json()` that reads views
[`get<T>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) on a view calls `T`'s `from_json()` with the view itself if that
`from_json()` accepts views, and with [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) otherwise. The
`from_json()` functions of the [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive.md),
[`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md), and
[`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) macros, and those of the library
for the standard types, accept views, so these types need nothing else. For decoding the statuses of
twitter.json into structs, reading the view is about 5 times faster than `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`.
A hand-written `from_json()` reads views if it is constrained to `json` values and views:
```cpp
template < typename J, typename std::enable_if <
nlohmann::is_json_view<J>::value || std::is_same<J, nlohmann::json>::value, int >::type = 0 >
void from_json(const J& j, person& p)
{
p.name = j.at("name").template get<std::string>();
p.age = j.at("age").template get<int>();
}
```
Its body may only use what views and `basic_json` have in common: the type checks, `at()`, `operator[]`,
`contains()`, `value()`, `size()`, iteration and `items()`, and `get<T>()`/`get_to()`. An unconstrained
`#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, person& p)`, as in
[arbitrary type conversions](../arbitrary_types.md), is never called with a view, as it might use `basic_json`
functions a view does not have; such a type is converted through `materialize()`. A `from_json()` for `json` only is
converted through `materialize()` as well.
Reading the view and `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` give the same result, except for an object with a repeated key;
see [Duplicate keys](differences.md#duplicate-keys).
`to_json()` is unaffected: it writes `basic_json` values, never views.
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`is_json_view`](../../api/is_json_view.md) - type trait to detect views
- [`view_mode`](../../api/view_mode.md) - read-only and editable views
- [Reading values](reading.md) - what `get<T>()` converts without materializing
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/json_view/images.md
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# Images
[`save()`](../../api/basic_json_document/save.md) writes a document as an *image*: a byte buffer that
[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) reads back into a document without parsing — no lexing, no building
the node index, nothing but copying the nodes and pointing the text and the decoded strings at the image. Where
[`parse_copy()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse_copy.md) still has to scan the whole input,
[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) turns that scan into a copy of the node index alone.
## Why
A document that is parsed once and then read many times — a configuration loaded at startup, a template rendered on
every request, a large reference dataset a worker process needs in memory — pays for parsing once but can amortize
[`save()`](../../api/basic_json_document/save.md)'s cost across every later load. That makes images useful for a
cache: save a document the first time it is parsed (to a file, a shared-memory segment, an in-process cache), and
[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) it on every later use instead of parsing the source text again.
They are just as useful for handing a parsed document to another process (or a forked worker) running the same build
of the library, since [`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) turns the transfer into a copy of the node
index plus pointers into the received bytes, not a re-parse.
## Choosing a check
[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) takes an
[`image_check`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md#image_check) that trades validation against speed:
- `image_check::full` (the default) checks everything the parser itself guarantees, so a checked image is exactly as
safe to read and serialize as a freshly parsed document — the right choice whenever the image did not come straight
from this process's own [`save()`](../../api/basic_json_document/save.md), such as a file or a network peer.
- `image_check::bounds` only checks structure and bounds — cheaper, since it skips scanning the text and the decoded
strings — and fits a cache the process trusts, one it wrote and reads back itself.
- `image_check::none` skips validation entirely, for an image trusted as much as the process's own memory.
See [`load()`'s Notes](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md#notes) for exactly what each level does and does not
guarantee.
??? example "Example: cache a parsed configuration as an image"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/basic_json_document__save.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/basic_json_document__save.output"
```
!!! warning "Experimental"
The image format is versioned but not yet stable, and may change in an incompatible way before it is declared
stable. It is little-endian only (on big-endian targets, `save()` and `load()` do not exist), and tied to the
library build that wrote it — use it to cache a document or to hand one to another process running the *same*
build, not as a long-term storage format; keep the original JSON text if a saved document needs to be readable by
a future library version.
## Credits
The idea of a document you can read without parsing comes from zero-copy formats such as
[FlatBuffers](https://github.com/google/flatbuffers) and [YaFF](https://github.com/yandex/yaff); the check
[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) runs follows the idea of FlatBuffers' Verifier. No code is taken from
either.
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`save()`](../../api/basic_json_document/save.md) - write a document as an image
- [`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md) - read an image back into a document
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
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# Zero-copy JSON views
`#!cpp <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` adds a read-only, non-owning way to look at a parsed JSON text, as an alternative to
building a [`basic_json`](../../api/basic_json/index.md) tree with [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md).
## The problem
[`basic_json::parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) builds a tree of `basic_json` values: one allocation for every
array and object, and every string copied into its own `std::string`. That is the right trade-off when the program
goes on to read and write the value freely, but it does more work than necessary when only a small part of a large
JSON text is actually needed, or when the same text is parsed over and over (many small messages, for instance) and
most of the resulting tree is thrown away almost immediately.
## The idea
[`basic_json_document::parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) parses the same JSON grammar, with the same
options, but instead of a tree it builds a flat index of the values it found: one
[16-byte entry](../../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views) per value (and one per object key), in document
order. Integers are converted while parsing and stored in their entry. Floating-point numbers and strings are
referenced in place in the source text: a float is converted when it is read, and only strings that contain escape
sequences are decoded, into one shared buffer owned by the document.
[`basic_json_view`](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) is a small, trivially copyable handle (two pointers) into that
index. It gives you the read-only, type-inspection part of the `basic_json` interface —
[`type()`](../../api/basic_json_view/type.md) and the `is_*()` predicates,
[`size()`](../../api/basic_json_view/size.md)/[`empty()`](../../api/basic_json_view/empty.md) — as well as element
access ([`operator[]`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md), [`at`](../../api/basic_json_view/at.md),
[`front`](../../api/basic_json_view/front.md)/[`back`](../../api/basic_json_view/back.md)), lookup
([`find`](../../api/basic_json_view/find.md), [`contains`](../../api/basic_json_view/contains.md),
[`count`](../../api/basic_json_view/count.md)), and iteration
([`begin`](../../api/basic_json_view/begin.md)/[`end`](../../api/basic_json_view/end.md),
[`items`](../../api/basic_json_view/items.md)) — without ever allocating a `basic_json` value. When you do need an
actual `basic_json` value for a subtree, [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) builds exactly the
one [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) would have produced for it.
The same small text, parsed both ways:
<div class="nj-fig-wrap" markdown>
--8<-- "images/json_view_layout.svg"
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>Top: the tree of separate heap allocations that `basic_json::parse()` builds. Bottom: `json_document::parse()` keeps the source text and builds one flat index of 16-byte nodes that point back into it, plus a buffer of decoded strings.</p>
## How to use it
Include `<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` in addition to (or instead of) `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. Parse into a
[`json_document`](../../api/json_document.md), inspect its [`root()`](../../api/basic_json_document/root.md), and
`materialize()` when you need a real value. `materialize()` works on any view, not just the root, so you can turn just
the subtree you need into a value:
??? example "Example: parse a document, inspect its root, and materialize it"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_document.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_document.output"
```
[`ordered_json_document`](../../api/ordered_json_document.md) is the equivalent for
[`ordered_json`](../../api/ordered_json.md), just as [`ordered_json`](../../api/ordered_json.md) is to
[`json`](../../api/json.md).
A view behaves like a `basic_json` value in most respects, but not in all: lookups of a repeated key, the order in
which an object's members are visited, and what a missing key does to chained `operator[]` are the most visible
differences. [Differences from `basic_json`](differences.md) lists all of them.
## Where to go next
- [Ownership and lifetime](lifetime.md) - when a document borrows its source text, and how long a view stays valid
- [Differences from `basic_json`](differences.md) - everything a view does differently from a parsed `basic_json` value
- [Reading values](reading.md) - converting with `get<T>()`, reading strings and numbers without copying, and writing a
view back with `dump()`
- [Writing generic code](generic_code.md) - functions and `from_json()` overloads that accept views
- [Editing a document](editing.md) - patching a document in place, keeping its member order and number spellings
- [Images](images.md) - saving a parsed document and loading it back without parsing
## Choosing between `json`, `ordered_json`, the SAX interface, and `json_view`
| | [`json`](../../api/json.md) / [`ordered_json`](../../api/ordered_json.md) | [SAX interface](../parsing/sax_interface.md) | [`json_document`](../../api/json_document.md) / [`json_view`](../../api/json_view.md) | [`json_editable_document`](../../api/json_editable_document.md) / [`json_editable_view`](../../api/json_editable_view.md) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Ownership** | owns every value | owns nothing; you decide what to keep, in your handler | borrows or owns the *text*; the index is always owned by the document | same as `json_document`; edits go to storage the document owns |
| **Mutability** | freely mutable | not applicable (a one-shot event stream) | read-only | [`set`](../../api/basic_json_document/set.md)/[`push_back`](../../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md)/[`insert`](../../api/basic_json_document/insert.md)/[`erase`](../../api/basic_json_document/erase.md) edit in place; the source text is never rewritten |
| **What you get** | a full tree you can read, write, and keep as long as you like | a sequence of callbacks; whatever your handler builds from them | a flat index plus, on demand, [`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)d `json`/`ordered_json` values for the parts you actually use | the same, plus [`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) of an edited document that keeps the member order and, with [`number_format::source`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md), the spelling of every untouched number |
| **Typical use** | general-purpose JSON handling: config, request/response bodies you build or modify, anything you hold onto | validating or projecting a text into your own data structure without ever holding the whole thing as JSON | large or high-volume input where you only need part of it, or need it repeatedly, and can keep the source text (or a copy) alive for as long as the document lives | a document you read, patch a few fields of, and write back — a configuration file, for instance — where the rest of it should come back exactly as it was |
| **Caching/reload** | not applicable — re-parse, or roll your own serialization | not applicable | [`save()`](../../api/basic_json_document/save.md)/[`load()`](../../api/basic_json_document/load.md): cache the parsed index as an [image](images.md) and reload it without parsing | same, saving the document's current — possibly edited — state |
<p class="nj-table-caption" markdown>Each column is one way to work with JSON in this library, and each row compares one property of them.</p>
## See also
- [`basic_json_document`](../../api/basic_json_document/index.md) - the document that owns the parsed index (parse, access, images, edits)
- [`basic_json_view`](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) - the non-owning handle to a value in a document
- [`json_document`](../../api/json_document.md) - and [`ordered_json_document`](../../api/ordered_json_document.md) - the read-only documents
- [`json_editable_document`](../../api/json_editable_document.md) - and [`ordered_json_editable_document`](../../api/ordered_json_editable_document.md) - the documents that can be edited in place
- [Architecture](../../home/architecture.md#node-index-of-json-views) - the layout of the node index
- [SAX interface](../parsing/sax_interface.md) - event-based parsing without building a tree
- [Performance](../performance.md) - benchmarks and tuning of parsing and serialization
- [Large, Streamed, and Partial Input](../parsing/large_and_partial_input.md) - reading only the part of a text you need
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
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# Ownership and lifetime
A document either **borrows** the text it was parsed from, or **owns** its own copy of it; call
[`owns_source()`](../../api/basic_json_document/owns_source.md) to find out which happened.
[`parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) decides this from the value category and type of its argument (an
lvalue `#!cpp std::string` is borrowed; an rvalue `#!cpp std::string` is moved in, owned without a copy; a stream is
read into an owned buffer; and so on — see [`parse`'s Notes](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md#notes) for the
full table). [`parse_copy()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse_copy.md) always owns a copy, regardless of the input.
!!! warning "A borrowed document depends on your buffer"
If a document borrows its text, that text **must outlive the document** (and every view taken from it) and must
stay **unmodified** for as long as the document exists, since floating-point values and unescaped strings are
read from it lazily. Reading or writing through a view after the underlying buffer is gone is undefined behavior,
exactly as it would be for a dangling `#!cpp std::string_view`.
## When a view is valid
A view is valid only while all of the following hold:
- the document is alive,
- the document has not been re-parsed since the view was taken (with
[`read()`](../../api/basic_json_document/read.md) or [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) into it),
- the document has not had [`shrink_to_fit()`](../../api/basic_json_document/shrink_to_fit.md) called on it since, and
- if the document borrows its source text, that text is still alive and unmodified.
Moving the `basic_json_document<>` itself is fine and does **not** invalidate its views: the index is a separate heap
allocation that keeps its address across the move. Take a fresh view from
[`root()`](../../api/basic_json_document/root.md) whenever any of the other conditions above was not met. Edits of an
[editable document](editing.md) keep views valid, too; see [What stays valid](editing.md#what-stays-valid-and-what-an-edit-costs).
<div class="nj-fig-wrap" markdown>
--8<-- "images/json_view_lifetime.svg"
</div>
<p class="nj-caption" markdown>Four timelines of a document and its views, each bar showing when an object is alive or valid and when it dangles. Destroying the borrowed text, re-parsing, or shrinking the document invalidates the views taken before; moving the document does not.</p>
## Why views can dangle
A view can dangle, exactly like a `#!cpp std::string_view`: nothing stops you from using it after its document is
gone. This is deliberate. A view is two pointers and trivially copyable; making it safe (a `#!cpp std::shared_ptr` in
the document and a `#!cpp std::weak_ptr` in each view) would make it larger, add reference counting to every copy,
and a `lock()` to every access — exactly the costs the view exists to avoid. What is caught is the obvious case:
because a view dies with its document, [`root()`](../../api/basic_json_document/root.md) is not callable on a
temporary document: `#!cpp auto v = json_document::parse(text).root();` does not compile. Give the document a name
first.
The same holds for what a view hands out without copying: a string from
[`get_string()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md), a token from
[`number_token()`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md), and [`string_view` members](reading.md#string_view-members)
of decoded structs are valid only as long as the document and, if it borrows, its source text.
??? example "Example: borrowed and owned documents, and when views become invalid"
```cpp
--8<-- "examples/json_view_ownership.cpp"
```
Output:
```json
--8<-- "examples/json_view_ownership.output"
```
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`basic_json_document`](../../api/basic_json_document/index.md) - the document that owns the parsed index
- [`owns_source()`](../../api/basic_json_document/owns_source.md) - whether a document borrows its source text
## Version history
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# Reading values
## Getting values out without copying
[`get<T>()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) converts most `T` directly from the flat index, without ever building a
`basic_json` value for the conversion: `#!cpp bool`, arithmetic types, `#!cpp std::nullptr_t`,
`#!cpp std::string`/other `#!cpp std::basic_string`s (copied once), `basic_json_view` itself, the standard containers
and other types the library converts (`#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::list`, `#!cpp std::array`,
`#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::tuple`, `#!cpp std::optional`, ...), and the types of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` and
`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM` macros. Types whose `from_json()` is written for `basic_json` only go through
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)`.get<T>()` instead: the subtree is built into a real
`basic_json` value first, exactly as [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) would, and converted from there. See
[A `from_json()` that reads views](generic_code.md#a-from_json-that-reads-views) for how to write a `from_json()` that
reads views, and [Duplicate keys](differences.md#duplicate-keys) for the one case in which the two ways give different
results.
Two conversions never copy at all:
- [`get_string()`](../../api/basic_json_view/get_string.md) (equivalently, `#!cpp get<string_view_t>()`) returns a
string as a `string_view_t` pointing into the document's [`source()`](../../api/basic_json_document/source.md) text
— or, for a string that contains escape sequences, into the document's own buffer of decoded strings — instead of
allocating a new `#!cpp std::string`.
- [`number_token()`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_token.md) returns a number exactly as it was written in the
source, e.g. `#!cpp "1.50"`, `#!cpp "1E2"`, or an integer with more digits than any number type holds, instead of
rounding it into a `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t` the way `#!cpp get<T>()` (and
[`basic_json::parse()`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md)) would.
Both results are only valid as long as the document and, if it [borrows its source text](lifetime.md), that text.
### `string_view` members
A struct whose member is a `#!cpp std::string_view` (C++17) can be decoded from a view with the
`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` macros, and the member is not copied either: for a string without escape sequences it points
into the document's source text, and for a string with escape sequences into the document's buffer of decoded
strings. The member is valid as long as the document is alive and, for a document that
[borrows its source text](lifetime.md) (as [`parse()`](../../api/basic_json_document/parse.md) does for an lvalue
`#!cpp std::string`, a `#!cpp std::string_view`, or a C string), as long as that text is.
```cpp
struct record
{
std::string_view name;
int count;
NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(record, name, count)
};
const std::string text = R"({"name": "widget", "count": 3})";
const json_document doc = json_document::parse(text); // borrows text
const record r = doc.root().get<record>(); // r.name points into text, valid while text and doc are
```
!!! warning "Decoding into a `string_view` from a `json` value dangles at once"
The same struct also compiles with `#!cpp json::parse(text).get<record>()`, but there `name` points into the
temporary `json` value, which is destroyed at the end of the statement. Use a named
[`json_document`](../../api/json_document.md), as above, to decode such a struct.
## Writing a view back
[`dump()`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) serializes a view directly from the flat index, without ever building a
`basic_json` value. It writes object members in document order and every occurrence of a repeated key, so it can
differ from `#!cpp materialize().dump()`; see [Serialization](differences.md#serialization).
By default, numbers are written the way [`basic_json::dump()`](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) would.
[`number_format::source`](../../api/basic_json_view/number_format.md) instead copies every number exactly as it was
written in the source text — a price like `#!cpp 19.90`, a long order or account ID with more digits than any number
type holds, or a high-precision coordinate — something `basic_json` cannot do at all, since parsing already reduces
a number to its parsed `#!cpp double`/`#!cpp int64_t` value. Together with an [editable document](editing.md), this
lets you patch a file without reformatting the rest of it.
[`operator<<`](../../api/basic_json_view/operator_ltlt.md) writes a view to a stream the way `basic_json`'s does, using
the stream's `width`/`fill` for indentation.
## See also
- [Zero-copy JSON views](index.md) - overview
- [`get`](../../api/basic_json_view/get.md) - convert a view
- [`dump`](../../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) - serialize a view
- [Writing generic code](generic_code.md) - functions and `from_json()` overloads that accept views
## Version history
- Added in version 3.13.0.
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/modifying_values.md
+2 -2
View File
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ a.erase(1); // [1,3,4] (erase by index)
## Editing a document
The operations above work on a `basic_json` value. A JSON text that was parsed into a
[document](json_view.md#editing-a-document) can also be changed in place, without building a `basic_json` tree for the
[document](json_view/editing.md) can also be changed in place, without building a `basic_json` tree for the
parts that are not touched: [`set`](../api/basic_json_document/set.md) replaces a value, adds or replaces an object
member, or replaces an array element (also through a JSON pointer),
[`push_back`](../api/basic_json_document/push_back.md) appends to an array,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ editable document types, such as [`json_editable_document`](../api/json_editable
- [`merge_patch`](../api/basic_json/merge_patch.md) - apply an RFC 7396 merge patch
- [`erase`](../api/basic_json/erase.md) - / [`clear`](../api/basic_json/clear.md) - remove elements
- [JSON Patch and Diff](json_patch.md) - and [JSON Merge Patch](merge_patch.md) - structured modifications
- [Editing a document](json_view.md#editing-a-document) - change a parsed document in place
- [Editing a document](json_view/editing.md) - change a parsed document in place
- [`insert`](../api/basic_json/insert.md) - insert elements at an iterator position or merge a range
- [`operator+=`](../api/basic_json/operator+=.md) - shorthand for `push_back`
- [Element Access](element_access/index.md) - read elements
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/parsing/index.md
+19 -6
View File
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ std::ifstream f("example.json");
json data = json::parse(f);
```
See [Reading and writing files](../files.md) for checking that the file was opened and for writing files safely.
The input must be encoded in UTF-8; other encodings are not supported. The exception is wide-character input, which
is read as UTF-16 or UTF-32 — depending on the character type — and converted to UTF-8; see the
[`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) page for an example. A single input may contain only one JSON value.
@@ -75,15 +77,26 @@ them faster than others:
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| strings, string views, string literals, contiguous containers, pointer or iterator ranges over contiguous memory | the whole input is scanned in bulk: runs of string characters, numbers, and indentation are recognized several bytes at a time |
| `#!cpp std::istream` (`#!cpp std::ifstream`, `#!cpp std::istringstream`, ...) | the characters the stream buffer holds are scanned in bulk like a string; the stream buffer is asked for more when they are used up |
| `#!cpp FILE*` | one character at a time, with the file locked once for the whole parse |
| `#!cpp FILE*` | with glibc and the Apple C library, the characters the `FILE` holds in its buffer are scanned in bulk like a stream's; elsewhere one character at a time; the file is locked once for the whole parse |
| other iterator ranges (e.g., `#!cpp std::list<char>`, `#!cpp std::istreambuf_iterator<char>`), wide strings | one character at a time |
Parsing a file from a `#!cpp std::ifstream` is therefore only about 10 to 20 % slower than reading the whole file into a
`#!cpp std::string` first and parsing that, and it needs no memory for a copy of the file. The stream is never read
Input in one block of memory is read even faster with the default options (no
[parser callback](../../api/basic_json/parser_callback_t.md), no comments, no trailing commas, and for `sax_parse()`
`strict = true`): `parse()`, `accept()`, and `sax_parse()` then read the grammar and the tokens in one loop over the
memory. Only after an error do `parse()` and `sax_parse()` read the input again, to report the error exactly as before.
This faster path is not used when [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) is
enabled, because the positions are recorded by the default parser: the input is then parsed as before, at the same speed
as before.
Parsing a file from a `#!cpp std::ifstream` therefore takes about 1.15 to 1.45 times as long as reading the whole file
into a `#!cpp std::string` first and parsing that, but it needs no memory for a copy of the file. The stream is never read
ahead: after parsing, it is positioned exactly as if every character had been read one at a time, so
[`operator>>`](../../api/operator_gtgt.md) can still read several values from one stream (see also
[JSON Lines](json_lines.md)).
This does not hold for [`json_document`](../json_view/index.md): it reads a stream into a buffer it owns, so the stream saves
no memory, and reading the file into a `#!cpp std::string` yourself and borrowing it is about 6 to 12 % faster.
Two macros switch these optimizations off without changing any result:
[`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](../../api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md) for stream buffers that do not
follow the usual `std::streambuf` contract, and
@@ -110,7 +123,7 @@ The library offers two parsing models, and a third, read-only alternative:
reads the same JSON grammar but builds a flat, read-only index of the values instead of a `basic_json` tree. Strings and
floating-point numbers are read from the text on demand, and only the parts you
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) become `basic_json` values. This avoids most of the work when you
need only a few values from a large or frequently parsed text; see [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md). It is read-only, so use
need only a few values from a large or frequently parsed text; see [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view/index.md). It is read-only, so use
`parse` when you need to modify the value.
You can influence a DOM parse without switching to the SAX interface by passing a
@@ -134,7 +147,7 @@ json_document doc = json_document::parse(R"({"happy": true, "pi": 3.141})");
std::cout << doc.root()["happy"].get<bool>() << '\n';
```
See [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
See [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view/index.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
## Exceptions
@@ -153,7 +166,7 @@ options.
- [Large, streamed, and partial input](large_and_partial_input.md) - chunked, concatenated, and very large input
- [parser callbacks](parser_callbacks.md) - influence the parsing by a callback function
- [SAX interface](sax_interface.md) - implement a custom SAX handler
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) - parse into a read-only document and read it through views
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view/index.md) - parse into a read-only document and read it through views
- [parsing and exceptions](parse_exceptions.md) - control error handling
- [parsing untrusted input](untrusted_input.md) - what to consider when parsing input from untrusted sources
- [`operator>>`](../../api/operator_gtgt.md) - deserialize from stream
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/parsing/large_and_partial_input.md
+3 -3
View File
@@ -156,11 +156,11 @@ record the reason in the handler (here: `id`) if you need to tell the two apart.
### Read parts of a large document with a view
If the whole text is available and you only need to read some of it, a [`json_document`](../json_view.md) from
If the whole text is available and you only need to read some of it, a [`json_document`](../json_view/index.md) from
`<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>` (added in version 3.13.0) avoids the `basic_json` tree altogether: it keeps the text, builds a flat index of the values,
and gives read-only [views](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) of the parts you look at. Only what you
[`materialize()`](../../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) becomes a `basic_json` value. See
[Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) for details and for the lifetime rules.
[Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view/index.md) for details and for the lifetime rules.
## See also
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ and gives read-only [views](../../api/basic_json_view/index.md) of the parts you
- [JSON Lines](json_lines.md) - newline-delimited JSON
- [Parser callbacks](parser_callbacks.md) - discard values while parsing
- [SAX interface](sax_interface.md) - event-based parsing
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view.md) - read parts of a large document without building a tree
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../json_view/index.md) - read parts of a large document without building a tree
- [Untrusted input](untrusted_input.md) - limits for input you do not control
- [`operator>>`](../../api/operator_gtgt.md) - deserialize from stream
- [`parse`](../../api/basic_json/parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/performance.md
+13 -11
View File
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ A `#!cpp std::istream` (including `#!cpp std::ifstream`) gets the same bulk scan
characters its stream buffer already holds (the *get area*) and asks the stream buffer for more only when they are used
up. Nothing is read ahead, so the stream is left exactly where it would be after reading one character at a time, and
[`operator>>`](../api/operator_gtgt.md) can still read several values from one stream. A stream buffer without a get
area is read one character at a time. A `#!cpp FILE*` is still read one character at a time, but `file_input_adapter`
locks the file once per parse instead of once per character. See
[input sources and performance](parsing/index.md#input-sources-and-performance) for the full table. According to the
description of [#5828](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/5828), parsing from a stream is within about 10 to 20 % of
parsing an equivalent `#!cpp std::string`.
area is read one character at a time. A `#!cpp FILE*` is locked once per parse instead of once per character, and with
glibc and the Apple C library, the characters in its buffer are scanned in bulk as a stream's get area is. See
[input sources and performance](parsing/index.md#input-sources-and-performance) for the full table. Parsing from a
stream takes about 1.15 to 1.45 times as long as parsing an equivalent `#!cpp std::string`, which `parse()` reads with
a parser of its own (see there).
Inputs that are still read one character at a time: iterator ranges that are not contiguous (e.g.
`#!cpp std::list<char>` or `#!cpp std::istreambuf_iterator<char>`), wide strings, and user-defined adapters. An
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ iterator pair over non-contiguous but random-access storage (e.g. `#!cpp std::de
optimization but not the second, since the byte-scanning fast path requires contiguous storage.
Practically: a file can be passed directly to `parse`, which also avoids the memory for a copy of the file. Reading it
into a string first is no longer necessary for speed:
into a string first is no longer necessary for speed (this is for `#!cpp json::parse`; a
[`json_document`](json_view/index.md) reads a stream into an owned buffer anyway, so for it reading the file into a string
and borrowing that is the faster way):
```cpp
// fast: the stream buffer's get area is scanned in bulk
@@ -71,12 +73,12 @@ a DOM, three alternatives avoid building it:
discard finished elements as soon as they are handled, so memory usage stays bounded by one element (plus the
unparsed remainder of the input) instead of the whole document — see the [recipe for streaming a large homogeneous
array](parsing/parser_callbacks.md#recipe-streaming-a-large-homogeneous-array).
- Parse into a [`json_document`](json_view.md) (`#!cpp <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`) instead of a `basic_json`. It keeps
- Parse into a [`json_document`](json_view/index.md) (`#!cpp <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`) instead of a `basic_json`. It keeps
the input text and builds a flat index of 16 bytes per value; strings and floating-point numbers are not copied, but
read from the text when needed. Read-only [views](../api/basic_json_view/index.md) give the familiar element access, and only the
parts you [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) become `basic_json` values. A document that
borrows the text instead of owning a copy needs the text to outlive it; see
[choosing between `json`, the SAX interface, and `json_view`](json_view.md#choosing-between-json-ordered_json-the-sax-interface-and-json_view).
[choosing between `json`, the SAX interface, and `json_view`](json_view/index.md#choosing-between-json-ordered_json-the-sax-interface-and-json_view).
If the data is naturally record-oriented, consider [JSON Lines](parsing/json_lines.md) instead of one large JSON
document: reading and parsing it line by line with `#!cpp std::getline` means only one line's value is ever in memory
@@ -180,11 +182,11 @@ an adapter, since their template argument order does not match what `basic_json`
large value therefore doubles its memory; see [Avoiding copies](#avoiding-copies). `#!cpp auto x = j["key"];` is a
copy, `#!cpp auto& x = j["key"];` is not.
- **A moved-from value is `null`.** After `#!cpp json c = std::move(a);` the value `a` is `#!json null` and owns nothing.
- **Reading does not require a tree.** If you only read the data, parse it into a [`json_document`](json_view.md)
- **Reading does not require a tree.** If you only read the data, parse it into a [`json_document`](json_view/index.md)
(`#!cpp <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`, added in version 3.13.0) instead of a `basic_json`. It stores 16 bytes per value, does not copy floating-point
numbers or strings without escape sequences out of the text, and creates no `basic_json` value except for the parts
you [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md). A document that borrows the text needs the text to
outlive it; see [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md).
outlive it; see [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md).
- **Containers keep their capacity.** `clear()` and `erase()` on an array remove the elements, but the underlying
`#!cpp std::vector` keeps its allocated capacity, like `#!cpp std::vector::clear` does. To give the memory back,
assign a new value (`#!cpp j = json::array();`) or destroy the value.
@@ -265,7 +267,7 @@ those headers are then never processed by the compiler at all.
- [Architecture](../home/architecture.md) - how input adapters, the lexer, and the serializer fit together
- [Parsing](parsing/index.md) - the available parsing functions and inputs
- [SAX interface](parsing/sax_interface.md) - parse without building a DOM
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view.md) - parse into a flat index of the text and read it without building a DOM
- [Zero-copy JSON views](json_view/index.md) - parse into a flat index of the text and read it without building a DOM
- [Binary formats](binary_formats/index.md) - compact alternatives to JSON text
- [Object Order](object_order.md) - `json` vs. `ordered_json` and other `ObjectType` choices
- [Template Parameter Requirements](types/template_parameters.md) - custom container and allocator types
docs/mkdocs/docs/features/serialization.md
+3
View File
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ To write a value directly to a stream (for example, a file or `#!cpp std::cout`)
std::cout << j << std::endl;
```
To write a file without leaving a truncated file behind when serialization fails, see
[Reading and writing files](files.md#writing-a-json-file).
!!! note "String, not raw value"
`dump` always returns a **JSON text**. Serializing a JSON string therefore includes the surrounding quotes and
docs/mkdocs/docs/home/architecture.md
+3 -3
View File
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The public headers are in [`include/nlohmann`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/
- [`json_view.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/include/nlohmann/json_view.hpp) is a separate,
optional header that defines [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) and
[`basic_json_view`](../api/basic_json_view/index.md), a flat-index, read-only, non-owning way to look at a parsed
JSON text; see [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md). It builds on `json.hpp` internals (it requires the
JSON text; see [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md). It builds on `json.hpp` internals (it requires the
same library version) and has its own `detail/view/` subdirectory.
Everything else lives in [`detail/`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/include/nlohmann/detail) and namespace `nlohmann::detail`, which is not part of the public API. Paths
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ maintains the invariant that the pointer matching `m_type` is never null; `asser
## Node index of JSON views
A [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) (see [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md))
A [`basic_json_document`](../api/basic_json_document/index.md) (see [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md))
does not build a tree of values. Its parser
([`detail/view/builder.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/include/nlohmann/detail/view/builder.hpp))
writes a flat array of 16-byte nodes, one per value and one per object key, in document order. A
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ release. Besides the components above, it contains:
- [`adl_serializer`](../api/adl_serializer/index.md) - customization point for type conversions
- [`json_sax`](../api/json_sax/index.md) - interface of the SAX parser events
- [SAX Interface](../features/parsing/sax_interface.md) - how to consume parser events without building a DOM
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view.md) - the flat node index that backs views and documents
- [Zero-copy JSON views](../features/json_view/index.md) - the flat node index that backs views and documents
- [Template Parameter Requirements](../features/types/template_parameters.md) - the template parameters of basic_json
- [Serialization](../features/serialization.md) - the output side of the library
- [`nlohmann` Namespace](../features/namespace.md) - how the library namespace is structured
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