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Author SHA1 Message Date
Niels Lohmann c3219fdc30 Return the parsed value by move from from_cbor() and friends
The binary entry points end with

    return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);

The condition operator's second operand is an lvalue, so this is not a case
where the return value can be elided or implicitly moved from: every
successful from_cbor(), from_msgpack(), from_ubjson(), from_bjdata() and
from_bson() call deep-copies the value it just parsed, and then destroys the
original.

The copy is not cheap, and it is not incidental: basic_json's copy
constructor walks the whole value. Parsing a 2 MB CBOR document with 60,000
objects, median of 25 runs, clang 17 -O3:

    from_cbor      26.99 ms  ->  14.65 ms
    from_msgpack   26.82 ms  ->  14.82 ms

Moving instead of copying is the entire change; the parsed value is not used
again after the return expression is evaluated.

There is a second reason to prefer the move. The copy constructor recurses
once per nesting level, so the copy is also a stack-overflow path on the
return side, on a value the reader has already accepted. That is currently
masked because the readers themselves recurse and overflow first (#5104), but
it has to be fixed for making them iterative to have any effect.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-06 16:41:35 +02:00
4 changed files with 30 additions and 121 deletions
+2 -6
View File
@@ -34,14 +34,10 @@ void swap(typename binary_t::container_type& other);
```
1. Exchanges the contents of the JSON value with those of `other`. Does not invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on
individual elements. All iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is invalidated. If macro
[`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) is defined to `#!cpp 1`, the
[`start_pos()`](start_pos.md)/[`end_pos()`](end_pos.md) diagnostic positions are exchanged along with the value.
individual elements. All iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is invalidated.
2. Exchanges the contents of the JSON value from `left` with those of `right`. Does not invoke any move, copy, or swap
operations on individual elements. All iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
invalidated. Implemented as a friend function callable via ADL. If macro
[`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md) is defined to `#!cpp 1`, the
[`start_pos()`](start_pos.md)/[`end_pos()`](end_pos.md) diagnostic positions are exchanged along with the value.
invalidated. Implemented as a friend function callable via ADL.
3. Exchanges the contents of a JSON array with those of `other`. Does not invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on
individual elements. All iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is invalidated.
4. Exchanges the contents of a JSON object with those of `other`. Does not invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on
+14 -19
View File
@@ -3547,11 +3547,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
std::swap(m_data.m_type, other.m_data.m_type);
std::swap(m_data.m_value, other.m_data.m_value);
#if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
std::swap(start_position, other.start_position);
std::swap(end_position, other.end_position);
#endif
set_parents();
other.set_parents();
assert_invariant();
@@ -4479,7 +4474,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4496,7 +4491,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -4522,7 +4517,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
@@ -4537,7 +4532,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4553,7 +4548,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -4577,7 +4572,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
@@ -4592,7 +4587,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4608,7 +4603,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -4632,7 +4627,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
@@ -4647,7 +4642,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4663,7 +4658,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
@@ -4678,7 +4673,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -4694,7 +4689,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -4718,7 +4713,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @}
+14 -19
View File
@@ -24975,11 +24975,6 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
std::swap(m_data.m_type, other.m_data.m_type);
std::swap(m_data.m_value, other.m_data.m_value);
#if JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
std::swap(start_position, other.start_position);
std::swap(end_position, other.end_position);
#endif
set_parents();
other.set_parents();
assert_invariant();
@@ -25907,7 +25902,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in CBOR format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -25924,7 +25919,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -25950,7 +25945,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::cbor).sax_parse(input_format_t::cbor, &sdp, strict, tag_handler); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format
@@ -25965,7 +25960,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in MessagePack format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -25981,7 +25976,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -26005,7 +26000,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::msgpack).sax_parse(input_format_t::msgpack, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format
@@ -26020,7 +26015,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in UBJSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26036,7 +26031,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -26060,7 +26055,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::ubjson).sax_parse(input_format_t::ubjson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format
@@ -26075,7 +26070,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BJData format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26091,7 +26086,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bjdata).sax_parse(input_format_t::bjdata, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format
@@ -26106,7 +26101,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::forward<InputType>(i));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @brief create a JSON value from an input in BSON format (iterator pair, or iterator+sentinel pair for C++20 ranges support)
@@ -26122,7 +26117,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
auto ia = detail::input_adapter(std::move(first), std::move(last));
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
template<typename T>
@@ -26146,7 +26141,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
detail::json_sax_dom_parser<basic_json, decltype(ia)> sdp(result, allow_exceptions);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(hicpp-move-const-arg,performance-move-const-arg)
const bool res = binary_reader<decltype(ia)>(std::move(ia), input_format_t::bson).sax_parse(input_format_t::bson, &sdp, strict); // cppcheck-suppress[accessMoved]
return res ? result : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
return res ? std::move(result) : basic_json(value_t::discarded);
}
/// @}
@@ -1955,80 +1955,3 @@ TEST_CASE("parser class")
}
}
}
TEST_CASE("diagnostic positions: value lifetime")
{
SECTION("copy constructor copies positions, recursively")
{
const std::string s = R"({"a":1,"b":[1,2,3]})";
const json a = json::parse(s);
const json b = a; // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization)
CHECK(b.start_pos() == a.start_pos());
CHECK(b.end_pos() == a.end_pos());
CHECK(b["b"].start_pos() == a["b"].start_pos());
CHECK(b["b"].end_pos() == a["b"].end_pos());
}
SECTION("move constructor resets the moved-from value to npos")
{
const std::string s = R"({"a":1,"b":[1,2,3]})";
json a = json::parse(s);
const auto a_start = a.start_pos();
const auto a_end = a.end_pos();
const json b(std::move(a));
CHECK(b.start_pos() == a_start);
CHECK(b.end_pos() == a_end);
CHECK(a.start_pos() == std::string::npos); // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move,clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move)
CHECK(a.end_pos() == std::string::npos); // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move,clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move)
}
SECTION("swap() exchanges positions along with the values")
{
// basic_json::swap() (and the friend swap() that forwards to it) used
// to swap only m_data.m_type/m_data.m_value, leaving
// start_position/end_position untouched -- unlike copy-assignment's
// operator=(basic_json), which swaps positions as part of its
// copy-and-swap implementation. After swap(a, b), each value ended up
// with the *other* value's content but its *own* original position.
// This is now fixed so that swap() is consistent with copy-assignment.
json a = json::parse(R"({"a":1})");
json b = json::parse(R"([1,2,3,4,5])");
const auto a_start = a.start_pos();
const auto a_end = a.end_pos();
const auto b_start = b.start_pos();
const auto b_end = b.end_pos();
// lengths (and thus end positions) differ, which is enough to tell
// after the swap whether positions actually moved with the values
CHECK(a_end != b_end);
using std::swap;
swap(a, b);
CHECK(a == json::parse(R"([1,2,3,4,5])"));
CHECK(b == json::parse(R"({"a":1})"));
CHECK(a.start_pos() == b_start);
CHECK(a.end_pos() == b_end);
CHECK(b.start_pos() == a_start);
CHECK(b.end_pos() == a_end);
// member swap() behaves the same as the free function
json c = json::parse(R"({"a":1})");
json d = json::parse(R"([1,2,3,4,5])");
const auto c_start = c.start_pos();
const auto c_end = c.end_pos();
const auto d_start = d.start_pos();
const auto d_end = d.end_pos();
c.swap(d);
CHECK(c.start_pos() == d_start);
CHECK(c.end_pos() == d_end);
CHECK(d.start_pos() == c_start);
CHECK(d.end_pos() == c_end);
}
}