Move the default enum-keyed map tests out of unit-conversions.cpp

The Windows clang 20.1.8 job (MinGW, Debug) failed to link
test-conversions_cpp17 with "relocation truncated to fit:
IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32 against .rdata": the object file of
unit-conversions.cpp was already close to the limit, and the new
"maps with enum keys" test case pushed it over. windows.yml asks to keep
these objects small by splitting test files.

Move the test case unchanged into unit-enum_keyed_maps_default.cpp,
with the three enums it needs. It still honors a -D flag for
JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS, as before. unit-conversions.cpp
is back to its state on develop.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ jobs:
     container: ubuntu:focal
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_noglobaludls, ci_test_disableenumserialization, ci_test_disabletuplereferenceconversion, ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck, ci_test_simdutf, ci_test_strict_nul_handling, ci_test_no_thread_local]
+        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_noglobaludls, ci_test_disableenumserialization, ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck, ci_test_simdutf, ci_test_strict_nul_handling, ci_test_no_thread_local]
     steps:
       - name: Install build-essential
         run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y build-essential unzip wget git libssl-dev

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ option(JSON_Diagnostic_Positions           "Enable diagnostic positions." OFF)
 option(JSON_GlobalUDLs                     "Place user-defined string literals in the global namespace." ON)
 option(JSON_ImplicitConversions            "Enable implicit conversions." ON)
 option(JSON_DisableEnumSerialization       "Disable default integer enum serialization." OFF)
-option(JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion "Disable conversion from a one-element tuple of a JSON reference." OFF)
 option(JSON_LegacyDiscardedValueComparison "Enable legacy discarded value comparison." OFF)
 option(JSON_Install                        "Install CMake targets during install step." ${MAIN_PROJECT})
 option(JSON_MultipleHeaders                "Use non-amalgamated version of the library." ON)
@@ -102,10 +101,6 @@ if (JSON_DisableEnumSerialization)
     message(STATUS "Enum integer serialization is disabled (JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION=1)")
 endif()
 
-if (JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion)
-    message(STATUS "Tuple reference conversion is disabled (JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION=1)")
-endif()
-
 if (JSON_LegacyDiscardedValueComparison)
     message(STATUS "Legacy discarded value comparison enabled (JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON=1)")
 endif()
@@ -148,7 +143,6 @@ target_compile_definitions(
     $<$<NOT:$<BOOL:${JSON_GlobalUDLs}>>:JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS=0>
     $<$<NOT:$<BOOL:${JSON_ImplicitConversions}>>:JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS=0>
     $<$<BOOL:${JSON_DisableEnumSerialization}>:JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION=1>
-    $<$<BOOL:${JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion}>:JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION=1>
     $<$<BOOL:${JSON_Diagnostics}>:JSON_DIAGNOSTICS=1>
     $<$<BOOL:${JSON_Diagnostic_Positions}>:JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS=1>
     $<$<BOOL:${JSON_LegacyDiscardedValueComparison}>:JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON=1>

cmake/ci.cmake

@@ -276,20 +276,6 @@ add_custom_target(ci_test_disableenumserialization
     COMMENT "Compile and test with enum serialization disabled"
 )
 
-###############################################################################
-# Disable conversion from a one-element tuple of a JSON reference.
-###############################################################################
-
-add_custom_target(ci_test_disabletuplereferenceconversion
-    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
-    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
-    -DJSON_BuildTests=ON -DJSON_FastTests=ON -DJSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion=ON
-    -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disabletuplereferenceconversion
-    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disabletuplereferenceconversion
-    COMMAND cd ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_disabletuplereferenceconversion && ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND} --parallel ${N} --output-on-failure
-    COMMENT "Compile and test with tuple reference conversion disabled"
-)
-
 ###############################################################################
 # Skip the multiple-inclusion library version check.
 ###############################################################################

docs/docset/docSet.sql

@@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_CATCH_USER', 'Macro', 'a
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_DIAGNOSTICS', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_diagnostics/index.html');
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions/index.html');
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization/index.html');
-INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion/index.html');
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_HAS_CPP_11', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_has_cpp_11/index.html');
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_HAS_CPP_14', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_has_cpp_11/index.html');
 INSERT INTO searchIndex(name, type, path) VALUES ('JSON_HAS_CPP_17', 'Macro', 'api/macros/json_has_cpp_11/index.html');

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/basic_json.md

@@ -159,8 +159,6 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
     - `CompatibleType` is not `basic_json` (to avoid hijacking copy/move constructors),
     - `CompatibleType` is not a different `basic_json` type (i.e. with different template arguments)
     - `CompatibleType` is not a `basic_json` nested type (e.g., `json_pointer`, `iterator`, etc.)
-    - if [`JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION`](../macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md) is defined
-      to `1`: `CompatibleType` is not a one-element `std::tuple` holding a reference to `basic_json`
     - `json_serializer<U>` (with `U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`) has a `to_json(basic_json_t&, CompatibleType&&)`
        method
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/index.md

@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@ header. See also the [macro overview page](../../features/macros.md).
 
 - [**JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS**](json_brace_init_copy_semantics.md) - opt in to copy/move semantics for single-element brace initialization
 - [**JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION**](json_disable_enum_serialization.md) - switch off default serialization/deserialization functions for enums
-- [**JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION**](json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md) - switch off conversion from a one-element tuple of a JSON reference
 - [**JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS**](json_use_implicit_conversions.md) - control implicit conversions
+- [**JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS**](json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md) - opt in to storing maps with enum
+  keys as objects
 
 ## Comparison behavior
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-# JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-
-```cpp
-#define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION /* value */
-```
-
-When defined to `1`, a `basic_json` value can no longer be constructed from a one-element `std::tuple` whose element is
-a reference to that `basic_json` type, such as `std::tuple<json&>`, `std::tuple<const json&>`, or `std::tuple<json&&>`.
-These are the tuples created by `std::forward_as_tuple(j)`.
-
-## Default definition
-
-The default value is `0` (disabled — existing behavior is preserved).
-
-```cpp
-#define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION 0
-```
-
-## Notes
-
-!!! note "Background"
-
-    By default, `basic_json` can be constructed from any `std::tuple` whose elements can be converted to JSON; the result
-    is an array. This includes `std::tuple<json&>`, which becomes a one-element array.
-
-    `std::tuple` only converts another tuple element by element if its element type cannot be constructed from the whole
-    source tuple. Because `json` *can* be constructed from `std::tuple<json&>`, `std::tuple` instead converts the whole
-    tuple into a single `json` value. This has two surprising effects:
-
-    ```cpp
-    json j = true;
-
-    // rejected by some standard libraries (e.g., libc++); with others, the
-    // reference binds to a temporary that is destroyed right away
-    std::tuple<const json&> t1(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-
-    // compiles, but std::get<0>(t2) is [true], not true
-    std::tuple<json> t2(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-    ```
-
-    Enabling this macro removes the conversion, so both tuples are converted element by element: `std::get<0>(t1)`
-    refers to `j`, and `std::get<0>(t2)` is a copy of `j` (see [#2226](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2226)).
-
-!!! warning "Opt-in only"
-
-    This macro must be defined **before** including `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. Defining it after the include has no effect.
-
-!!! note "Affected conversions"
-
-    Only one-element tuples holding a reference to the **same** `basic_json` type are affected. Constructing a JSON value
-    from them no longer compiles:
-
-    ```cpp
-    json j = true;
-    json a = std::forward_as_tuple(j);  // error with the macro enabled
-    json b = json::array({j});          // use this instead: [true]
-    ```
-
-    Tuples holding a JSON value (`std::make_tuple(j)`), tuples with more than one element, and tuples holding references
-    to other types (including other `basic_json` specializations) are converted to arrays as before.
-
-!!! hint "CMake option"
-
-    This behavior can also be controlled with the CMake option
-    [`JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion`](../../integration/cmake.md#json_disabletuplereferenceconversion)
-    (`OFF` by default) which defines `JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION` accordingly.
-
-## Examples
-
-??? example "Default behavior (macro not defined)"
-
-    ```cpp
-    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
-
-    using json = nlohmann::json;
-
-    int main()
-    {
-        json j = true;
-
-        std::tuple<json> t(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-        // std::get<0>(t) is [true] -- the whole tuple was converted
-    }
-    ```
-
-??? example "Conversion disabled (macro defined to 1)"
-
-    ```cpp
-    #define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION 1
-    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
-
-    using json = nlohmann::json;
-
-    int main()
-    {
-        json j = true;
-
-        std::tuple<json> t(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-        // std::get<0>(t) is true -- a copy of j
-
-        std::tuple<const json&> r(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-        // std::get<0>(r) refers to j
-    }
-    ```
-
-## See also
-
-- [**basic_json(CompatibleType&&)**](../basic_json/basic_json.md) - the affected constructor
-- [:simple-cmake: JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion](../../integration/cmake.md#json_disabletuplereferenceconversion) -
-  CMake option to control the macro
-
-## Version history
-
-- Added in version 3.13.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+
+```cpp
+#define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS /* value */
+```
+
+When defined to `1`, maps whose keys are enums (such as `std::map<E, T>` or `std::unordered_map<E, T>`) are stored as
+JSON objects, using the enum's own conversion for the keys. By default, they are stored as arrays of `[key, value]`
+pairs.
+
+## Default definition
+
+The default value is `0` (disabled — existing behavior is preserved).
+
+```cpp
+#define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 0
+```
+
+## Notes
+
+!!! note "Background"
+
+    JSON object keys are strings, so a map is only stored as an object if its keys can be converted to a string type.
+    Enums are not, even if [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) maps them to strings, so a
+    map with enum keys becomes an array of `[key, value]` pairs:
+
+    ```json
+    [["stopped", "aa"], ["completed", "bb"]]
+    ```
+
+    With this macro, the same map becomes an object
+    (see [#4378](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4378)):
+
+    ```json
+    {"completed": "bb", "stopped": "aa"}
+    ```
+
+!!! note "Maps with non-unique keys"
+
+    Maps that allow duplicate keys, such as `std::multimap<E, T>` or `std::unordered_multimap<E, T>`, are not affected
+    by the macro and are still stored as arrays of `[key, value]` pairs, as an object cannot hold duplicate keys.
+
+!!! note "Reading"
+
+    Reading is not affected by the macro: a map with enum keys can always be read from both an array of pairs and an
+    object. For the latter, each key is converted to the enum with its `from_json` function, e.g., the one defined by
+    [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md). Data written without the macro can therefore
+    still be read after enabling it.
+
+!!! warning "Keys must serialize to distinct strings"
+
+    Each key is converted with the enum's `to_json` function. If a key is not converted to a string (for instance, an
+    enum without [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md), which is stored as an integer, or an
+    enumerator mapped to `nullptr`), [`type_error.302`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error302) is thrown.
+    If two keys are converted to the same string (for instance, because
+    [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) maps an unlisted enumerator to the first entry),
+    [`type_error.318`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error318) is thrown. In both cases, the target value
+    is not changed.
+
+!!! warning "Opt-in only"
+
+    This macro must be defined **before** including `<nlohmann/json.hpp>`. Defining it after the include has no effect.
+
+!!! note "ABI compatibility"
+
+    The value of this macro is encoded in the [namespace](../../features/namespace.md) (tag `_ekmo`), resulting in
+    distinct symbol names. Translation units compiled with and without it can therefore be linked into the same program
+    without One Definition Rule (ODR) violations, but they cannot exchange instances of library types.
+
+## Examples
+
+??? example "Default behavior (macro not defined)"
+
+    Without the macro, a map with enum keys is stored as an array of pairs:
+
+    ```cpp
+    #include <map>
+    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+    using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+    enum TaskState { TS_STOPPED, TS_RUNNING, TS_COMPLETED };
+
+    NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(TaskState, {
+        {TS_STOPPED, "stopped"},
+        {TS_RUNNING, "running"},
+        {TS_COMPLETED, "completed"},
+    })
+
+    int main()
+    {
+        std::map<TaskState, std::string> m = {{TS_STOPPED, "aa"}, {TS_COMPLETED, "bb"}};
+
+        json j = m;
+        // j is [["stopped","aa"],["completed","bb"]]
+    }
+    ```
+
+??? example "Objects for enum-keyed maps (macro defined to 1)"
+
+    With the macro, the same map is stored as an object:
+
+    ```cpp
+    #define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 1
+    #include <map>
+    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+    using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+    enum TaskState { TS_STOPPED, TS_RUNNING, TS_COMPLETED };
+
+    NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(TaskState, {
+        {TS_STOPPED, "stopped"},
+        {TS_RUNNING, "running"},
+        {TS_COMPLETED, "completed"},
+    })
+
+    int main()
+    {
+        std::map<TaskState, std::string> m = {{TS_STOPPED, "aa"}, {TS_COMPLETED, "bb"}};
+
+        json j = m;
+        // j is {"completed":"bb","stopped":"aa"}
+
+        auto m2 = j.get<std::map<TaskState, std::string>>();
+        // m2 == m
+    }
+    ```
+
+## See also
+
+- [Specializing enum conversion](../../features/enum_conversion.md)
+- [**NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM**](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) - serialize/deserialize an enum
+- [**NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT**](nlohmann_json_serialize_enum_strict.md) - serialize/deserialize an enum with
+  exceptions
+
+## Version history
+
+- Added in version 3.13.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md

@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);
       conversion. Select this default pair carefully. See example 1 below.
     - If an enum or JSON value is specified in multiple conversions, the first matching conversion from the top of the
       list will be returned when converting to or from JSON. See example 2 below.
+    - Maps with enum keys (e.g., `std::map<ENUM_TYPE, T>`) are stored as arrays of `[key, value]` pairs by default.
+      Define [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md) to store them as objects
+      with the converted keys. Such maps can be read from both forms.
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);
 - [Specializing enum conversion](../../features/enum_conversion.md)
 - [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT`](./nlohmann_json_serialize_enum_strict.md)
 - [`JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION`](json_disable_enum_serialization.md)
+- [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md)
 
 ## Version history
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum_strict.md

@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);
       `"enum value out of range for <type>"`.
     - If an enum or JSON value is specified in multiple conversions, the first matching conversion from the top of the
       list will be returned when converting to or from JSON. See example 2 below.
+    - Maps with enum keys (e.g., `std::map<ENUM_TYPE, T>`) are stored as arrays of `[key, value]` pairs by default.
+      Define [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md) to store them as objects
+      with the converted keys. Such maps can be read from both forms.
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -99,6 +102,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);
 - [Specializing enum conversion](../../features/enum_conversion.md)
 - [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](./nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md)
 - [`JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION`](json_disable_enum_serialization.md)
+- [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md)
 
 ## Version history
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/enum_conversion.md

@@ -43,6 +43,23 @@ json jPi = 3.14;
 assert(jPi.get<TaskState>() == TS_INVALID );
 ```
 
+## Maps with enum keys
+
+By default, maps with enum keys, such as `std::map<TaskState, std::string>`, are stored as arrays of `[key, value]`
+pairs, because JSON object keys must be strings. Define
+[`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md) before including the
+library to store them as objects, with the keys converted by the enum's `to_json()` function:
+
+```cpp
+std::map<TaskState, std::string> m = {{TS_STOPPED, "aa"}, {TS_COMPLETED, "bb"}};
+
+json j = m;
+// default:                                   [["stopped","aa"],["completed","bb"]]
+// with JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS: {"completed":"bb","stopped":"aa"}
+```
+
+Either form can be read back, with or without the macro.
+
 ## Notes
 
 Just as in [Arbitrary Type Conversions](arbitrary_types.md) above,

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/macros.md

@@ -83,13 +83,6 @@ When defined, default parse and serialize functions for enums are excluded and h
 
 See [full documentation of `JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION`](../api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization.md).
 
-## `JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION`
-
-When defined to `1`, a JSON value can no longer be created from a one-element `std::tuple` holding a reference to a JSON
-value, such as the result of `std::forward_as_tuple(j)`. This lets `std::tuple` convert such tuples element-wise.
-
-See [full documentation of `JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION`](../api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md).
-
 ## `JSON_NO_IO`
 
 When defined, headers `<cstdio>`, `<ios>`, `<iosfwd>`, `<istream>`, and `<ostream>` are not included and parse functions
@@ -174,6 +167,13 @@ behavior is deprecated and switched off (`0`) by default.
 
 See [full documentation of `JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON`](../api/macros/json_use_legacy_discarded_value_comparison.md).
 
+## `JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`
+
+When defined to `1`, maps with enum keys (e.g., `std::map<E, T>`) are stored as objects, using the enum's conversion for
+the keys, instead of arrays of `[key, value]` pairs. It is switched off (`0`) by default.
+
+See [full documentation of `JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md).
+
 ## `JSON_USE_SIMDUTF`
 
 When defined, UTF-8 validation of JSON strings read from contiguous byte input is delegated to the

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/namespace.md

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ The complete default namespace name is derived as follows:
       `_bics`.
     - [`JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION`](../api/macros/json_precise_stream_position.md) defined non-zero appends `_psp`.
     - [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](../api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) defined non-zero appends `_snul`.
+    - [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md) defined non-zero
+      appends `_ekmo`.
 - The inline namespace ends with the suffix `_v` followed by the 3 components of the version number separated by
   underscores. To omit the version component, see [Disabling the version component](#disabling-the-version-component)
   below.

docs/mkdocs/docs/home/exceptions.md

@@ -589,6 +589,9 @@ During implicit or explicit value conversion, the JSON type must be compatible w
     [json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is object
     ```
 
+This exception is also thrown with [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md)
+if a key of a map with enum keys is not converted to a string, for instance, because the enum is stored as an integer.
+
 ### json.exception.type_error.303
 
 To retrieve a reference to a value stored in a `basic_json` object with `get_ref`, the type of the reference must match the value type. For instance, for a JSON array, the `ReferenceType` must be `array_t &`.
@@ -775,6 +778,19 @@ The dynamic type of the object cannot be represented in the requested serializat
 
     Encapsulate the JSON value in an object. That is, instead of serializing `#!json true`, serialize `#!json {"value": true}`
 
+### json.exception.type_error.318
+
+With [`JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS`](../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md), a map with enum
+keys is stored as an object. This exception is thrown if two of its keys are converted to the same string, so one of the
+entries would be lost. This happens, for instance, if [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md)
+does not list an enumerator and it is therefore converted like the first listed one.
+
+!!! failure "Example message"
+
+    ```
+    [json.exception.type_error.318] duplicate object key 'red'
+    ```
+
 ## Out of range
 
 This exception is thrown in case a library function is called on an input parameter that exceeds the expected range, for instance, in the case of array indices or nonexisting object keys.

docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/cmake.md

@@ -169,12 +169,6 @@ Enable position diagnostics by defining macro [`JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS`](../a
 Disable default `enum` serialization by defining the macro
 [`JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION`](../api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization.md). This option is `OFF` by default.
 
-### `JSON_DisableTupleReferenceConversion`
-
-Disable the conversion from a one-element `std::tuple` holding a reference to a JSON value by defining the macro
-[`JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION`](../api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md). This option is
-`OFF` by default.
-
 ### `JSON_FastTests`
 
 Skip expensive/slow test suites. This option is `OFF` by default. Depends on `JSON_BuildTests`.

docs/mkdocs/mkdocs.yml

@@ -287,7 +287,6 @@ nav:
           - 'JSON_DIAGNOSTICS': api/macros/json_diagnostics.md
           - 'JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS': api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions.md
           - 'JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION': api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization.md
-          - 'JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION': api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion.md
           - 'JSON_HAS_CPP_11, JSON_HAS_CPP_14, JSON_HAS_CPP_17, JSON_HAS_CPP_20': api/macros/json_has_cpp_11.md
           - 'JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM, JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM': api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md
           - 'JSON_HAS_RANGES': api/macros/json_has_ranges.md
@@ -304,6 +303,7 @@ nav:
           - 'JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS': api/macros/json_use_global_udls.md
           - 'JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS': api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md
           - 'JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON': api/macros/json_use_legacy_discarded_value_comparison.md
+          - 'JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS': api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps.md
           - 'JSON_USE_SIMDUTF': api/macros/json_use_simdutf.md
           - 'NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE': api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md
           - 'NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE': api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive.md

include/nlohmann/detail/abi_macros.hpp

@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
     #define JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING 0
 #endif
 
+#ifndef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 0
+#endif
+
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS _diag
 #else
@@ -82,14 +86,20 @@
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING
 #endif
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS _ekmo
+#else
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+#endif
+
 #ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
 // Construct the namespace ABI tags component
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f) \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f)
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f ## g
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) \
+    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
 
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS                                       \
     NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(                                   \
@@ -98,7 +108,8 @@
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS,              \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS,         \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION,           \
-            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING)
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING,               \
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS)
 
 // Construct the namespace version component
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT_EX(major, minor, patch) \

include/nlohmann/detail/conversions/from_json.hpp

@@ -550,11 +550,40 @@ auto from_json(BasicJsonType&& j, TupleRelated&& t)
     return from_json_tuple_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), std::forward<TupleRelated>(t), priority_tag<3> {});
 }
 
+// read a map with enum keys from an object, using the enum's own from_json for
+// the keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); this is the form written
+// with JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    if (!j.is_object())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    m.clear();
+    for (const auto& p : *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>())
+    {
+        m.emplace(BasicJsonType(p.first).template get<typename Map::key_type>(), p.second.template get<typename Map::mapped_type>());
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/, std::false_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare, typename Allocator,
            typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
                                         typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>& m)
 {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    if (from_json_enum_keyed_object(j, m, std::is_enum<Key> {}))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
     if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
     {
         JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
@@ -575,6 +604,11 @@ template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash,
                                         typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator>& m)
 {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    if (from_json_enum_keyed_object(j, m, std::is_enum<Key> {}))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
     if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
     {
         JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));

include/nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <valarray> // valarray
 #include <vector> // vector
 
+#include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
 #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
 #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
 #include <nlohmann/detail/meta/std_fs.hpp>
@@ -381,6 +382,9 @@ template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
                          !is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value
 #if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
     && !is_compatible_range_view<CompatibleArrayType>::value
+#endif
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    && !is_enum_keyed_map<CompatibleArrayType>::value
 #endif
                          ,
                          int > = 0 >
@@ -435,6 +439,33 @@ inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
     external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
 }
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+// store a map with enum keys as an object, using the enum's own to_json for the
+// keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); without the macro, such maps
+// are stored as arrays of [key, value] pairs
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumKeyedMap,
+           enable_if_t < is_enum_keyed_map<EnumKeyedMap>::value&& !is_basic_json<EnumKeyedMap>::value, int > = 0 >
+inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const EnumKeyedMap& map)
+{
+    typename BasicJsonType::object_t obj;
+    for (const auto& p : map)
+    {
+        BasicJsonType key = p.first;
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!key.is_string()))
+        {
+            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be string, but is ", key.type_name()), &key));
+        }
+
+        auto& key_string = *key.template get_ptr<typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!obj.emplace(key_string, BasicJsonType(p.second)).second))
+        {
+            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(318, concat("duplicate object key '", key_string, "'"), &key));
+        }
+    }
+    external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
+}
+#endif
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType>
 inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
 {
@@ -471,13 +502,11 @@ inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<
     j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... };
 }
 
-// A one-element braced list does not reliably wrap its element: with
-// JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS it copies it, which would serialize
-// std::tuple<int>{5} as 5 rather than [5], and some compilers (e.g., Apple clang
-// 15 and 16) copy an element that is itself a basic_json even without it, so
-// std::tuple<json>{true} became true rather than [true]. Build what the default
-// deduction builds instead: an object if the element is a [string, value] pair,
-// a one-element array otherwise.
+#if JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
+// JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS makes a one-element braced list copy its
+// element instead of wrapping it, which would serialize std::tuple<int>{5} as 5
+// rather than [5]. Build what the default deduction builds instead: an object
+// if the element is a [string, value] pair, a one-element array otherwise.
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
 inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<0> /*unused*/)
 {
@@ -495,6 +524,7 @@ inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<
         j = BasicJsonType::array({std::move(element)});
     }
 }
+#endif
 
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
 inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& /*unused*/, index_sequence<> /*unused*/)

include/nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp

@@ -916,10 +916,6 @@ void templated_json_throw(ExceptionType exception)
     #define JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION 0
 #endif
 
-#ifndef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-    #define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION 0
-#endif
-
 #ifndef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
     #define JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS 1
 #endif

include/nlohmann/detail/macro_unscope.hpp

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #undef JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE
 #undef JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
 #undef JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-#undef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
 #undef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
 
 #ifndef JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS
@@ -47,6 +46,7 @@
     #undef JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
     #undef JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION
     #undef JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING
+    #undef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
 #endif
 
 #include <nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley/hedley_undef.hpp>

include/nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp

@@ -400,6 +400,30 @@ template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
 struct is_compatible_object_type
     : is_compatible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType> {};
 
+template<typename T>
+using insert_result_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().insert(std::declval<const value_type_t<T>&>()));
+
+template<typename T>
+using insert_result_second_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().insert(std::declval<const value_type_t<T>&>()).second);
+
+// a map-like type (std::map, std::unordered_map, ...) whose keys are enums; see
+// JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+template<typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_enum_keyed_map : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_enum_keyed_map <
+    T, enable_if_t < is_detected<mapped_type_t, T>::value&&
+    is_detected<key_type_t, T>::value >>
+{
+    // maps with non-unique keys (std::multimap, std::unordered_multimap, ...)
+    // are excluded, because an object cannot hold duplicate keys; they are
+    // detected by insert() returning an iterator instead of a pair<iterator, bool>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    static constexpr bool value = std::is_enum<typename T::key_type>::value &&
+                                  !(is_detected<insert_result_t, T>::value && !is_detected<insert_result_second_t, T>::value);
+};
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
          typename = void>
 struct is_constructible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
@@ -636,18 +660,6 @@ template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
 struct is_compatible_type
     : is_compatible_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType> {};
 
-// a one-element std::tuple holding a reference to BasicJsonType, as created by
-// std::forward_as_tuple(j); see JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct is_basic_json_reference_tuple : std::false_type {};
-
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct is_basic_json_reference_tuple<BasicJsonType, std::tuple<T>>
-{
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        std::is_reference<T>::value && std::is_same<uncvref_t<T>, BasicJsonType>::value;
-};
-
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
 struct is_compatible_binary_type
 {

include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -1595,12 +1595,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
     template < typename CompatibleType,
                typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
                detail::enable_if_t <
-                   !detail::is_basic_json<U>::value && detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value
-#if JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-                   // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2226
-                   && !detail::is_basic_json_reference_tuple<basic_json_t, U>::value
-#endif
-                   , int > = 0 >
+                   !detail::is_basic_json<U>::value && detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value, int > = 0 >
     basic_json(CompatibleType && val) noexcept(noexcept( // NOLINT(bugprone-forwarding-reference-overload,bugprone-exception-escape)
                 JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(std::declval<basic_json_t&>(),
                                            std::forward<CompatibleType>(val))))

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -103,6 +103,10 @@
     #define JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING 0
 #endif
 
+#ifndef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 0
+#endif
+
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS _diag
 #else
@@ -139,14 +143,20 @@
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING
 #endif
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS _ekmo
+#else
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+#endif
+
 #ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
 // Construct the namespace ABI tags component
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f) \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f)
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f ## g
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) \
+    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
 
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS                                       \
     NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(                                   \
@@ -155,7 +165,8 @@
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS,              \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS,         \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION,           \
-            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING)
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING,               \
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS)
 
 // Construct the namespace version component
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT_EX(major, minor, patch) \
@@ -3327,10 +3338,6 @@ void templated_json_throw(ExceptionType exception)
     #define JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION 0
 #endif
 
-#ifndef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-    #define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION 0
-#endif
-
 #ifndef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
     #define JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS 1
 #endif
@@ -4414,6 +4421,30 @@ template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType>
 struct is_compatible_object_type
     : is_compatible_object_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType> {};
 
+template<typename T>
+using insert_result_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().insert(std::declval<const value_type_t<T>&>()));
+
+template<typename T>
+using insert_result_second_t = decltype(std::declval<T&>().insert(std::declval<const value_type_t<T>&>()).second);
+
+// a map-like type (std::map, std::unordered_map, ...) whose keys are enums; see
+// JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+template<typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_enum_keyed_map : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_enum_keyed_map <
+    T, enable_if_t < is_detected<mapped_type_t, T>::value&&
+    is_detected<key_type_t, T>::value >>
+{
+    // maps with non-unique keys (std::multimap, std::unordered_multimap, ...)
+    // are excluded, because an object cannot hold duplicate keys; they are
+    // detected by insert() returning an iterator instead of a pair<iterator, bool>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    static constexpr bool value = std::is_enum<typename T::key_type>::value &&
+                                  !(is_detected<insert_result_t, T>::value && !is_detected<insert_result_second_t, T>::value);
+};
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
          typename = void>
 struct is_constructible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {};
@@ -4650,18 +4681,6 @@ template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleType>
 struct is_compatible_type
     : is_compatible_type_impl<BasicJsonType, CompatibleType> {};
 
-// a one-element std::tuple holding a reference to BasicJsonType, as created by
-// std::forward_as_tuple(j); see JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct is_basic_json_reference_tuple : std::false_type {};
-
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
-struct is_basic_json_reference_tuple<BasicJsonType, std::tuple<T>>
-{
-    static constexpr bool value =
-        std::is_reference<T>::value && std::is_same<uncvref_t<T>, BasicJsonType>::value;
-};
-
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
 struct is_compatible_binary_type
 {
@@ -6063,11 +6082,40 @@ auto from_json(BasicJsonType&& j, TupleRelated&& t)
     return from_json_tuple_impl(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), std::forward<TupleRelated>(t), priority_tag<3> {});
 }
 
+// read a map with enum keys from an object, using the enum's own from_json for
+// the keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); this is the form written
+// with JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    if (!j.is_object())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    m.clear();
+    for (const auto& p : *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>())
+    {
+        m.emplace(BasicJsonType(p.first).template get<typename Map::key_type>(), p.second.template get<typename Map::mapped_type>());
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/, std::false_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare, typename Allocator,
            typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
                                         typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>& m)
 {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    if (from_json_enum_keyed_object(j, m, std::is_enum<Key> {}))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
     if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
     {
         JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
@@ -6088,6 +6136,11 @@ template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash,
                                         typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator>& m)
 {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
+    if (from_json_enum_keyed_object(j, m, std::is_enum<Key> {}))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
     if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
     {
         JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be array, but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
@@ -6183,6 +6236,8 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
 #include <valarray> // valarray
 #include <vector> // vector
 
+// #include <nlohmann/detail/exceptions.hpp>
+
 // #include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
 //     __ _____ _____ _____
 //  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
@@ -6926,6 +6981,9 @@ template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
                          !is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value
 #if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
     && !is_compatible_range_view<CompatibleArrayType>::value
+#endif
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    && !is_enum_keyed_map<CompatibleArrayType>::value
 #endif
                          ,
                          int > = 0 >
@@ -6980,6 +7038,33 @@ inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
     external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
 }
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+// store a map with enum keys as an object, using the enum's own to_json for the
+// keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); without the macro, such maps
+// are stored as arrays of [key, value] pairs
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumKeyedMap,
+           enable_if_t < is_enum_keyed_map<EnumKeyedMap>::value&& !is_basic_json<EnumKeyedMap>::value, int > = 0 >
+inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const EnumKeyedMap& map)
+{
+    typename BasicJsonType::object_t obj;
+    for (const auto& p : map)
+    {
+        BasicJsonType key = p.first;
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!key.is_string()))
+        {
+            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(302, concat("type must be string, but is ", key.type_name()), &key));
+        }
+
+        auto& key_string = *key.template get_ptr<typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!obj.emplace(key_string, BasicJsonType(p.second)).second))
+        {
+            JSON_THROW(type_error::create(318, concat("duplicate object key '", key_string, "'"), &key));
+        }
+    }
+    external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
+}
+#endif
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType>
 inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
 {
@@ -7016,13 +7101,11 @@ inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<
     j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... };
 }
 
-// A one-element braced list does not reliably wrap its element: with
-// JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS it copies it, which would serialize
-// std::tuple<int>{5} as 5 rather than [5], and some compilers (e.g., Apple clang
-// 15 and 16) copy an element that is itself a basic_json even without it, so
-// std::tuple<json>{true} became true rather than [true]. Build what the default
-// deduction builds instead: an object if the element is a [string, value] pair,
-// a one-element array otherwise.
+#if JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
+// JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS makes a one-element braced list copy its
+// element instead of wrapping it, which would serialize std::tuple<int>{5} as 5
+// rather than [5]. Build what the default deduction builds instead: an object
+// if the element is a [string, value] pair, a one-element array otherwise.
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
 inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<0> /*unused*/)
 {
@@ -7040,6 +7123,7 @@ inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<
         j = BasicJsonType::array({std::move(element)});
     }
 }
+#endif
 
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
 inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& /*unused*/, index_sequence<> /*unused*/)
@@ -27495,12 +27579,7 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
     template < typename CompatibleType,
                typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
                detail::enable_if_t <
-                   !detail::is_basic_json<U>::value && detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value
-#if JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-                   // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2226
-                   && !detail::is_basic_json_reference_tuple<basic_json_t, U>::value
-#endif
-                   , int > = 0 >
+                   !detail::is_basic_json<U>::value && detail::is_compatible_type<basic_json_t, U>::value, int > = 0 >
     basic_json(CompatibleType && val) noexcept(noexcept( // NOLINT(bugprone-forwarding-reference-overload,bugprone-exception-escape)
             JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(std::declval<basic_json_t&>(),
                                        std::forward<CompatibleType>(val))))
@@ -32550,7 +32629,6 @@ struct formatter<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL, char> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-c
 #undef JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE
 #undef JSON_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
 #undef JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
-#undef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
 #undef JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS
 
 #ifndef JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS
@@ -32572,6 +32650,7 @@ struct formatter<nlohmann::NLOHMANN_BASIC_JSON_TPL, char> // NOLINT(cert-dcl58-c
     #undef JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
     #undef JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION
     #undef JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING
+    #undef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
 #endif
 
 // #include <nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley/hedley_undef.hpp>

single_include/nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp

@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@
     #define JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING 0
 #endif
 
+#ifndef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 0
+#endif
+
 #if JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTICS _diag
 #else
@@ -100,14 +104,20 @@
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING
 #endif
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS _ekmo
+#else
+    #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+#endif
+
 #ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION
     #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
 // Construct the namespace ABI tags component
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f
-#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f) \
-    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f)
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) json_abi ## a ## b ## c ## d ## e ## f ## g
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) \
+    NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT_EX(a, b, c, d, e, f, g)
 
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS                                       \
     NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS_CONCAT(                                   \
@@ -116,7 +126,8 @@
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS,              \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS,         \
             NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION,           \
-            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING)
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING,               \
+            NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAG_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS)
 
 // Construct the namespace version component
 #define NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_VERSION_CONCAT_EX(major, minor, patch) \

tests/abi/config/default.cpp

@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ TEST_CASE("default namespace")
         expected += "_snul";
 #endif
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+        expected += "_ekmo";
+#endif
+
         expected += "_v" STRINGIZE(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR);
         expected += "_" STRINGIZE(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR);
         expected += "_" STRINGIZE(NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH) "::basic_json";

tests/abi/config/noversion.cpp

@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ TEST_CASE("default namespace without version component")
         expected += "_snul";
 #endif
 
+#if JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+        expected += "_ekmo";
+#endif
+
         expected += "::basic_json";
 
         // fallback for Clang

tests/src/unit-disable-tuple-reference-conversion.cpp

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-//     __ _____ _____ _____
-//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
-// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
-// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
-//
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-#include "doctest_compatibility.h"
-
-// This file tests the opt-in JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION, so it
-// defines the macro itself rather than relying on a -D flag, and runs in every
-// build.
-#ifdef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-    #undef JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-#endif
-
-#define JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION 1
-
-#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
-using nlohmann::json;
-using nlohmann::ordered_json;
-
-#include <string>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <utility>
-
-TEST_CASE("JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION")
-{
-    SECTION("json is not constructible from a one-element tuple of a json reference")
-    {
-        CHECK_FALSE(std::is_constructible<json, std::tuple<json&>>::value);
-        CHECK_FALSE(std::is_constructible<json, std::tuple<const json&>>::value);
-        CHECK_FALSE(std::is_constructible < json, std::tuple < json && >>::value);
-        CHECK_FALSE(std::is_constructible<json, const std::tuple<json&>&>::value);
-        CHECK_FALSE(std::is_constructible<ordered_json, std::tuple<ordered_json&>>::value);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("issue #2226 - tuple<const json&> from tuple<json&> keeps the reference")
-    {
-        json j = true;
-        const std::tuple<const json&> tup(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-        CHECK(&std::get<0>(tup) == &j);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("tuple<json> from tuple<json&> copies the element")
-    {
-        const json j = {{"key", "value"}};
-        const std::tuple<json> t1(std::forward_as_tuple(j));
-        CHECK(std::get<0>(t1) == j);
-
-        json j2 = "text";
-        const std::tuple<json> t2(std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(j2)));
-        CHECK(std::get<0>(t2) == "text");
-    }
-
-    SECTION("other tuple conversions are not affected")
-    {
-        const json j = true;
-
-        // one-element tuple holding a json value
-        CHECK(json(std::make_tuple(j)) == json::array({true}));
-
-        // tuples with more than one element, even when holding references
-        int i = 1;
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(i, j)) == json::array({1, true}));
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(j, j)) == json::array({true, true}));
-
-        // one-element tuples holding references to other types
-        std::string s = "text";
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(s)) == json::array({"text"}));
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(i)) == json::array({1}));
-
-        // a reference to a different basic_json specialization
-        ordered_json oj = true;
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(oj)) == json::array({true}));
-    }
-}

tests/src/unit-enum_keyed_maps.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+//     __ _____ _____ _____
+//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
+// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
+// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+#include "doctest_compatibility.h"
+
+// skip tests if JSON_DisableEnumSerialization=ON (#4384)
+#if defined(JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION) && (JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION == 1)
+    #define SKIP_TESTS_FOR_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
+#endif
+
+// This file tests the opt-in JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS, so it defines
+// the macro itself rather than relying on a -D flag, and runs in every build.
+// The default behavior is tested in unit-enum_keyed_maps_default.cpp.
+#ifdef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    #undef JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+#endif
+
+#define JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS 1
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+using nlohmann::json;
+using nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#define STRINGIZE_EX(x) #x
+#define STRINGIZE(x) STRINGIZE_EX(x)
+
+// NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM uses a static std::pair
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING("-Wexit-time-destructors")
+
+namespace
+{
+// std::hash is only required for enums since C++14
+struct enum_hash
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    std::size_t operator()(T t) const noexcept
+    {
+        return static_cast<std::size_t>(t);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace
+
+// the example from #4378
+enum TaskState // NOLINT(cert-int09-c,readability-enum-initial-value,cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
+{
+    TS_STOPPED,
+    TS_RUNNING,
+    TS_COMPLETED,
+    TS_INVALID = -1,
+};
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-const-correctness,misc-use-internal-linkage,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(TaskState,
+{
+    {TS_INVALID, nullptr},
+    {TS_STOPPED, "stopped"},
+    {TS_RUNNING, "running"},
+    {TS_COMPLETED, "completed"},
+})
+
+enum class color {red, green, blue}; // blue is not mapped and falls back to "red"
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-const-correctness,misc-use-internal-linkage,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(color,
+{
+    {color::red, "red"},
+    {color::green, "green"},
+})
+
+enum class strict_color {red, green, blue}; // blue is not mapped
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-const-correctness,misc-use-internal-linkage,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT(strict_color,
+{
+    {strict_color::red, "red"},
+    {strict_color::green, "green"},
+})
+
+enum class digit {zero, one};
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-const-correctness,misc-use-internal-linkage,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(digit,
+{
+    {digit::zero, 0},
+    {digit::one, 1},
+})
+
+#ifndef SKIP_TESTS_FOR_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
+enum class plain {zero, one}; // serialized as integer
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE("JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS")
+{
+    SECTION("the macro is part of the ABI tag")
+    {
+        const std::string ns = STRINGIZE(NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE);
+        CHECK(ns.find("_ekmo") != std::string::npos);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("std::map (#4378)")
+    {
+        using task_map = std::map<TaskState, std::string>;
+        const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, "aa"}, {TS_COMPLETED, "bb"}};
+        const json j = m;
+        CHECK(j == json::parse(R"({"stopped":"aa","completed":"bb"})"));
+        CHECK(j.get<task_map>() == m);
+
+        json j2;
+        j2["x"] = m;
+        CHECK(j2.dump() == R"({"x":{"completed":"bb","stopped":"aa"}})");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("std::map with custom comparator")
+    {
+        using task_map = std::map<TaskState, int, std::greater<TaskState>>;
+        const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}, {TS_RUNNING, 2}};
+        const json j = m;
+        CHECK(j == json::parse(R"({"stopped":1,"running":2})"));
+        CHECK(j.get<task_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("std::unordered_map")
+    {
+        using task_map = std::unordered_map<TaskState, int, enum_hash>;
+        const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}, {TS_RUNNING, 2}};
+        const json j = m;
+        CHECK(j == json::parse(R"({"stopped":1,"running":2})"));
+        CHECK(j.get<task_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("nested maps")
+    {
+        using nested_map = std::map<color, std::map<TaskState, int>>;
+        const nested_map m = {{color::green, {{TS_RUNNING, 1}}}, {color::red, {}}};
+        const json j = m;
+        CHECK(j == json::parse(R"({"green":{"running":1},"red":{}})"));
+        CHECK(j.get<nested_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("ordered_json keeps the order of the map")
+    {
+        using task_map = std::map<TaskState, int>;
+        const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}, {TS_RUNNING, 2}, {TS_COMPLETED, 3}};
+        const ordered_json j = m;
+        CHECK(j.dump() == R"({"stopped":1,"running":2,"completed":3})");
+        CHECK(j.get<task_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("empty map")
+    {
+        const json j = std::map<TaskState, int>();
+        CHECK(j.is_object());
+        CHECK(j.empty());
+    }
+
+    SECTION("NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT")
+    {
+        using color_map = std::map<strict_color, int>;
+        const color_map m = {{strict_color::red, 1}, {strict_color::green, 2}};
+        const json j = m;
+        CHECK(j == json::parse(R"({"red":1,"green":2})"));
+        CHECK(j.get<color_map>() == m);
+
+        const color_map unmapped = {{strict_color::blue, 1}};
+        json _;
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = unmapped,
+                             "[json.exception.out_of_range.410] enum value out of range for strict_color", json::out_of_range&);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("arrays of [key, value] pairs are still read")
+    {
+        using task_map = std::map<TaskState, int>;
+        const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}};
+        CHECK(json::parse(R"([["stopped",1]])").get<task_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("other containers are not affected")
+    {
+        const std::vector<std::pair<TaskState, int>> pairs = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}};
+        const std::map<std::string, TaskState> string_keys = {{"a", TS_STOPPED}};
+        const std::map<int, int> int_keys = {{1, 2}};
+        CHECK(json(pairs) == json::parse(R"([["stopped",1]])"));
+        CHECK(json(string_keys) == json::parse(R"({"a":"stopped"})"));
+        CHECK(json(int_keys) == json::parse("[[1,2]]"));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("maps with non-unique keys are still stored as arrays of pairs")
+    {
+        const std::multimap<TaskState, int> mm = {{TS_STOPPED, 1}, {TS_STOPPED, 2}};
+        const std::unordered_multimap<TaskState, int, enum_hash> umm = {{TS_RUNNING, 3}, {TS_RUNNING, 3}};
+        CHECK(json(mm) == json::parse(R"([["stopped",1],["stopped",2]])"));
+        CHECK(json(umm) == json::parse(R"([["running",3],["running",3]])"));
+    }
+
+    SECTION("keys that do not serialize to strings")
+    {
+        const std::map<TaskState, int> null_key = {{TS_INVALID, 1}};
+        const std::map<digit, int> number_key = {{digit::zero, 1}};
+        json j = "unchanged";
+
+        // mapped to null
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j = null_key,
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is null", json::type_error&);
+
+        // mapped to a number
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j = number_key,
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is number", json::type_error&);
+
+#ifndef SKIP_TESTS_FOR_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
+        // enum without NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM
+        const std::map<plain, int> plain_key = {{plain::zero, 1}};
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j = plain_key,
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is number", json::type_error&);
+#endif
+
+        CHECK(j == "unchanged");
+    }
+
+    SECTION("keys that serialize to the same string")
+    {
+        const std::map<color, int> m = {{color::red, 1}, {color::blue, 2}};
+        json j = "unchanged";
+
+        // color::blue is not mapped and falls back to "red"
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(j = m,
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.318] duplicate object key 'red'", json::type_error&);
+
+        CHECK(j == "unchanged");
+    }
+}
+
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP

tests/src/unit-enum_keyed_maps_default.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+//     __ _____ _____ _____
+//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
+// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
+// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+//
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+#include "doctest_compatibility.h"
+
+// This file tests maps with enum keys with the default setting of
+// JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS (or whatever a -D flag sets it to).
+// unit-enum_keyed_maps.cpp tests JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS=1.
+// These tests are not part of unit-conversions.cpp, because that object file
+// is already too big for the MinGW linker of some compilers.
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+using nlohmann::json;
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+// NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM uses a static std::pair
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING("-Wexit-time-destructors")
+
+enum class cards {kreuz, pik, herz, karo};
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-use-internal-linkage,misc-const-correctness,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(cards,
+{
+    {cards::kreuz, "kreuz"},
+    {cards::pik, "pik"},
+    {cards::herz, "herz"},
+    {cards::karo, "karo"}
+})
+
+enum TaskState // NOLINT(cert-int09-c,readability-enum-initial-value,cppcoreguidelines-use-enum-class)
+{
+    TS_STOPPED,
+    TS_RUNNING,
+    TS_COMPLETED,
+    TS_INVALID = -1,
+};
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-const-correctness,misc-use-internal-linkage,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(TaskState,
+{
+    {TS_INVALID, nullptr},
+    {TS_STOPPED, "stopped"},
+    {TS_RUNNING, "running"},
+    {TS_COMPLETED, "completed"},
+})
+
+enum class strict_cards {kreuz, pik, herz, karo, andere}; // andere not included in mapping
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-use-internal-linkage,misc-const-correctness,cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays) - false positive
+NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT(strict_cards,
+{
+    {strict_cards::kreuz, "kreuz"},
+    {strict_cards::pik, "pik"},
+    {strict_cards::herz, "herz"},
+    {strict_cards::karo, "karo"}
+})
+
+namespace
+{
+// std::hash is only required for enums since C++14
+struct enum_hash
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    std::size_t operator()(T t) const noexcept
+    {
+        return static_cast<std::size_t>(t);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace
+
+// see unit-enum_keyed_maps.cpp for JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS=1
+TEST_CASE("maps with enum keys")
+{
+    using task_map = std::map<TaskState, std::string>;
+    using task_umap = std::unordered_map<TaskState, std::string, enum_hash>;
+    using task_gmap = std::map<TaskState, std::string, std::greater<TaskState>>;
+    using nested_map = std::map<cards, std::map<TaskState, int>>;
+    using strict_map = std::map<strict_cards, int>;
+    using int_map = std::map<int, int>;
+    using int_umap = std::unordered_map<int, int>;
+
+    const task_map m = {{TS_STOPPED, "aa"}, {TS_COMPLETED, "bb"}};
+
+#if !JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
+    SECTION("stored as array of pairs")
+    {
+        CHECK(json(m) == json::parse(R"([["stopped","aa"],["completed","bb"]])"));
+        CHECK(json(task_umap {{TS_RUNNING, "cc"}}) == json::parse(R"([["running","cc"]])"));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    SECTION("read from array of pairs")
+    {
+        CHECK(json::parse(R"([["stopped","aa"],["completed","bb"]])").get<task_map>() == m);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("read from object (#4378)")
+    {
+        const json j = json::parse(R"({"stopped":"aa","completed":"bb"})");
+        CHECK(j.get<task_map>() == m);
+        CHECK(j.get<task_umap>() == task_umap(m.begin(), m.end()));
+        CHECK(j.get<task_gmap>() == task_gmap(m.begin(), m.end()));
+        CHECK(json::parse(R"({"kreuz":{"stopped":1}})").get<nested_map>() == nested_map {{cards::kreuz, {{TS_STOPPED, 1}}}});
+        CHECK(nlohmann::ordered_json::parse(R"({"stopped":"aa","completed":"bb"})").get<task_map>() == m);
+
+        // object keys go through the enum's from_json
+        strict_map sm;
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json::parse(R"({"what?":1})").get_to(sm),
+                             "[json.exception.out_of_range.410] enum value out of range for strict_cards: \"what?\"", json::out_of_range&);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("objects are only read for enum keys")
+    {
+        int_map im;
+        int_umap ium;
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json::parse(R"({"1":2})").get_to(im),
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be array, but is object", json::type_error&);
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json::parse(R"({"1":2})").get_to(ium),
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be array, but is object", json::type_error&);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("other types are rejected")
+    {
+        task_map tm;
+        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(json("stopped").get_to(tm),
+                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be array, but is string", json::type_error&);
+    }
+}
+
+DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_POP

tests/src/unit-regression2.cpp

@@ -18,11 +18,6 @@
 // for some reason including this after the json header leads to linker errors with VS 2017...
 #include <locale>
 
-// skip tests if JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION=1 (#2226)
-#if defined(JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION) && (JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION == 1)
-    #define SKIP_TESTS_FOR_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-#endif
-
 #define JSON_TESTS_PRIVATE
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 using json = nlohmann::json;
@@ -33,7 +28,6 @@ using ordered_json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <list>
-#include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -548,18 +542,6 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests 2")
                       )));
     }
 
-#ifndef SKIP_TESTS_FOR_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION
-    SECTION("issue #2226 - std::tuple dangling reference - implicit conversion")
-    {
-        // by default, a one-element tuple holding a json reference converts to
-        // a one-element array; JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION removes
-        // this conversion (see unit-disable-tuple-reference-conversion.cpp)
-        const json j = true;
-        CHECK(std::is_constructible<json, std::tuple<const json&>>::value);
-        CHECK(json(std::forward_as_tuple(j)) == json::array({true}));
-    }
-#endif
-
     SECTION("PR #2181 - regression bug with lvalue")
     {
         // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/2181#issuecomment-653326060

tools/generate_natvis/generate_natvis.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
     namespaces = ['nlohmann']
     abi_prefix = 'json_abi'
-    abi_tags = ['_diag', '_ldvcmp', '_dp', '_bics', '_psp', '_snul']
+    abi_tags = ['_diag', '_ldvcmp', '_dp', '_bics', '_psp', '_snul', '_ekmo']
     version = '_v' + args.version.replace('.', '_')
     inline_namespaces = []