Bump astyle from 3.4.13 to 3.6.18 in /tools/astyle

Bumps [astyle](https://github.com/Freed-Wu/astyle-wheel) from 3.4.13 to 3.6.18. - [Release notes](https://github.com/Freed-Wu/astyle-wheel/releases) - [Commits](https://github.com/Freed-Wu/astyle-wheel/commits) --- updated-dependencies: - dependency-name: astyle dependency-version: 3.6.18 dependency-type: direct:production update-type: version-update:semver-minor ... Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Fix update(merge_objects=true) throwing on primitive-to-object merge (#5414 )
2026-09-01 14:07:14 +00:00 · 2026-08-31 15:43:48 +00:00 · 2026-08-28 13:38:28 +01:00 · 2026-08-28 13:30:33 +01:00 · 2026-08-28 13:27:18 +01:00 · 2026-08-28 13:26:01 +01:00
163 changed files with 5578 additions and 760 deletions
@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ guidance.

 For vulnerabilities in third-party dependencies or modules, please report them directly to the respective maintainers.

+## Unofficial packages
+
+This project does not publish an official npm package. The npm package
+[`nlohmann-json`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/nlohmann-json) (or similarly named packages) is not maintained or
+endorsed by this project. See the
+[package managers documentation](https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/package_managers/#npm) for supported
+integration options.
+
 ## Additional Resources

 - Explore security-related topics and contribute to tools and projects through
@@ -4,28 +4,44 @@ updates:
    directory: /
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
+    groups:
+      codeql-action:
+        patterns:
+          - "github/codeql-action/*"

  - package-ecosystem: pip
    directory: /docs/mkdocs
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7

  - package-ecosystem: pip
    directory: /tools/astyle
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7

  - package-ecosystem: pip
    directory: /tools/generate_natvis
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7

  - package-ecosystem: pip
    directory: /tools/serve_header
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7

  - package-ecosystem: pip
    directory: /cmake/requirements
    schedule:
      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

@@ -34,19 +34,19 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Checkout pull request
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          path: main
          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Checkout tools
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          path: tools
          ref: develop
@@ -57,22 +57,52 @@ jobs:
          python3 -mvenv venv
          venv/bin/pip3 install -r $MAIN_DIR/tools/astyle/requirements.txt

-      - name: Check amalgamation
+      - name: Regenerate amalgamation and formatting
        run: |
          cd $MAIN_DIR

-          rm -fr $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp~ $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp~
-          cp $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp~
-          cp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp~
-
          python3 $TOOL_DIR/amalgamate.py -c $TOOL_DIR/config_json.json -s .
          python3 $TOOL_DIR/amalgamate.py -c $TOOL_DIR/config_json_fwd.json -s .
-          echo "Format (1)"
-          ${{ github.workspace }}/venv/bin/astyle --project=tools/astyle/.astylerc --suffix=none --quiet $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp

-          diff $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp~ $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp
-          diff $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp~ $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp
+          ${{ github.workspace }}/venv/bin/astyle --project=tools/astyle/.astylerc --suffix=none --quiet \
+            $INCLUDE_DIR/json.hpp $INCLUDE_DIR/json_fwd.hpp

-          ${{ github.workspace }}/venv/bin/astyle --project=tools/astyle/.astylerc --suffix=orig $(find docs/examples include tests -type f \( -name '*.hpp' -o -name '*.cpp' -o -name '*.cu' \) -not -path 'tests/thirdparty/*' -not -path 'tests/abi/include/nlohmann/*' | sort)
-          echo Check
-          find $MAIN_DIR -name '*.orig' -exec false {} \+
+          # fail loudly if a directory is renamed or removed: find would only warn
+          # about the missing path and silently drop its files from the check
+          SOURCE_DIRS="docs/mkdocs/docs/examples include tests"
+          for DIR in $SOURCE_DIRS; do
+            if [ ! -d "$DIR" ]; then
+              echo "::error::source directory '$DIR' does not exist"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          done
+
+          ${{ github.workspace }}/venv/bin/astyle --project=tools/astyle/.astylerc --suffix=none --quiet \
+            $(find $SOURCE_DIRS -type f \( -name '*.hpp' -o -name '*.cpp' -o -name '*.cu' \) -not -path 'tests/thirdparty/*' -not -path 'tests/abi/include/nlohmann/*' | sort)
+
+      - name: Build patch and check for differences
+        id: diff
+        run: |
+          cd $MAIN_DIR
+          mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/patch
+          git diff --patch --no-color > ${{ github.workspace }}/patch/amalgamation.patch
+          if [ -s ${{ github.workspace }}/patch/amalgamation.patch ]; then
+            echo "The source code has not been amalgamated/formatted correctly. Diff:"
+            cat ${{ github.workspace }}/patch/amalgamation.patch
+            echo "has_diff=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            echo "has_diff=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
+      # Uploaded so contributors can fix their PR with `git apply amalgamation.patch`
+      # instead of installing the pinned astyle version locally.
+      - name: Upload patch
+        if: steps.diff.outputs.has_diff == 'true'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          name: amalgamation-patch
+          path: patch/amalgamation.patch
+
+      - name: Fail if not amalgamated/formatted
+        if: steps.diff.outputs.has_diff == 'true'
+        run: exit 1
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
    - name: Harden Runner
-      uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+      uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
      with:
        egress-policy: audit

@@ -27,25 +27,25 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Harden Runner
-      uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+      uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
      with:
        egress-policy: audit

    - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7
      with:
        languages: c-cpp

    # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
    # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
    - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7

    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7
@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: 'Download artifact'
+        id: download
        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
@@ -43,7 +44,13 @@ jobs:
            });
            var fs = require('fs');
            fs.writeFileSync('${{github.workspace}}/pr.zip', Buffer.from(download.data));
-      - run: unzip pr.zip
+
+            var hasPatch = artifacts.data.artifacts.some((artifact) => artifact.name == "amalgamation-patch");
+            core.setOutput('has_patch', String(hasPatch));
+      # Extract the untrusted PR artifact into a dedicated empty directory and
+      # read only the two expected files by fixed path afterwards. This avoids a
+      # malicious archive overwriting workspace files or escaping via ../ paths.
+      - run: unzip -o pr.zip -d ./pr_artifact

      - name: 'Comment on PR'
        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
@@ -51,8 +58,19 @@ jobs:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          script: |
            var fs = require('fs');
-            const author = fs.readFileSync('./author')
-            const issue_number = Number(fs.readFileSync('./number'));
+            // Both values come from a fork-triggered workflow and are therefore
+            // attacker-controlled. Validate them strictly before use to prevent
+            // Markdown/mention injection and bogus REST API filters.
+            const author = fs.readFileSync('./pr_artifact/author', 'utf8').trim();
+            if (!/^[A-Za-z0-9-]{1,39}$/.test(author)) {
+              core.setFailed(`Refusing to proceed: untrusted author value '${author}' is not a valid GitHub username.`);
+              return;
+            }
+            const issue_number = Number(fs.readFileSync('./pr_artifact/number', 'utf8').trim());
+            if (!Number.isInteger(issue_number) || issue_number <= 0) {
+              core.setFailed('Refusing to proceed: untrusted PR number is not a positive integer.');
+              return;
+            }
            const opts = github.rest.issues.listForRepo.endpoint.merge({
              owner: context.repo.owner,
              repo: context.repo.repo,
@@ -70,12 +88,20 @@ jobs:
                break
              }
            }
+            const hasPatch = '${{ steps.download.outputs.has_patch }}' === 'true';
+            const runUrl = '${{ github.event.workflow_run.html_url }}';
+
            await github.rest.issues.createComment({
              issue_number: issue_number,
              owner: context.repo.owner,
              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              body: '## 🔴 Amalgamation check failed! 🔴\nThe source code has not been amalgamated.'
-                    + (first ? ' @' + author + ' Please read and follow the [Contribution Guidelines]'
+              body: '## 🔴 Amalgamation check failed! 🔴\nThe source code has not been amalgamated and/or formatted correctly.'
+                    + (hasPatch ? '\n\n📎 A ready-to-apply patch is attached to the [failed workflow run](' + runUrl + ') as the `amalgamation-patch` artifact.'
+                                  + ' Download it, then apply it locally from the repository root with:'
+                                  + '\n\n```shell\ngit apply amalgamation.patch\n```\n\n'
+                                  + 'This does not require installing astyle yourself.'
+                                : '')
+                    + (first ? '\n\n@' + author + ' Please read and follow the [Contribution Guidelines]'
                               + '(https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md#files-to-change).'
                             : '')
              })
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: 'Checkout Repository'
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: 'Dependency Review'
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ jobs:
      security-events: write
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ jobs:
          output: 'flawfinder_results.sarif'

      - name: Upload analysis results to GitHub Security tab
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7
        with:
          sarif_file: ${{github.workspace}}/flawfinder_results.sarif
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
      DEVELOPER_DIR: /Applications/Xcode_${{ matrix.xcode }}.app/Contents/Developer

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run CMake
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
      DEVELOPER_DIR: /Applications/Xcode_${{ matrix.xcode }}.app/Contents/Developer

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run CMake
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run CMake
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ on:
      - develop
    paths:
      - docs/mkdocs/**
-      - docs/examples/**
  workflow_dispatch:

 # we don't want to have concurrent jobs, and we don't want to cancel running jobs to avoid broken publications
@@ -27,11 +26,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1

      - name: Install virtual environment
        run: make install_venv -C docs/mkdocs
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: "Checkout code"
-        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: "Run analysis"
-        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@4eaacf0543bb3f2c246792bd56e8cdeffafb205a # v2.4.3
+        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@2d1146689b8cda280b9bc96326124645441f03bc # v2.4.4
        with:
          results_file: results.sarif
          results_format: sarif
@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ jobs:

      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7
        with:
          sarif_file: results.sarif
@@ -32,25 +32,36 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      # Checkout project source
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

-      # Scan code using project's configuration on https://semgrep.dev/manage
-      - uses: returntocorp/semgrep-action@713efdd345f3035192eaa63f56867b88e63e4e5d
-        with:
-          publishToken: ${{ secrets.SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN }}
-          publishDeployment: ${{ secrets.SEMGREP_DEPLOYMENT_ID }}
-          generateSarif: "1"
+      # The former returntocorp/semgrep-action is deprecated (the org was renamed
+      # to semgrep/*); the maintained approach is to install the CLI and invoke
+      # it directly. We use `semgrep scan` (not `semgrep ci`, which requires a
+      # login token): with no SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN configured this is exactly what
+      # the old action fell back to, running community rules with no token.
+      # SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN is still passed through so registry auth works if a
+      # token is ever added.
+      - name: Install Semgrep
+        run: python3 -m pip install --user semgrep==1.168.0
+
+      # `semgrep scan --sarif` always exits 0 even with findings; continue-on-error
+      # is a safety net so the SARIF upload still runs if the scan itself errors.
+      - name: Run Semgrep
+        run: semgrep scan --config auto --sarif --output=semgrep.sarif
+        continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN }}

      # Upload SARIF file generated in previous step
      - name: Upload SARIF file
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@8aad20d150bbac5944a9f9d289da16a4b0d87c1e # v4.36.2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@ff2f1c621b7f889edc0d3c761ac2e6a3f8cdb0dd # v4.37.7
        with:
          sarif_file: semgrep.sarif
        if: always()
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

-      - uses: actions/stale@eb5cf3af3ac0a1aa4c9c45633dd1ae542a27a899 # v10.3.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@4391f3da665fdf50b6810c1a66712fb9ba21aa93 # v11.0.0
        with:
          stale-issue-label: 'state: stale'
          stale-pr-label: 'state: stale'
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: gcc:latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -33,11 +33,21 @@ jobs:

  ci_infer:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: ghcr.io/nlohmann/json-ci:v2.4.0
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - name: Install Infer
+        run: |
+          wget -q -O - "https://github.com/facebook/infer/releases/download/v1.3.0/infer-linux-x86_64-v1.3.0.tar.xz" | sudo tar -C /opt -xJ
+          sudo ln -s /opt/infer-linux-x86_64-v1.3.0/bin/infer /usr/local/bin/infer
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -50,17 +60,17 @@ jobs:
        target: [ci_test_amalgamation, ci_test_single_header, ci_cppcheck, ci_cpplint, ci_reproducible_tests, ci_non_git_tests, ci_offline_testdata, ci_reuse_compliance, ci_test_valgrind]
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Install Valgrind
        run: sudo apt-get update ; sudo apt-get install -y valgrind
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -75,11 +85,11 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install git, clang-tools, iwyu (ci_single_binaries), and unzip
        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git clang-tools iwyu unzip
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -94,11 +104,11 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install build-essential
        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y build-essential unzip wget git libssl-dev
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -108,11 +118,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Install dependencies and de_DE locale
@@ -132,7 +142,7 @@ jobs:
          name: code-coverage-report
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/build/html
      - name: Publish report to Coveralls
-        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@5cbfd81b66ca5d10c19b062c04de0199c215fb6e # v2.3.7
+        uses: coverallsapp/github-action@8d6379e14d29928660c4ba802d8e85393440b329 # v2.3.8
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          path-to-lcov: ${{ github.workspace }}/build/json.info.filtered.noexcept
@@ -143,11 +153,38 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        compiler: ['4.8', '4.9', '5', '6']
-    container: ghcr.io/nlohmann/json-ci:v2.4.0
+    # official gcc:4.8/4.9/5/6 images fail to check out code (too old for
+    # actions/checkout); install the old compilers on top of official ubuntu:20.04
+    # instead, mirroring what the (now retired) custom json-ci image did.
+    container: ubuntu:20.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - name: Install g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
+        run: |
+          export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends software-properties-common ca-certificates gnupg make git
+          # add-apt-repository resolves the PPA through the Launchpad API,
+          # which intermittently times out or fails the team lookup (the plain
+          # "deb ..." sources below never hit Launchpad and never flake).
+          # Retry with backoff so a transient Launchpad blip does not fail CI.
+          for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+            add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && break
+            echo "::warning::add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test failed (attempt ${attempt}/5); retrying"
+            sleep $((attempt * 10))
+          done
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe"
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: CXX=g++-${{ matrix.compiler }} cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -161,11 +198,11 @@ jobs:
        compiler: ['7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', 'latest']
    container: gcc:${{ matrix.compiler }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -175,14 +212,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        compiler: ['3.4', '3.5', '3.6', '3.7', '3.8', '3.9', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15-bullseye', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', 'latest']
+        compiler: ['3.4', '3.5', '3.6', '3.7', '3.8', '3.9', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15-bullseye', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', '21', '22', 'latest']
    container: silkeh/clang:${{ matrix.compiler }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Set env FORCE_STDCPPFS_FLAG for clang 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
        run: echo "JSON_FORCED_GLOBAL_COMPILE_OPTIONS=-DJSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0;-DJSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM=0" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
        if: ${{ matrix.compiler == '7' || matrix.compiler == '8' || matrix.compiler == '9' || matrix.compiler == '10' }}
@@ -198,11 +235,11 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26]
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -218,11 +255,11 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install git and unzip
        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git unzip
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build with libc++
@@ -234,11 +271,22 @@ jobs:

  ci_cuda_example:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: ghcr.io/nlohmann/json-ci:v2.4.0
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # 11.8.0: newest pre-C++20 CUDA release, exercises the C++17 fallback
+        # path (tests/cuda_example/CMakeLists.txt picks the standard per nvcc
+        # version); 12.1.1: permanent regression guard for #3907 (nvcc 12.0/12.1
+        # choke on enable_borrowed_range at C++20, fixed in 12.2); 12.6.3: recent
+        # CUDA/C++20 coverage.
+        cuda: ['11.8.0', '12.1.1', '12.6.3']
+    container: nvidia/cuda:${{ matrix.cuda }}-devel-ubuntu22.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -251,14 +299,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: ${{ matrix.container }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      # The module test uses `import std;`, which needs CMake's experimental
      # import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
      # CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
      - name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
        with:
          cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
      # Clang: the std library module is provided by libc++ (the image's libstdc++
@@ -276,25 +324,30 @@ jobs:

  ci_icpc:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: ghcr.io/nlohmann/json-ci:v2.2.0
+    # Intel discontinued the classic icc/icpc compiler in oneAPI 2024.0; this is
+    # Intel's own last officially published image that still includes it.
+    container: intel/oneapi-hpckit:2023.2.1-devel-ubuntu22.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
-        run: |
-          . /opt/intel/oneapi/setvars.sh
-          cmake --build build --target ci_icpc
+        # No need to source setvars.sh here: unlike the old custom image, this
+        # official image already has the oneAPI environment (icc/icpc on PATH)
+        # baked in, and re-sourcing it fails with "already been run" (exit 3).
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_icpc

  ci_icpx:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: intel/oneapi-hpckit:latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -304,9 +357,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: nvcr.io/nvidia/nvhpc:25.5-devel-cuda12.9-ubuntu22.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
@@ -316,17 +369,17 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

      - name: Install emscripten
        uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@4528d102f7230f0e7b276855c01ea1159be0e984 # v16
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$EMSDK/upstream/emscripten/cmake/Modules/Platform/Emscripten.cmake -GNinja
      - name: Build
@@ -339,11 +392,11 @@ jobs:
        target: [ci_test_examples, ci_test_build_documentation]
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@9af89fc71515a100421586dfdb3dc9c984fbf411 # v2.19.4
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@05e31511f85b41b11d1cf0ef85d0992719546e2c # v2.21.0
        with:
          egress-policy: audit

-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run CMake
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
        architecture: [x64, x86]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Set up MinGW
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-2022

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Set extra CXX_FLAGS for latest std_version
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-2025

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
      - name: Set extra CXX_FLAGS for latest std_version
        # /wd5285 silences C5285 emitted by the bundled third-party doctest.h, which
        # specializes std::tuple (newly diagnosed by the VS2026 v145 toolset)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: windows-11-arm

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Run CMake (Release)
        run: cmake -S . -B build -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A ARM64 -DJSON_BuildTests=On -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="/W4 /WX"
        if: matrix.build_type == 'Release'
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ jobs:
        version: [11.0.1, 12.0.1, 13.0.1, 14.0.6, 15.0.7, 16.0.6, 18.1.8, 19.1.7, 20.1.8]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Install Clang
@@ -153,10 +153,16 @@ jobs:
        with:
          platform: x64
          version: 12.2.0 # https://github.com/egor-tensin/setup-mingw/issues/14
+      # CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG is overridden to drop the default -g: linking
+      # test-regression2_cpp20 intermittently fails with "relocation truncated
+      # to fit: IMAGE_REL_AMD64_SECREL against `.debug_line'" because the
+      # MinGW linker cannot relocate the debug sections this test produces.
+      # The tests are only built and run here, so the debug info is not used.
      - name: Run CMake
        run: cmake -S . -B build ^
             -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="C:/Program Files/LLVM/bin/clang++.exe" ^
             -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="--target=x86_64-w64-mingw32 -stdlib=libstdc++ -pthread" ^
+             -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG="-g0" ^
             -DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS="-lwinpthread" ^
             -G"MinGW Makefiles" ^
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ^
@@ -173,7 +179,7 @@ jobs:
        architecture: [Win32, x64]

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run CMake
@@ -186,14 +192,14 @@ jobs:
  ci_module_cpp20:
    runs-on: windows-2022
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
      # The module test uses `import std;`, which needs CMake's experimental
      # import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
      # CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
      - name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@fffaaafeea488556c2c12dad60690008bc1caacb # v4.4.2
        with:
          cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
      - name: Run CMake (Debug)
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ Files: include/nlohmann/thirdparty/hedley.hpp
 Copyright: 2016-2021 Evan Nemerson <evan@nemerson.com>
 License: CC0

+Files: include/nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp
+Copyright: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me> and 2018 The Abseil Authors
+License: MIT AND Apache-2.0
+
 Files: tests/thirdparty/doctest/*
 Copyright: 2016-2023 Viktor Kirilov
 License: MIT
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
  - [Specializing enum conversion](#specializing-enum-conversion)
  - [Binary formats (BSON, CBOR, MessagePack, UBJSON, and BJData)](#binary-formats-bson-cbor-messagepack-ubjson-and-bjdata)
 - [Customers](#customers)
+- [Ecosystem](#ecosystem)
 - [Supported compilers](#supported-compilers)
 - [Integration](#integration)
  - [CMake](#cmake)
@@ -90,7 +91,6 @@ You can sponsor this library at [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/nl
 - [Steve Sperandeo](https://github.com/homer6)
 - [Robert Jefe Lindstädt](https://github.com/eljefedelrodeodeljefe)
 - [Steve Wagner](https://github.com/ciroque)
- [Lion Yang](https://github.com/LionNatsu)

 ### Further support

@@ -1187,6 +1187,11 @@ The library is used in multiple projects, applications, operating systems, etc.

 [![logos of customers using the library](docs/mkdocs/docs/images/customers.png)](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/customers/)

+## Ecosystem
+
+Beyond projects that use the library, there are third-party projects that build on top of it - schema validators,
+language bindings, format converters, and the like. See the curated [Ecosystem](https://json.nlohmann.me/community/ecosystem/) page.
+
 ## Supported compilers

 Though it's 2026 already, the support for C++11 is still a bit sparse. Currently, the following compilers are known to work:
@@ -1802,13 +1807,13 @@ The library itself consists of a single header file licensed under the MIT licen
 - [**amalgamate.py - Amalgamate C source and header files**](https://github.com/edlund/amalgamate) to create a single header file
 - [**American fuzzy lop**](https://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/) for fuzz testing
 - [**AppVeyor**](https://www.appveyor.com) for [continuous integration](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/nlohmann/json) on Windows
- [**Artistic Style**](http://astyle.sourceforge.net) for automatic source code indentation
+- [**Artistic Style**](https://astyle.sourceforge.net) for automatic source code indentation
 - [**Clang**](https://clang.llvm.org) for compilation with code sanitizers
 - [**CMake**](https://cmake.org) for build automation
 - [**Codacy**](https://www.codacy.com) for further [code analysis](https://app.codacy.com/gh/nlohmann/json/dashboard)
 - [**Coveralls**](https://coveralls.io) to measure [code coverage](https://coveralls.io/github/nlohmann/json)
 - [**Coverity Scan**](https://scan.coverity.com) for [static analysis](https://scan.coverity.com/projects/nlohmann-json)
- [**cppcheck**](http://cppcheck.sourceforge.net) for static analysis
+- [**cppcheck**](https://cppcheck.sourceforge.io) for static analysis
 - [**doctest**](https://github.com/onqtam/doctest) for the unit tests
 - [**GitHub Changelog Generator**](https://github.com/skywinder/github-changelog-generator) to generate the [ChangeLog](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/ChangeLog.md)
 - [**Google Benchmark**](https://github.com/google/benchmark) to implement the benchmarks
@@ -1823,6 +1828,15 @@ The library itself consists of a single header file licensed under the MIT licen

 ## Notes

+### Standards compliance
+
+The library targets strict conformance with [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html). Both the original [JSONTestSuite](https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite) and its updated revision are exercised in CI; their test data is downloaded from [`nlohmann/json_test_data`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json_test_data) at configure time rather than committed to this repository (see [`tests/src/unit-testsuites.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-testsuites.cpp)):
+
+- The updated revision runs all mandatory `y_` (must-accept) and `n_` (must-reject) cases through the strict [`parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/) entry point; the original suite runs its `n_` cases through `parse()` and its `y_` cases through [`operator>>`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/operator_gtgt/).
+- The `i_` (implementation-defined) cases are, by RFC 8259, free to be accepted *or* rejected, so "passing all `i_` cases" is not a meaningful conformance metric. The library makes deliberate, documented choices there: nesting depth is not artificially limited, a leading UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored, [Unicode noncharacters](https://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1) are forwarded unchanged, invalid UTF-8 and lone/unpaired UTF-16 surrogates are rejected (stricter than required), and a number that cannot be stored without becoming `NaN`/`INF` raises [`out_of_range.406`](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionout_of_range406).
+
+One behavioral nuance is worth calling out, because a superficial test often misreads it as non-compliance: [`parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/) is strict and rejects trailing data after a value, whereas [`operator>>`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/operator_gtgt/) follows relaxed iostream semantics — it parses a single value and leaves the stream positioned right after it. Feeding "a valid document followed by trailing bytes" through `operator>>` reports success; the same input through `parse()` is rejected. This is a documented two-API design, not a conformance gap. See [**parsing**](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/parsing/) for details.
+
 ### Character encoding

 The library supports **Unicode input** as follows:
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ file(GLOB_RECURSE INDENT_FILES
        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/src/*.cpp
        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/src/*.hpp
        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/benchmarks/src/benchmarks.cpp
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/docs/examples/*.cpp
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/*.cpp
 )

 set(include_dir ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/single_include/nlohmann)
@@ -669,7 +669,6 @@ add_custom_target(ci_test_compiler_default
 add_custom_target(ci_cuda_example
    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
-        -DCMAKE_CUDA_HOST_COMPILER=g++-8
        -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/cuda_example -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_cuda_example
    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_cuda_example
 )
@@ -720,6 +719,11 @@ add_custom_target(ci_icpx
 # to zero and does not honor NaN ordering; -Kieee restores strict IEEE 754 behavior
 # (needed for the dtoa/grisu and NaN-comparison code paths).
 #
+# -tp=px pins the target processor to the generic x86-64 baseline (SSE2-only) to avoid
+# a nvc++ 25.5 / LLVM issue: when nvc++ auto-detects -tp from the runner's CPU (e.g. -tp znver4),
+# certain attribute combinations trigger an llc instruction-selection crash on std::ldexp<unsigned>.
+# Pinning to px removes this variability and is robust to future llc/nvc++ updates.
+#
 # The following tests are excluded as they trigger known nvc++ 25.5 defects (not
 # library bugs); see https://github.com/nlohmann/json for tracking. Only the
 # affected language-standard variants are excluded so coverage is otherwise kept:
@@ -733,7 +737,7 @@ add_custom_target(ci_nvhpc
    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
        -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=nvc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=nvc++
-        -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-Kieee
+        -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-Kieee;-tp=px"
        -DJSON_BuildTests=ON -DJSON_FastTests=ON
        -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_nvhpc
    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_nvhpc
@@ -5,8 +5,14 @@
 # -Wno-extra-semi-stmt            The library uses assert which triggers this warning.
 # -Wno-padded                     We do not care about padding warnings.
 # -Wno-covered-switch-default     All switches list all cases and a default case.
-# -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage        Otherwise Doctest would not compile.
-# -Wno-missing-noreturn           We found no way to silence this warning otherwise, see PR #4871
+# -Wno-c2y-extensions             Clang 22.1 diagnoses __COUNTER__ as a C2y extension, also in
+#                                 C++ mode. The library does not use __COUNTER__; the warnings
+#                                 all come from vendored Doctest (SECTION/TEST_CASE macros).
+# -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage        Pervasive: the library's own low-level numeric/buffer code
+#                                 (to_chars, serializer, lexer, binary reader/writer, input
+#                                 adapters, json_pointer) plus vendored Doctest itself (~208
+#                                 distinct sites measured 2026-07-08 on clang trunk) all use
+#                                 raw pointer arithmetic / libc string calls by necessity.

 set(CLANG_CXXFLAGS
    -Werror
@@ -17,6 +23,6 @@ set(CLANG_CXXFLAGS
    -Wno-extra-semi-stmt
    -Wno-padded
    -Wno-covered-switch-default
+    -Wno-c2y-extensions
    -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage
-    -Wno-missing-noreturn
 )
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  "archive": "JSON_for_Modern_C++.tgz",
  "author": {
    "name": "Niels Lohmann",
-    "link": "https://twitter.com/nlohmann"
+    "link": "https://nlohmann.me"
  },
  "aliases": ["nlohmann/json"]
 }
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ static bool accept(InputType&& i,
                   const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false);

 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static bool accept(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                   const bool ignore_comments = false,
                   const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false);
 ```
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@ static bool accept(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Checks whether the input is valid JSON.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from a pair of character iterators
+2. Reads from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)
    
    The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted
-    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
+    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
+    the iterator type with `operator!=`.
    
 Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid JSON input
 (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an excep
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
    - a `std::string`
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -43,6 +45,12 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an excep
    - a pair of `std::string::iterator` or `std::vector<std::uint8_t>::iterator`
    - a pair of pointers such as `ptr` and `ptr + len`

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an excep
 :   iterator to the start of the character range

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the character range
+:   iterator to the end of the character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 ## Return value

@@ -109,7 +117,9 @@ A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
 - Added in version 3.0.0.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
 - Changed [runtime assertion](../../features/assertions.md) in case of `FILE*` null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.
- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot be realized w

 - [`basic_json(initializer_list_t)`](basic_json.md) - create a JSON value from an initializer list
 - [`object`](object.md) - create a JSON object value from an initializer list
+- [Creating JSON values](../../features/creating_values.md) - the article on creating JSON values

 ## Version history

@@ -82,7 +82,13 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
 4. This is a constructor for existing `basic_json` types. It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter
   has different template arguments than the current ones.

-    The constructor tries to convert the internal `m_value` of the parameter.
+    The constructor tries to convert the internal `m_value` of the parameter. Each member value (object, array, string,
+    etc.) is serialized via the corresponding `to_json()` overload. For objects and strings, the conversion requires
+    that the *target* `basic_json` type's `object_t::key_type` (or `string_t`) be directly constructible from the
+    *source* type's corresponding member type via `is_constructible`. If this requirement is not met, the conversion
+    does not fail to compile; instead, it silently falls back to the array-conversion path, which represents objects
+    as arrays of `[key, value]` pairs and strings as arrays of character codes. This is a known limitation tracked in
+    [issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425).

 5. Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer list `init`. In case `type_deduction` is
   `#!cpp true` (default), the type of the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list `init`
@@ -109,7 +115,22 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
   
    Function [`array()`](array.md) and [`object()`](object.md) force array and object creation from initializer lists,
    respectively.
-        
+
+    !!! warning "Brace initialization yields arrays"
+
+        Because this constructor takes an `initializer_list_t`, brace-initializing a `json`/`ordered_json` from
+        another `json` value wraps it in a single-element array rather than copying it:
+
+        ```cpp
+        json j1 = "hello";
+        json j2{j1};   // [!] j2 is ["hello"], NOT a copy of j1
+        json j3(j1);   // j3 is "hello" -- parentheses copy as expected
+        ```
+
+        See the FAQ entry on [brace initialization](../../home/faq.md#brace-initialization-yields-arrays) for the
+        full explanation, an opt-in macro to change this behavior, and how to explicitly create a single-element
+        array (`json::array({value})`) if that is what you want.
+
 6. Constructs a JSON array value by creating `cnt` copies of a passed value. In case `cnt` is `0`, an empty array is
   created.

@@ -146,6 +167,11 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;

    - `BasicJsonType` is a `basic_json` type.
    - `BasicJsonType` has different template arguments than `basic_json_t`.
+    
+    **Note:** For cross-`basic_json` conversions to produce correct results, the target `basic_json`'s
+    `object_t::key_type` and `string_t` must be directly constructible from the source `basic_json`'s
+    corresponding types. See the description of overload (4) above for details on what happens when
+    this requirement is not met.

 `U`:
 :   `uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@ is compatible with both of the binary data formats that use binary subtyping, (t
 incompatible with each other, and it is up to the user to translate between them). The subtype is added to `BinaryType`
 via the helper type [byte_container_with_subtype](../byte_container_with_subtype/index.md).

-[CBOR's RFC 7049](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) describes this type as:
-> Major type 2: a byte string. The string's length in bytes is represented following the rules for positive integers
-> (major type 0).
+[CBOR's RFC 8949](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949.html#section-3.1) describes this type as:
+> Major type 2: A byte string. The number of bytes in the string is equal to the argument.

 [MessagePack's documentation on the bin type
 family](https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#bin-format-family) describes this type as:
@@ -37,12 +36,52 @@ represent a byte array in modern C++.
 `BinaryType`
 :   container type to store arrays

+    Although not formally expressed as a C++ concept, `BinaryType` must be default-constructible,
+    copy/move-constructible, and support `push_back()`, `.data()`, and `.size()`, because
+    [`byte_container_with_subtype`](../byte_container_with_subtype/index.md) derives directly from it. Its
+    `value_type` must additionally be exactly one byte wide (e.g., `std::uint8_t`/`char`/`std::byte`): the binary
+    serializers (CBOR, MessagePack, BSON, UBJSON) read and write the container's raw bytes via
+    `reinterpret_cast`, which is only correct for byte-sized elements -- a container like
+    `#!cpp std::vector<std::intptr_t>` will not work as `BinaryType`.
+
 ## Notes

 #### Default type

 The default values for `BinaryType` is `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>`.

+#### Custom BinaryType behavior
+
+When a custom `BinaryType` is configured (other than the default `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>`), you can assign
+values of that type directly to a `basic_json` instance, and they will automatically be recognized as binary values
+rather than arrays:
+
+```cpp
+using custom_json = nlohmann::basic_json<
+    nlohmann::ordered_map,  // ObjectType
+    std::vector,            // ArrayType
+    std::string,            // StringType
+    bool,                   // BooleanType
+    std::int64_t,           // NumberIntegerType
+    std::uint64_t,          // NumberUnsignedType
+    double,                 // NumberFloatType
+    std::allocator,         // AllocatorType
+    nlohmann::adl_serializer,
+    std::vector<std::byte>  // Custom BinaryType
+>;
+
+std::vector<std::byte> data{std::byte{1}, std::byte{2}, std::byte{3}};
+custom_json j = data;  // Creates a binary value, not an array
+assert(j.is_binary());
+
+// Round-tripping works seamlessly
+auto extracted = j.get<std::vector<std::byte>>();
+assert(extracted == data);
+```
+
+This automatic type detection is a convenience feature that only applies to custom (non-default) `BinaryType` configurations.
+The default `nlohmann::json` continues to treat `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>` as arrays for backward compatibility.
+
 #### Storage

 Binary Arrays are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to array values, a pointer of the
@@ -43,6 +43,17 @@ Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON va
 Throws [`type_error.316`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error316) if a string stored inside the JSON value
 is not UTF-8 encoded and `error_handler` is set to `strict`

+!!! warning "Serializing untrusted input"
+
+    When serializing values that may contain invalid or untrusted UTF-8 (e.g., bytes taken directly from network
+    input), `dump()` throws [`type_error.316`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error316) in the default
+    `strict` mode. To serialize such data without throwing, pass
+    [`error_handler_t::replace`](error_handler_t.md) (substitutes U+FFFD) or
+    [`error_handler_t::ignore`](error_handler_t.md). Callers that serialize untrusted input on a crash-sensitive path
+    should either choose a non-strict error handler or wrap `dump()` in a `#!cpp try`/`#!cpp catch`.
+
+    See the [FAQ](../../home/faq.md#serializing-untrusted-or-invalid-utf-8) for details.
+
 ## Complexity

 Linear.
@@ -75,6 +86,7 @@ Binary values are serialized as an object containing two keys:

 - [to_string](to_string.md) returns a string representation of a JSON value
 - [operator<<](../operator_ltlt.md) serialize to stream
+- [Serialization](../../features/serialization.md) - the serialization article

 ## Version history

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).

 - [emplace_back](emplace_back.md) add a value to an array
 - [insert](insert.md) add values to an array/object
+- [Modifying values](../../features/modifying_values.md) - the article on modifying values

 ## Version history

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ Amortized constant.

 - [operator+=](operator+=.md) add a value to an array/object
 - [push_back](push_back.md) add a value to an array/object
+- [Modifying values](../../features/modifying_values.md) - the article on modifying values

 ## Version history

@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact

 - [clear](clear.md) clears the contents
 - [insert](insert.md) add values to an array/object
+- [Modifying values](../../features/modifying_values.md) - the article on modifying values

 ## Version history

@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ std::string format_as(const BasicJsonType& j)

 - [dump](dump.md)
 - [std::formatter<basic_json>](std_formatter.md) - the `std::format` (C++20) equivalent
+- [Serialization](../../features/serialization.md) - the serialization article

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ static basic_json from_bjdata(InputType&& i,
                              const bool strict = true,
                              const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json from_bjdata(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json from_bjdata(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                              const bool strict = true,
                              const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 ```
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static basic_json from_bjdata(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the BJData (Binary JData) serialization format.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from an iterator range.
+2. Reads from an iterator range, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).

 The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../features/binary_formats/bjdata.md).

@@ -29,11 +29,18 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
 :   iterator to the start of the input

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the input
+:   iterator to the end of the input, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 `strict` (in)
 :   whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
@@ -101,3 +108,5 @@ Linear in the size of the input.
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 3.11.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ static basic_json from_bson(InputType&& i,
                            const bool strict = true,
                            const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json from_bson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json from_bson(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                            const bool strict = true,
                            const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 ```
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static basic_json from_bson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the BSON (Binary JSON) serialization format.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from an iterator range.
+2. Reads from an iterator range, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).

 The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../features/binary_formats/bson.md).

@@ -29,11 +29,18 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
 :   iterator to the start of the input

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the input
+:   iterator to the end of the input, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 `strict` (in)
 :   whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
@@ -101,6 +108,8 @@ Linear in the size of the input.
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 3.4.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ static basic_json from_cbor(InputType&& i,
                            const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error);

 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json from_cbor(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json from_cbor(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                            const bool strict = true,
                            const bool allow_exceptions = true,
                            const cbor_tag_handler_t tag_handler = cbor_tag_handler_t::error);
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ static basic_json from_cbor(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) serialization format.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from an iterator range.
+2. Reads from an iterator range, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).

 The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../features/binary_formats/cbor.md).

@@ -32,11 +32,18 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -46,7 +53,7 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
 :   iterator to the start of the input

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the input
+:   iterator to the end of the input, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 `strict` (in)
 :   whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
@@ -111,6 +118,8 @@ Linear in the size of the input.
 - Changed to consume input adapters, removed `start_index` parameter, and added `strict` parameter in version 3.0.0.
 - Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.
 - Added `tag_handler` parameter in version 3.9.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ static basic_json from_msgpack(InputType&& i,
                               const bool strict = true,
                               const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json from_msgpack(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json from_msgpack(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                               const bool strict = true,
                               const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 ```
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static basic_json from_msgpack(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the MessagePack serialization format.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from an iterator range.
+2. Reads from an iterator range, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).

 The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../features/binary_formats/messagepack.md).

@@ -29,11 +29,18 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
 :   iterator to the start of the input

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the input
+:   iterator to the end of the input, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 `strict` (in)
 :   whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
@@ -103,6 +110,8 @@ Linear in the size of the input.
 - Parameter `start_index` since version 2.1.1.
 - Changed to consume input adapters, removed `start_index` parameter, and added `strict` parameter in version 3.0.0.
 - Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ static basic_json from_ubjson(InputType&& i,
                              const bool strict = true,
                              const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json from_ubjson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json from_ubjson(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                              const bool strict = true,
                              const bool allow_exceptions = true);
 ```
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static basic_json from_ubjson(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Deserializes a given input to a JSON value using the UBJSON (Universal Binary JSON) serialization format.

 1. Reads from a compatible input.
-2. Reads from an iterator range.
+2. Reads from an iterator range, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).

 The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../features/binary_formats/ubjson.md).

@@ -29,11 +29,18 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../
 :   iterator to the start of the input

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of the input
+:   iterator to the end of the input, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 `strict` (in)
 :   whether to expect the input to be consumed until EOF (`#!cpp true` by default)
@@ -102,6 +109,8 @@ Linear in the size of the input.

 - Added in version 3.1.0.
 - Added `allow_exceptions` parameter in version 3.2.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -114,6 +114,13 @@ overload (3).
    See [Number conversion](../../features/types/number_handling.md#number-conversion)
    for more information.

+!!! note "`std::optional` conversions"
+
+    Prior to version 3.13.0, `#!cpp get<std::optional<T>>()` (and other conversions to `std::optional<T>`) failed to
+    compile in every configuration, due to an internal implementation bug that made the `from_json` overload for
+    `std::optional` unreachable regardless of the [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md)
+    setting. This has been fixed.
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -155,6 +162,7 @@ overload (3).
 - [get_ptr](get_ptr.md) get a pointer to the stored value
 - [get_ref](get_ref.md) get a reference to the stored value
 - [operator ValueType](operator_ValueType.md) get a value via implicit conversion
+- [Converting values](../../features/conversions.md) - the type conversions article

 ## Version history

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ Depends on the `json_serializer<ValueType>::from_json()` implementation.
 - [get](get.md) get a value (explicit conversion)
 - [get_ref](get_ref.md) get a reference to the stored value
 - [get_ptr](get_ptr.md) get a pointer to the stored value
+- [Converting values](../../features/conversions.md) - the type conversions article

 ## Version history

@@ -46,6 +46,17 @@ for (auto& [key, val] : j_object.items())
 }
 ```

+If you need to name the type of the dereferenced element explicitly (e.g., to write a standalone function that
+takes it as a parameter, or to use `items()` with `std::for_each`), use `decltype`:
+
+```cpp
+using element_type = decltype(*j_object.items().begin());
+```
+
+The per-element type (`iteration_proxy_value`) lives in the library's internal `detail` namespace and is
+intentionally unspecified as a stable, named type -- `decltype` is the supported way to obtain it, but its exact
+name/definition may change between versions.
+
 ## Return value

 iteration proxy object wrapping the current value with an interface to use in range-based for loops
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ the initializer list constructor `basic_json(initializer_list_t, bool, value_t)`

 - [`basic_json(initializer_list_t)`](basic_json.md) - create a JSON value from an initializer list
 - [`array`](array.md) - create a JSON array value from an initializer list
+- [Creating JSON values](../../features/creating_values.md) - the article on creating JSON values

 ## Version history

@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ behavior:
  object will agree on the name-value mappings.
 - When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which one of the values for a given key will be
  chosen. For instance, `#!json {"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `#!json {"key": 1}` or
-  `#!json {"key": 2}`.
+  `#!json {"key": 2}`. To reject duplicate keys instead of silently resolving them one way or another, see
+  [this parsing recipe](../../features/parsing/parser_callbacks.md#recipe-rejecting-duplicate-object-keys).
 - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the names. Objects will also be serialized (see
  [`dump`](dump.md)) in this order. For instance, `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
  and serialized as `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
@@ -93,6 +94,15 @@ alphabetical order as `std::map` with `std::less` is used by default. Please not
 [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259), because any order implements the specified "unordered" nature of JSON
 objects.

+#### Cross-`basic_json` conversion requirements
+
+When converting an object from one `basic_json` specialization to another via the
+[converting constructor](basic_json.md#overload-4), the target `object_t`'s `key_type` must be
+directly constructible from the source `basic_json`'s `string_t` type (or more generally, from the
+source object's key type). If this requirement is not met, the conversion does not fail; instead,
+the object is silently converted as an array of key-value pairs, which is incorrect. See
+[issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425) for details and an example.
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -124,6 +124,15 @@ Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact
      filled with `#!json null`.
    - The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the end.

+    !!! note "Creating intermediate levels that don't exist yet"
+
+        When the JSON pointer traverses intermediate levels that don't exist at all yet (not just a missing
+        leaf), each missing level is created as an array or an object depending on whether the corresponding
+        pointer token parses as a non-negative integer: a numeric token creates an array, a non-numeric token
+        creates an object. For example, on an initially `#!json null` value, `/foo/0/0/0` creates nested arrays,
+        while `/foo/one/one/one` creates nested objects. This is not specified by the JSON Pointer RFC; it is
+        this library's own, intentional disambiguation rule. See also [JSON Pointer](../../features/json_pointer.md).
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example "Example: (1) access specified array element"
@@ -251,5 +260,6 @@ Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact
 1. Added in version 1.0.0.
 2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added overloads for `T* key` in version 1.1.0. Removed overloads for `T* key` (replaced by 3)
   in version 3.11.0.
-3. Added in version 3.11.0.
+3. Added in version 3.11.0. Fixed in version 3.13.0 to consistently accept `std::string_view`-convertible keys, as
+   already supported by [`at`](at.md), [`value`](value.md), [`find`](find.md), and other lookup functions.
 4. Added in version 2.0.0.
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ Linear in the size of the JSON value.
 ## See also

 - [get](get.md) get a value (explicit conversion)
+- [Converting values](../../features/conversions.md) - the type conversions article

 ## Version history

@@ -19,10 +19,8 @@ class basic_json {
 };
 ```

-1. Compares two JSON values for inequality according to the following rules:
-    - The comparison always yields `#!cpp false` if (1) either operand is discarded, or (2) either operand is `NaN` and
-      the other operand is either `NaN` or any other number.
-    - Otherwise, returns the result of `#!cpp !(lhs == rhs)` (until C++20) or `#!cpp !(*this == rhs)` (since C++20).
+1. Compares two JSON values for inequality. Returns `#!cpp !(lhs == rhs)` (until C++20) or `#!cpp !(*this == rhs)` (since C++20).
+    - This means the comparison is simply the logical negation of `operator==`, including for special values like `NaN` and `discarded`.

 2. Compares a JSON value and a scalar or a scalar and a JSON value for inequality by converting the scalar to a JSON
   value and comparing both JSON values according to 1.
@@ -54,13 +52,12 @@ Linear.

 ## Notes

-!!! note "Comparing `NaN`"
+!!! note "Comparing `NaN` and `discarded`"

-    `NaN` values are unordered within the domain of numbers.
-    The following comparisons all yield `#!cpp false`:
-      1. Comparing a `NaN` with itself.
-      2. Comparing a `NaN` with another `NaN`.
-      3. Comparing a `NaN` and any other number.
+    Since `operator!=` is defined as `!(a == b)`, the behavior for special values follows that of `operator==`:
+    
+    - For `NaN` values: `NaN == NaN` yields `#!cpp false`, so `NaN != NaN` yields `#!cpp true`.
+    - For `discarded` values: `discarded == x` yields `#!cpp false` for any `x`, so `discarded != x` yields `#!cpp true`.

 ## Examples

@@ -94,5 +91,7 @@ Linear.

 ## Version history

-1. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0.
-2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0.
+1. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0. Changed in version 3.13.0 to remove 
+   special-casing for `NaN` and `discarded` values; `operator!=` now consistently means `!(a == b)`.
+2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0. Changed in version 3.13.0 to remove
+   special-casing for `NaN` and `discarded` values; `operator!=` now consistently means `!(a == b)`.
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ static basic_json parse(InputType&& i,
                        const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false);

 // (2)
-template<typename IteratorType>
-static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<typename IteratorType, typename SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                        const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr,
                        const bool allow_exceptions = true,
                        const bool ignore_comments = false,
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 ```

 1. Deserialize from a compatible input.
-2. Deserialize from a pair of character iterators
+2. Deserialize from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)
    
    The `value_type` of the iterator must be an integral type with size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted
-    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
+    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
+    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

 ## Template parameters

@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
    - a `std::string`
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -42,6 +44,12 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
    - a pair of `std::string::iterator` or `std::vector<std::uint8_t>::iterator`
    - a pair of pointers such as `ptr` and `ptr + len`

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 ## Parameters

 `i` (in)
@@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 :   iterator to the start of a character range

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of a character range
+:   iterator to the end of a character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 ## Return value

@@ -235,7 +243,9 @@ Invalid Unicode escapes and unpaired surrogates in the input are reported as
 - Overload for contiguous containers (1) added in version 2.0.3.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
 - Changed [runtime assertion](../../features/assertions.md) in case of `FILE*` null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.
- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -29,7 +29,14 @@ Discarding a value (i.e., returning `#!cpp false`) has different effects dependi
 called:

 - Discarded values in structured types are skipped. That is, the parser will behave as if the discarded value was never
-  read.
+  read. This holds for every value type and for both kinds of parent: a discarded element is removed from the
+  surrounding array, and a discarded member is removed from the surrounding object together with its key.
+- Arrays and objects can be discarded either at their `parse_event_t::array_start`/`parse_event_t::object_start` event
+  or at their `parse_event_t::array_end`/`parse_event_t::object_end` event, and both remove the whole value. Discarding
+  it at the start event also means the callback is called neither for the content of the value nor for its matching end
+  event.
+- Discarding a `parse_event_t::key` event discards the whole object member. The callback is still called for the
+  associated value, but its return value has no further effect.
 - In case a value outside a structured type is skipped, it is replaced with `null`. This case happens if the top-level
  element is skipped.

@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ called:
 ## Return value

 Whether the JSON value which called the function during parsing should be kept (`#!cpp true`) or not (`#!cpp false`). In
-the latter case, it is either skipped completely or replaced by an empty discarded object.
+the latter case, it is skipped completely, or replaced by `null` if it is the top-level value.

 ## Examples

@@ -68,6 +75,21 @@ the latter case, it is either skipped completely or replaced by an empty discard
    --8<-- "examples/parse__string__parser_callback_t.output"
    ```

+??? example
+
+    The example below shows where discarded values are removed. The array and the number are discarded in different
+    ways, but in each case the parse result contains neither the value nor its key.
+
+    ```cpp
+    --8<-- "examples/parser_callback_t.cpp"
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    --8<-- "examples/parser_callback_t.output"
+    ```
+
 ## See also

 - [parse](parse.md) deserialize from a compatible input
@@ -76,3 +98,5 @@ the latter case, it is either skipped completely or replaced by an empty discard
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 1.0.0.
+- Fixed in version 3.13.0 to also remove discarded values from a parent object; before, discarding an array or a value
+  stored under an object key left a discarded member behind, which made the parse result serialize to invalid JSON.
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ is thrown. In any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied

 - Added in version 2.0.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
-  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.12.x.
+  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
@@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ function throws an exception.

 - Added in version 3.11.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
-  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.12.x.
+  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ invalidates all iterators and all references.

 - [emplace_back](emplace_back.md) add a value to an array
 - [operator+=](operator+=.md) add a value to an array/object
+- [Modifying values](../../features/modifying_values.md) - the article on modifying values

 ## Version history

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ static bool sax_parse(InputType&& i,
                      const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false);

 // (2)
-template<class IteratorType, class SAX>
-static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+template<class IteratorType, class SAX, class SentinelType = IteratorType>
+static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
                      SAX* sax,
                      input_format_t format = input_format_t::json,
                      const bool strict = true,
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@ static bool sax_parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
 Read from input and generate SAX events

 1. Read from a compatible input.
-2. Read from a pair of character iterators
+2. Read from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)
    
    The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted
-    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
+    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
+    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

 The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index.md).

@@ -39,13 +40,19 @@ The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
-    - an object `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produces a valid pair of
-      iterators.
+    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
+      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose `value_type` is an integral type
    with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes (interpreted respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32)

+`SentinelType`
+:   defaults to `IteratorType`; may be a different type comparable to `IteratorType` via `operator!=`, for overload (2), for instance.
+
+    - a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges
+    - `std::default_sentinel_t`, when `IteratorType` is `std::counted_iterator`
+
 `SAX`
 :   a class fulfilling the SAX event listener interface; see [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index.md)

@@ -76,7 +83,7 @@ The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index
 :   iterator to the start of a character range

 `last` (in)
-:   iterator to the end of a character range
+:   iterator to the end of a character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with `operator!=`

 ## Return value

@@ -126,7 +133,9 @@ A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.

 - Added in version 3.2.0.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only ADL `begin`/`end` (matching `std::begin`/`std::end` semantics) in version 3.13.0.
+- Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ provides `<format>`, controlled by the [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](../macros/json_ha
 - [dump](dump.md) - serialization
 - [operator<<(std::ostream&)](../operator_ltlt.md) - serialize to stream
 - [format_as](format_as.md) - customization point used by `fmt::format` (fmtlib)
+- [Serialization](../../features/serialization.md) - the serialization article

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ JSON class into byte-sized characters during deserialization.
 :   the container to store strings (e.g., `std::string`). Note this container is used for keys/names in objects, see
    [object_t](object_t.md).

+    `StringType` must have a `char`-compatible `value_type`: the library relies on UTF-8/`char`-based storage and
+    processing internally, so `std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, and `std::u32string` are **not** valid choices for
+    `StringType`. To work with wide-character data, convert it to/from UTF-8 at the boundary instead -- see the
+    FAQ's [wide string handling](../../home/faq.md#wide-string-handling) section for a conversion recipe.
+
 ## Notes

 #### Default type
@@ -45,6 +50,15 @@ This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit by cod
 String values are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to string values, a pointer of type
 `string_t*` must be dereferenced.

+#### Cross-`basic_json` conversion requirements
+
+When converting a string value from one `basic_json` specialization to another via the
+[converting constructor](basic_json.md#overload-4), the target `string_t` must be directly
+constructible from the source `basic_json`'s `string_t` type. If this requirement is not met, the
+conversion does not fail; instead, the string is silently converted as an array of character codes,
+which is incorrect. See [issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425) for details
+and an example.
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ optional, `#!cpp bjdata_version_t::draft2` by default.

 Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.

+## Exceptions
+
+- Throws [`other_error.502`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionother_error502) if `use_type` is true and `use_size`
+  is false.
+
 ## Complexity

 Linear in the size of the JSON value `j`.
@@ -40,10 +40,15 @@ Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON va
  is not an object; example: `"to serialize to BSON, top-level type must be object, but is string"`
 - Throws [`out_of_range.409`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range409) if a key in the JSON object contains
  a null byte (code point U+0000); example: `"BSON key cannot contain code point U+0000 (at byte 2)"`
+- Throws [`out_of_range.412`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range412) if the length of a document, array,
+  string, or binary value exceeds the range of the 32-bit BSON length field; example:
+  `"BSON length 2147483661 exceeds maximum of 2147483647"`

 ## Complexity

-Linear in the size of the JSON value `j`.
+Proportional to the size of the JSON value `j` multiplied by its maximum nesting
+depth, `O(n × d)`. BSON length prefixes are computed recursively before nested
+values are written.

 ## Examples

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ std::string to_string(const BasicJsonType& j)
 ## See also

 - [dump](dump.md)
+- [Serialization](../../features/serialization.md) - the serialization article

 ## Version history

@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ The exact mapping and its limitations are described on a [dedicated page](../../

 Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the JSON value.

+## Exceptions
+
+- Throws [`other_error.502`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionother_error502) if `use_type` is true and `use_size`
+  is false.
+
 ## Complexity

 Linear in the size of the JSON value `j`.
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ a string representation of the type ([`value_t`](value_t.md)):
 | array                                              | `"array"`     |
 | binary                                             | `"binary"`    |
 | discarded                                          | `"discarded"` |
+| invalid (corrupted value)                          | `"invalid"`   |
+
+!!! note "The \"invalid\" type"
+
+    The `"invalid"` return value indicates a corrupted JSON value — this can occur if an enum value falls outside the
+    range of valid `value_t` values. This is useful for diagnosing data corruption or internal errors.

 ## Exception safety

@@ -52,3 +58,4 @@ Constant.
 - Part of the public API version since 2.1.0.
 - Changed return value to `const char*` and added `noexcept` in version 3.0.0.
 - Added support for binary type in version 3.8.0.
+- Added `"invalid"` return value for corrupted JSON values in version 3.13.0.
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ Basic guarantee: if an exception is thrown during the operation, the JSON value

 - [insert](insert.md) add values to an array/object
 - [merge_patch](merge_patch.md) applies a JSON Merge Patch
+- [Modifying values](../../features/modifying_values.md) - the article on modifying values

 ## Version history

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ ValueType value(const json_pointer& ptr,
                const ValueType& default_value) const;
 ```

+This is equivalent to Python's `dict.get(key, default)`.
+
 1. Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key `key` or a given default value if no element with
   key `key` exists.
   
@@ -184,4 +186,6 @@ changes to any JSON value.

 1. Added in version 1.0.0. Changed parameter `default_value` type from `const ValueType&` to `ValueType&&` in version 3.11.0.
 2. Added in version 3.11.0. Made `ValueType` the first template parameter in version 3.11.2.
-3. Added in version 2.0.2. Extended to work with arrays in version 3.12.x.
+3. Added in version 2.0.2. Extended to work with arrays in version 3.13.0, including fixing an issue where resolving
+   `ptr` through an array unexpectedly threw `out_of_range` instead of returning the resolved element (or
+   `default_value`, as documented).
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ Constant.

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ Linear in the number of reference tokens in the `json_pointer`.

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ Linear in the number of reference tokens in the `json_pointer`.

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -92,4 +92,4 @@ The default value is `0` (disabled — existing behavior is preserved).

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ When the macro is not defined, the library will define it to its default value.

    Diagnostic messages can also be controlled with the CMake option
    [`JSON_Diagnostics`](../../integration/cmake.md#json_diagnostics) (`OFF` by default)
-    which defines `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS` accordingly.
+    which defines `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS` accordingly. Note this only applies when building the
+    library from source — see the pre-installed-package caveat on that page.

 ## Examples

@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ The default value is detected based on preprocessor macros such as `#!cpp __cplu

 - Added in version 3.10.5.
 - Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_23` in version 3.12.0.
- Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_26` in version 3.12.x.
+- Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_26` in version 3.13.0.
@@ -19,6 +19,20 @@ The default value is detected based on the preprocessor macros `#!cpp __cpp_lib_
 `#!cpp __cpp_lib_experimental_filesystem`, `#!cpp __has_include(<filesystem>)`, or
 `#!cpp __has_include(<experimental/filesystem>)`.

+!!! info "Known compiler/stdlib exclusions"
+
+    Even when the feature-test macro indicates filesystem support is available, the library disables it on the following broken toolchains:
+    
+    - **MinGW + GCC 8** — disabled entirely (broken `std::filesystem` implementation; [MinGW-w64 bug 737](https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw-w64/bugs/737/))
+    - **GCC (non-Clang) < 8** — disabled (no filesystem support)
+    - **Clang < 7** — disabled (no filesystem support)
+    - **MSVC < 19.14** — disabled (no filesystem support)
+    - **iOS < 13** — disabled (no filesystem support)
+    - **macOS < Catalina (10.15)** — disabled (no filesystem support)
+    
+    If `JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM` or `JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM` is `0` despite `__cpp_lib_filesystem` being defined, one
+    of the exclusions above likely applies to your toolchain.
+
 ## Notes

 - Note that older compilers or older versions of libstdc++ also require the library `stdc++fs` to be linked to for
@@ -13,6 +13,20 @@ The default value is detected based on the preprocessor macro `#!cpp __cpp_lib_r

 When the macro is not defined, the library will define it to its default value.

+!!! info "Known compiler/stdlib exclusions"
+
+    Even when the feature-test macro `__cpp_lib_ranges` indicates ranges support is available, the library disables it on
+    the following incomplete or broken toolchains:
+    
+    - **GCC 11.1.0** — disabled (the shipped `<ranges>` header has a syntax error; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
+    - **libstdc++ < 11** — disabled (incomplete C++20 ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
+    - **Clang < 16 with libstdc++** — disabled (incomplete ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
+    - **libc++ < 160000** — disabled (incomplete C++20 ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
+    - **nvcc (CUDA) 12.0.x and 12.1.x** — disabled (the `enable_borrowed_range` variable-template syntax triggers a parse error
+      under these two toolkit versions; fixed in CUDA 12.2; [issue #3907](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3907))
+    
+    If `JSON_HAS_RANGES` is `0` despite `__cpp_lib_ranges` being defined, one of the exclusions above likely applies to your toolchain.
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ When the macro is not defined, the library will define it to its default value.

 ## Version history

- Added in version 3.12.x.
+- Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ See the examples below for the concrete generated code.

    - The current implementation is limited to at most 63 member variables. If you want to serialize/deserialize types
      with more than 63 member variables, you need to define the `to_json`/`from_json` functions manually.
+    - These macros always produce object-style (named-key) JSON, one key per member. There is no macro variant
+      that serializes a struct's members positionally into a JSON array; for that, write `to_json`/`from_json` by
+      hand, building/reading a `json::array()` of the members in order.

 ## Examples

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ See the examples below for the concrete generated code.

    - The current implementation is limited to at most 63 member variables. If you want to serialize/deserialize types
      with more than 63 member variables, you need to define the `to_json`/`from_json` functions manually.
+    - These macros always produce object-style (named-key) JSON, one key per member. There is no macro variant
+      that serializes a struct's members positionally into a JSON array; for that, write `to_json`/`from_json` by
+      hand, building/reading a `json::array()` of the members in order.

 ## Examples

@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ For further information please refer to the corresponding macros without `WITH_N

 ## Version history

-1. Added in version 3.12.x.
+1. Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -102,4 +102,4 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);

 ## Version history

-Added in version 3.12.x.
+Added in version 3.13.0.
@@ -33,6 +33,45 @@ A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
 Invalid Unicode escapes and unpaired surrogates in the input are reported as
 [`parse_error.101`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101) with a detailed message.

+`operator>>` parses exactly one JSON value, so it can be called repeatedly to read a sequence of concatenated JSON
+values from the same stream:
+
+```cpp
+json j1, j2;
+input >> j1;  // parses the first value
+input >> j2;  // parses the next value
+```
+
+!!! warning "A number must be followed by whitespace"
+
+    A number is only terminated by the character that follows it. That character is read from the stream to detect the
+    end of the number, and it is **not** put back. When a value that is a number is immediately followed by the next
+    value, the first character of that next value is lost:
+
+    ```cpp
+    std::istringstream input("1true");
+    json j1, j2;
+    input >> j1;  // j1 == 1
+    input >> j2;  // throws parse_error.101: the stream now starts at "rue"
+    ```
+
+    Separating the values with whitespace avoids this, because the character that is eaten is then the separator:
+
+    ```cpp
+    std::istringstream input("1 true");
+    json j1, j2;
+    input >> j1;  // j1 == 1
+    input >> j2;  // j2 == true
+    ```
+
+    Only numbers are affected. Values ending in a self-delimiting character do not read past themselves, so
+    `truefalse`, `[1][2]`, `{"a":1}{"b":2}`, and `"a""b"` can be read back to back without a separator.
+
+    This is tracked in [#5340](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5340).
+
+Note that reading concatenated values does **not** work for [JSON Lines](../features/parsing/json_lines.md)
+(newline-delimited JSON) input -- see that page for why and for the recommended alternative.
+
 !!! warning "Deprecation"

    This function replaces function `#!cpp std::istream& operator<<(basic_json& j, std::istream& i)` which has
@@ -56,8 +56,12 @@ Linear.
    --8<-- "examples/operator_literal_json.output"
    ```

+## See also
+
+- [Creating JSON values](../features/creating_values.md) - the article on creating JSON values
+
 ## Version history

 - Added in version 1.0.0.
 - Moved to namespace `nlohmann::literals::json_literals` in 3.11.0.
- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.12.x.
+- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.13.0.
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ Linear.

 - Added in version 2.0.0.
 - Moved to namespace `nlohmann::literals::json_literals` in 3.11.0.
- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.12.x.
+- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.13.0.
@@ -80,6 +80,12 @@ Linear.
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operator_ltlt__json_pointer.output"
    ```
+
+## See also
+
+- [dump](basic_json/dump.md) - serialize to a JSON-formatted string
+- [Serialization](../features/serialization.md) - the serialization article
+
 ## Version history

 1. Added in version 1.0.0. Added support for indentation character and deprecated
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ Therefore, adding object elements can yield a reallocation in which case all ite
 [`end()`](basic_json/end.md) iterator) and all references to the elements are invalidated. Also, any iterator or
 reference after the insertion point will point to the same index, which is now a different value.

+## Complexity
+
+[`ordered_map`](ordered_map.md) has no lookup index: every key-based object operation is a linear scan, so building or
+parsing an object of `n` keys costs O(n²) rather than O(n log n). See
+[`ordered_map` complexity](ordered_map.md#complexity) for the per-operation table and for measured numbers.
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -56,6 +56,48 @@ std::equal_to<>     // since C++14
 - **find**
 - **insert**

+## Complexity
+
+Because the elements are stored in a `std::vector` in insertion order, there is no index to look a key up by. Every
+key-based operation performs a **linear scan** over the stored elements. With `n` denoting the number of elements in the
+container:
+
+| Operation                              | Complexity     | Note                                                     |
+|----------------------------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| **emplace**                            | O(n)           | scans for an existing key, then appends (amortized O(1)) |
+| **operator\[\]**                       | O(n)           | delegates to **emplace** (non-const) or **at** (const)   |
+| **at**                                 | O(n)           | throws `#!cpp std::out_of_range` if the key is not found |
+| **find**                               | O(n)           |                                                          |
+| **count**                              | O(n)           | the result is always 0 or 1                              |
+| **erase(key)**                         | O(n)           | scan, then move the remaining elements one position down |
+| **erase(pos)**, **erase(first, last)** | O(n)           | moves all elements after the erased range                |
+| **insert(value)**                      | O(n)           | equivalent to **emplace**                                |
+| **insert(first, last)**                | O((n + m) * m) | for `m` inserted elements                                |
+
+This differs from `#!cpp std::map`, where the same operations are O(log n).
+
+!!! warning "Quadratic cost of building large objects"
+
+    Because every insertion scans all elements inserted so far, building an object of `n` distinct keys costs
+    **O(n²)** in total. This applies to filling an [`ordered_json`](ordered_json.md) object key by key as well as to
+    parsing one, since the parser inserts each key as it is read.
+
+    The cost is negligible for the object sizes typically found in configuration files or API payloads, but it grows
+    steeply for machine-generated objects with many thousands of keys. Measured with `-O2 -DNDEBUG` for parsing a flat
+    object of `n` keys, relative to `#!cpp nlohmann::json` (which uses `#!cpp std::map`):
+
+    | `n`    | `json` | `ordered_json` | factor |
+    |--------|--------|----------------|--------|
+    | 2000   | 0.7 ms | 3.6 ms         | 5×     |
+    | 4000   | 0.8 ms | 14.0 ms        | 19×    |
+    | 8000   | 1.6 ms | 67.8 ms        | 43×    |
+    | 16 000 | 3.3 ms | 181.6 ms       | 54×    |
+
+    If key order matters for objects of that size, consider a container with a lookup index, such as
+    [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map)
+    ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/546#issuecomment-304447518)), as the object type -- see
+    [object order](../features/object_order.md).
+
 ## Examples

 ??? example
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Ecosystem
+
+The projects below build on top of `nlohmann::json` rather than merely using it - schema validators, language
+bindings, format converters, and similar building blocks. The list is not exhaustive, and is curated rather than
+automatically generated. If you maintain or know of a project that belongs here,
+[please let me know](mailto:mail@nlohmann.me).
+
+For products, applications, and organizations that use the library, see [Customers](../home/customers.md) instead.
+
+## Schema validation
+
+- [**json-schema-validator**](https://github.com/pboettch/json-schema-validator), a JSON Schema (draft 7) validator
+  with human-readable error messages
+
+## Serialization and reflection
+
+- [**nlohmann_json_reflect**](https://github.com/1261385937/nlohmann_json_reflect), a reflection extension for
+  (de)serializing nested containers-in-structs-in-containers
+
+## Encodings
+
+- [**base-encode-decode**](https://github.com/saxonnicholls/base-encode-decode), a header-only Base64/32/16/8/4/2
+  (and DNA/RNA) encoding library, with an adapter that serializes binary data through `nlohmann::json`
+
+## Language bindings and interop
+
+- [**pybind11_json**](https://github.com/pybind/pybind11_json), a bidirectional type caster between
+  `nlohmann::json` and Python objects for [pybind11](https://github.com/pybind/pybind11) bindings
+- [**nanobind_json**](https://github.com/ianhbell/nanobind_json), the same idea for
+  [nanobind](https://github.com/wjakob/nanobind) bindings
+- [**nlohmann_json_qt**](https://github.com/dpurgin/nlohmann_json_qt), deserialization helpers for Qt types
+  (`QString`, `QUrl`, `QDateTime`, `QVector`, ...) from `nlohmann::json`
+- [**vulkan2json**](https://github.com/Fadis/vulkan2json), serialization and deserialization of Vulkan API structs
+
+## Format converters
+
+- [**tojson**](https://github.com/mircodz/tojson), a header-only converter between YAML/XML documents and
+  `nlohmann::json`
+- [**json2xml**](https://github.com/testillano/json2xml), a header-only converter from `nlohmann::json` to XML for
+  simple configuration documents
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # Community

+- [Ecosystem](ecosystem.md) - third-party projects built on top of this library
 - [Code of Conduct](code_of_conduct.md) - the rules and norms of this project
 - [Contribution Guidelines](contribution_guidelines.md) - guidelines how to contribute to this project
 - [Governance](governance.md) - the governance model of this project
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ violations will result in a failed build.

    Any compiler with complete C++11 support can compile the library without warnings.

+Note: C++20 modules support may hit compiler-specific issues not covered by the general compiler matrix below. See [Modules](../features/modules.md#known-issues) for known issues and workarounds.
+
+Note: Some modern features (like C++20 ranges or filesystem support) may be disabled on specific broken or incomplete toolchains even when standard feature-test macros indicate support. See [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md) and [`JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM`](../api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md) for details on known exclusions.
+
 - [x] The library is compiled with 50+ different C++ compilers with different operating systems and platforms,
  including the oldest versions known to compile the library.

@@ -62,12 +66,15 @@ violations will result in a failed build.
        | Clang 20.1.1                                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
        | Clang 20.1.8 with GNU-like command-line      | x86_64       | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub    |
        | Clang 21.1.8                                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | CUDA 11.0.221 (nvcc)                         | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | Clang 22.1.8                                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
+        | CUDA 11.8.0 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | CUDA 12.1.1 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | CUDA 12.6.3 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
        | Emscripten 4.0.6                             | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | GNU 4.8.5                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | GNU 4.9.3                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | GNU 5.5.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | GNU 6.4.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
+        | GNU 4.8.5                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | GNU 4.9.3                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | GNU 5.5.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | GNU 6.4.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
        | GNU 7.5.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
        | GNU 8.5.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
        | GNU 9.3.0                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
@@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ violations will result in a failed build.
        | GNU 15.1.0                                   | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
        | GNU 16.1.0                                   | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
        | GNU 16.1.0                                   | arm64        | Linux 6.1.100                     | Cirrus CI |
-        | icpc (ICC) 2021.5.0 20211109                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS                | GitHub    |
+        | icpc (ICC) 2021.10.0 20230609                | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
        | icpx (Intel oneAPI DPC++/C++) 2025.3.2       | x86_64       | Ubuntu 24.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
        | nvc++ (NVIDIA HPC SDK) 25.5-0                | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
        | MSVC 19.0.24241.7                            | x86          | Windows 8.1                       | AppVeyor  |
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // a JSON text with an array and a number inside an object
+    auto text = R"({"IDs": [116, 943], "Width": 800})";
+
+    // discard the array when the parser reads its opening bracket
+    json j_array_start = json::parse(text, [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t event, json& /*parsed*/)
+    {
+        return event != json::parse_event_t::array_start;
+    });
+
+    // discard the same array when the parser reads its closing bracket
+    json j_array_end = json::parse(text, [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t event, json& /*parsed*/)
+    {
+        return event != json::parse_event_t::array_end;
+    });
+
+    // discard the number, but keep its key
+    json j_value = json::parse(text, [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t event, json & parsed)
+    {
+        return !(event == json::parse_event_t::value && parsed == json(800));
+    });
+
+    // discard the key of the number
+    json j_key = json::parse(text, [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t event, json & parsed)
+    {
+        return !(event == json::parse_event_t::key && parsed == json("Width"));
+    });
+
+    // discard the top-level object
+    json j_root = json::parse(text, [](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t event, json& /*parsed*/)
+    {
+        return event != json::parse_event_t::object_end;
+    });
+
+    // in every case, the discarded value is removed together with its key
+    std::cout << j_array_start << '\n'
+              << j_array_end << '\n'
+              << j_value << '\n'
+              << j_key << '\n'
+              << j_root << '\n';
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{"Width":800}
+{"Width":800}
+{"IDs":[116,943]}
+{"IDs":[116,943]}
+null
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+json parse_strict(const std::string& input)
+{
+    // one key set per nesting depth, reused across sibling objects
+    std::vector<std::unordered_set<std::string>> keys;
+
+    auto reject_duplicate_keys = [&](int depth, json::parse_event_t event, json & parsed)
+    {
+        if (event == json::parse_event_t::object_start)
+        {
+            // keys of this object are reported at depth+1 (see the event table above)
+            const auto child_depth = static_cast<std::size_t>(depth) + 1;
+            if (keys.size() <= child_depth)
+            {
+                keys.resize(child_depth + 1);
+            }
+            keys[child_depth].clear();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (event == json::parse_event_t::key)
+        {
+            auto& seen = keys[static_cast<std::size_t>(depth)];
+            const auto& key = parsed.get_ref<const std::string&>();
+            if (!seen.insert(key).second)
+            {
+                throw std::runtime_error("duplicate JSON object key: " + key);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    return json::parse(input, reject_duplicate_keys);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // parsing succeeds when all keys are unique
+    json j = parse_strict(R"({"one": 1, "two": 2})");
+    std::cout << j << '\n';
+
+    // parsing throws when a key is repeated
+    try
+    {
+        parse_strict(R"({"one": 1, "one": 2})");
+    }
+    catch (const std::exception& e)
+    {
+        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"one":1,"two":2}
+duplicate JSON object key: one
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Some important things:

 If you just want to serialize/deserialize some structs, the `to_json`/`from_json` functions can be a lot of boilerplate.

-There are several macros to make your life easier as long as you want to use a JSON object as serialization. The macros are following the naming pattern, and you can chose the macro based on the needed features:
+There are several macros to make your life easier as long as you want to use a JSON object as serialization. The macros are following the naming pattern, and you can choose the macro based on the needed features:

 - All the macros start with `NLOHMANN_DEFINE`.
 - If you want a macro for the derived object, use the [`DERIVED_TYPE`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md) variant, otherwise use `TYPE`.
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ For _derived_ classes and structs, use the following macros
    ```cpp
    namespace ns {
        struct person_derived : person {
-            std:string email;
+            std::string email;
        };
        
        NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(person_derived, person, email)
@@ -180,6 +180,49 @@ For _derived_ classes and structs, use the following macros
    }
    ```

+!!! warning "Overriding conversions for natively-supported types"
+
+    The library already provides built-in `to_json`/`from_json` conversions for STL containers such as
+    `std::vector`, `std::array`, and `std::map`. Defining your own free-function `to_json`/`from_json` overload
+    for one of these container types directly (instead of for your own type) can conflict with the built-in
+    overload during overload resolution, producing compiler errors ("no matching overloaded function",
+    "call is ambiguous") that vary by compiler and library version. If you need different conversion behavior
+    for a container type the library already handles, wrap it in your own type (or use `adl_serializer`
+    specialization, as shown [above](#how-do-i-convert-third-party-types) for `boost::optional`) instead of
+    trying to re-specialize `to_json`/`from_json` for the container type itself.
+
+!!! warning "Raw C-style arrays"
+
+    Members declared as raw C-style arrays (e.g., `char buf[1024]`) do not round-trip safely through
+    `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` macros or the default (de)serializers: `to_json` serializes any `char` array as a
+    JSON *string* (matching the `std::string`-constructible overload), but the `from_json` overload for
+    fixed-size arrays expects a JSON *array* and iterates it element-wise, which fails with a `type_error` when
+    given a string. Use `std::string`, `std::array<char, N>`, or a manually written `to_json`/`from_json` pair
+    for such members instead.
+
+!!! note "Macros and `nlohmann::ordered_json`"
+
+    The `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`/`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*` macros are generic over any `basic_json`
+    specialization, including `nlohmann::ordered_json`. Simply use `ordered_json` as the target type and members
+    are serialized in declaration order -- no separate macro or extra code is needed.
+
+    ```cpp
+    namespace ns {
+        NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(person, name, address, age)
+    }
+
+    ns::person p{"Ned Flanders", "744 Evergreen Terrace", 60};
+    nlohmann::ordered_json j = p; // keys appear in declaration order: name, address, age
+    ```
+
+!!! note "No macro for non-default-constructible types"
+
+    There is currently no `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`-style macro for types that are not
+    [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible). This is not an
+    intentional omission of documentation -- no such macro exists yet; see
+    [How can I use `get()` for non-default constructible/non-copyable types?](#how-can-i-use-get-for-non-default-constructiblenon-copyable-types)
+    for the manual pattern to use instead.
+
 ## How do I convert third-party types?

 This requires a bit more advanced technique. But first, let us see how this conversion mechanism works:
@@ -270,6 +313,49 @@ namespace nlohmann {
 }
 ```

+## Why can't I convert to/from `std::any`?
+
+`std::any` is intentionally excluded from `get<T>()`/generic conversion support, so `get<std::any>()` and
+containers like `std::map<std::string, std::any>` fail to compile by design -- there is no way to know, from a
+`json` value alone, which concrete type to store inside the `std::any`. To work with heterogeneous JSON values,
+dispatch on the value's type manually and construct the `std::any` (or extract from it) yourself:
+
+```cpp
+std::any value_to_any(const json& j) {
+    if (j.is_boolean())      { return j.get<bool>(); }
+    if (j.is_number_integer()) { return j.get<int>(); }
+    if (j.is_number_float()) { return j.get<double>(); }
+    if (j.is_string())       { return j.get<std::string>(); }
+    // ... handle other types (arrays, objects) as needed for your use case
+    return {};
+}
+
+json any_to_json(const std::any& a) {
+    if (a.type() == typeid(bool))        { return std::any_cast<bool>(a); }
+    if (a.type() == typeid(int))         { return std::any_cast<int>(a); }
+    if (a.type() == typeid(double))      { return std::any_cast<double>(a); }
+    if (a.type() == typeid(std::string)) { return std::any_cast<std::string>(a); }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+```
+
+## Why does serializing a `std::map`/`std::unordered_map` with non-string keys produce an array?
+
+A `std::map`/`std::unordered_map` whose key type is not string-like (e.g., `std::map<int, std::string>`) is
+serialized as a JSON *array* of 2-element `[key, value]` arrays, not as a JSON object -- JSON object keys must be
+strings, so the library cannot represent an integer-keyed map as an object.
+
+```cpp
+std::map<int, std::string> m{{1, "one"}, {2, "two"}};
+json j = m;
+// j is [[1,"one"],[2,"two"]], not {"1":"one","2":"two"}
+```
+
+## Why does `std::wstring` convert or dump incorrectly?
+
+The library assumes UTF-8 encoding internally, so `std::wstring` is not supported out of the box -- see the FAQ
+entry on [wide string handling](../home/faq.md#wide-string-handling) for why, and for a UTF-8 conversion recipe.
+
 ## Can I write my own serializer? (Advanced use)

 Yes. You might want to take a look at [`unit-udt.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-udt.cpp) in the test suite, to see a few examples.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Runtime assertions can be switched off by defining the preprocessor macro `NDEBU

 ## Change assertion behavior

-The behavior of runtime assertions can be changes by defining macro [`JSON_ASSERT(x)`](../api/macros/json_assert.md)
+The behavior of runtime assertions can be changed by defining macro [`JSON_ASSERT(x)`](../api/macros/json_assert.md)
 before including the `json.hpp` header.

 ## Function with runtime assertions
@@ -116,14 +116,24 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BJData types ac
    ```

    Likewise, when a JSON object in the above form is serialized using
-    [`to_bjdata`](../../api/basic_json/to_bjdata.md), it is automatically converted into a compact BJData ND-array. The
-    only exception is, that when the 1-dimensional vector stored in `"_ArraySize_"` contains a single integer or two
-    integers with one being 1, a regular 1-D optimized array is generated.
+    [`to_bjdata`](../../api/basic_json/to_bjdata.md), it is automatically converted into a compact BJData ND-array. When
+    the 1-dimensional vector stored in `"_ArraySize_"` contains a single integer or two integers with one being 1, a
+    regular 1-D optimized array is generated instead.
+
+    An object is only converted if the annotation actually describes a packed array; otherwise it is serialized as a
+    regular JSON object. This requires all of the following:
+
+    - `"_ArrayType_"` is one of `uint8`, `int8`, `uint16`, `int16`, `uint32`, `int32`, `uint64`, `int64`, `single`,
+      `double`, `char`, or `byte`,
+    - every entry of `"_ArraySize_"` is a non-negative integer, and their product is representable as a `std::size_t`,
+    - `"_ArrayData_"` holds exactly that many elements, and
+    - every element of `"_ArrayData_"` is a number of the kind named by `"_ArrayType_"` (a floating-point number for
+      `single` and `double`, an integer otherwise).

    The current version of this library does not yet support automatic detection of and conversion from a nested JSON
    array input to a BJData ND-array.

-    [JDataAAFmt]: https://github.com/NeuroJSON/jdata/blob/master/JData_specification.md#annotated-storage-of-n-d-arrays)
+    [JDataAAFmt]: https://github.com/NeuroJSON/jdata/blob/master/JData_specification.md#annotated-storage-of-n-d-arrays

 !!! info "Restrictions in optimized data types for arrays and objects"

@@ -146,7 +156,7 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BJData types ac
    suggested by the BJData documentation. In particular, this means that the serialization and the deserialization of
    JSON containing binary values into BJData and back will result in a different JSON object.

-    [BJDataBinArr]: https://github.com/NeuroJSON/bjdata/blob/master/Binary_JData_Specification.md#optimized-binary-array)
+    [BJDataBinArr]: https://github.com/NeuroJSON/bjdata/blob/master/Binary_JData_Specification.md#optimized-binary-array

 ??? example

@@ -35,6 +35,19 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BSON types:
    The mapping is **incomplete**, since only JSON-objects (and things contained therein) can be serialized to BSON.
    Also, keys may not contain U+0000, since they are serialized a zero-terminated c-strings.

+!!! warning "BSON type 0x11 interoperability"
+
+    The BSON specification defines type `0x11` as a Timestamp. This library uses marker `0x11` when serializing
+    `number_unsigned` values in the range `9223372036854775808..18446744073709551615`. Other BSON implementations may
+    therefore interpret these values as Timestamps instead of unsigned integers.
+
+!!! info "Binary values without a subtype"
+
+    BSON requires every binary value to have a subtype. If a binary value has no subtype, this library serializes it
+    with the generic subtype `0x00`. After deserialization, `has_subtype()` returns `true` and `subtype()` returns `0`.
+    As a result, serializing and deserializing a JSON object containing such a value produces a different JSON object,
+    even though the binary data is unchanged.
+
 ??? example

    ```cpp
@@ -52,28 +65,29 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BSON types:

 The library maps BSON record types to JSON value types as follows:

-| BSON type             | BSON marker byte | JSON value type |
-|-----------------------|------------------|-----------------|
-| double                | 0x01             | number_float    |
-| string                | 0x02             | string          |
-| document              | 0x03             | object          |
-| array                 | 0x04             | array           |
-| binary                | 0x05             | binary          |
-| undefined             | 0x06             | *unsupported*   |
-| ObjectId              | 0x07             | *unsupported*   |
-| boolean               | 0x08             | boolean         |
-| UTC Date-Time         | 0x09             | *unsupported*   |
-| null                  | 0x0A             | null            |
-| Regular Expr.         | 0x0B             | *unsupported*   |
-| DB Pointer            | 0x0C             | *unsupported*   |
-| JavaScript Code       | 0x0D             | *unsupported*   |
-| Symbol                | 0x0E             | *unsupported*   |
-| JavaScript Code       | 0x0F             | *unsupported*   |
-| int32                 | 0x10             | number_integer  |
-| uint64(Timestamp)     | 0x11             | number_unsigned |
-| 128-bit decimal float | 0x13             | *unsupported*   |
-| Max Key               | 0x7F             | *unsupported*   |
-| Min Key               | 0xFF             | *unsupported*   |
+| BSON type                | BSON marker byte | JSON value type |
+|--------------------------|------------------|-----------------|
+| double                   | 0x01             | number_float    |
+| string                   | 0x02             | string          |
+| document                 | 0x03             | object          |
+| array                    | 0x04             | array           |
+| binary                   | 0x05             | binary          |
+| undefined                | 0x06             | *unsupported*   |
+| ObjectId                 | 0x07             | *unsupported*   |
+| boolean                  | 0x08             | boolean         |
+| UTC Date-Time            | 0x09             | *unsupported*   |
+| null                     | 0x0A             | null            |
+| Regular Expr.            | 0x0B             | *unsupported*   |
+| DB Pointer               | 0x0C             | *unsupported*   |
+| JavaScript Code          | 0x0D             | *unsupported*   |
+| Symbol                   | 0x0E             | *unsupported*   |
+| JavaScript Code w/ scope | 0x0F             | *unsupported*   |
+| int32                    | 0x10             | number_integer  |
+| uint64(Timestamp)        | 0x11             | number_unsigned |
+| int64                    | 0x12             | number_integer  |
+| 128-bit decimal float    | 0x13             | *unsupported*   |
+| Max Key                  | 0x7F             | *unsupported*   |
+| Min Key                  | 0xFF             | *unsupported*   |

 !!! warning "Incomplete mapping"

@@ -81,8 +95,19 @@ The library maps BSON record types to JSON value types as follows:

 !!! note "Handling of BSON type 0x11"

-    BSON type 0x11 is used to represent uint64 numbers. This library treats these values purely as uint64 numbers 
-    and does not parse them into date-related formats.
+    This library deserializes BSON type `0x11` (Timestamp) as a `number_unsigned` value. The 64-bit value is preserved,
+    but the Timestamp type information is not.
+
+!!! warning "Lenient BSON input handling"
+
+    The BSON reader is lenient in a few areas where the BSON specification is more restrictive:
+
+    - array element keys are not checked against the required decimal sequence (`0`, `1`, `2`, ...),
+    - any non-zero byte is accepted as `true` for the boolean type, and
+    - the payload for binary subtype `0x02` is returned as-is, including its inner length prefix.
+
+    If BSON input must be validated for strict specification compliance, validate it separately before passing it to
+    `from_bson()`.

 ??? example

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ extremely small code sizes, fairly small message size, and extensibility without

 !!! abstract "References"

-      - [CBOR Website](http://cbor.io) - the main source on CBOR
+    - [CBOR Website](http://cbor.io) - the main source on CBOR
    - [CBOR Playground](http://cbor.me) - an interactive webpage to translate between JSON and CBOR
-    - [RFC 7049](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) - the CBOR specification
+    - [RFC 8949](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949.html) - the CBOR specification

 ## Serialization

 The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to CBOR types according to the CBOR specification
-([RFC 7049](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7049.html)):
+([RFC 8949](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949.html)):

 | JSON value type | value/range                                | CBOR type                         | first byte |
 |-----------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------|
@@ -37,22 +37,22 @@ The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to CBOR types acco
 | number_float    | *any value representable by a float*       | Single-Precision Float            | 0xFA       |
 | number_float    | *any value NOT representable by a float*   | Double-Precision Float            | 0xFB       |
 | string          | *length*: 0..23                            | UTF-8 string                      | 0x60..0x77 |
-| string          | *length*: 23..255                          | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow)      | 0x78       |
+| string          | *length*: 24..255                          | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow)      | 0x78       |
 | string          | *length*: 256..65535                       | UTF-8 string (2 bytes follow)     | 0x79       |
 | string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295                | UTF-8 string (4 bytes follow)     | 0x7A       |
 | string          | *length*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | UTF-8 string (8 bytes follow)     | 0x7B       |
 | array           | *size*: 0..23                              | array                             | 0x80..0x97 |
-| array           | *size*: 23..255                            | array (1 byte follow)             | 0x98       |
+| array           | *size*: 24..255                            | array (1 byte follow)             | 0x98       |
 | array           | *size*: 256..65535                         | array (2 bytes follow)            | 0x99       |
 | array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | array (4 bytes follow)            | 0x9A       |
 | array           | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | array (8 bytes follow)            | 0x9B       |
 | object          | *size*: 0..23                              | map                               | 0xA0..0xB7 |
-| object          | *size*: 23..255                            | map (1 byte follow)               | 0xB8       |
+| object          | *size*: 24..255                            | map (1 byte follow)               | 0xB8       |
 | object          | *size*: 256..65535                         | map (2 bytes follow)              | 0xB9       |
 | object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | map (4 bytes follow)              | 0xBA       |
 | object          | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | map (8 bytes follow)              | 0xBB       |
 | binary          | *size*: 0..23                              | byte string                       | 0x40..0x57 |
-| binary          | *size*: 23..255                            | byte string (1 byte follow)       | 0x58       |
+| binary          | *size*: 24..255                            | byte string (1 byte follow)       | 0x58       |
 | binary          | *size*: 256..65535                         | byte string (2 bytes follow)      | 0x59       |
 | binary          | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | byte string (4 bytes follow)      | 0x5A       |
 | binary          | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | byte string (8 bytes follow)      | 0x5B       |
@@ -66,7 +66,15 @@ see "binary" cells in the table above.

 !!! info "NaN/infinity handling"

-    If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly. This behavior differs from the normal JSON serialization which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+    `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity` are serialized as a CBOR half-precision float (type 0xF9, 3 bytes total):
+    `NaN` as `0xF9 0x7E 0x00`, `Infinity` as `0xF9 0x7C 0x00`, and `-Infinity` as `0xF9 0xFC 0x00`. This behavior
+    differs from the normal JSON serialization which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+
+!!! note
+
+    Prior to version 3.13.0, NaN and Infinity were instead serialized as a CBOR double-precision float (type 0xFB,
+    9 bytes total), because the check used to select a smaller encoding compared magnitudes with NaN, which is
+    always `false` and caused the intended half-precision path to be skipped.

 !!! info "Unused CBOR types"

@@ -152,21 +160,25 @@ The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:

    The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all CBOR types can be converted to a JSON value. The following CBOR types are not supported and will yield parse errors:

-     - date/time (0xC0..0xC1)
-     - bignum (0xC2..0xC3)
-     - decimal fraction (0xC4)
-     - bigfloat (0xC5)
-     - expected conversions (0xD5..0xD7)
     - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
     - undefined (0xF7)

+    Tagged items (0xC0..0xDB) are not interpreted either; see the note on tagged items below.
+
+!!! warning "Negative integer overflow"
+
+    CBOR negative integers (major type 1) are decoded as `-1 - n`. If the encoded magnitude `n` is too large for the
+    result to fit into `number_integer_t` (`std::int64_t` by default), parsing fails with a
+    [`parse_error.112`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error112) exception rather than overflowing
+    silently.
+
 !!! warning "Object keys"

    CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys other than UTF-8 strings are rejected.

 !!! warning "Tagged items"

-    Tagged items will throw a parse error by default. They can be ignored by passing `cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore` to function `from_cbor`. They can be stored by passing `cbor_tag_handler_t::store` to function `from_cbor`.
+    Tagged items (0xC0..0xDB) will throw a parse error by default. They can be ignored by passing `cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore` to function `from_cbor`, in which case the tag is skipped and the enclosed data item is parsed on its own. They can be stored by passing `cbor_tag_handler_t::store` to function `from_cbor`. Note that no tag is ever interpreted: for instance, a text string tagged with tag 0 (date/time) stays a string.

 ??? example

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ See [binary values](../binary_values.md) for more information.
 |--------------------|-------------|--------------|-------------------|---------------|
 | BJData             | 53.2 %      | 91.1 %       | 78.1 %            | 96.6 %        |
 | BJData (size)      | 58.6 %      | 92.1 %       | 86.7 %            | 97.4 %        |
-| BJData (size+tyoe) | 58.6 %      | 92.1 %       | 86.5 %            | 97.4 %        |
+| BJData (size+type) | 58.6 %      | 92.1 %       | 86.5 %            | 97.4 %        |
 | BSON               | 85.8 %      | 95.2 %       | 95.8 %            | 106.7 %       |
 | CBOR               | 50.5 %      | 86.3 %       | 68.4 %            | 88.0 %        |
 | MessagePack        | 50.5 %      | 86.0 %       | 68.5 %            | 87.9 %        |
@@ -67,8 +67,15 @@ specification:

 !!! info "NaN/infinity handling"

-    If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly in contrast to the
-    [dump](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
+    `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity` are serialized as a MessagePack float 32 (type 0xCA, 5 bytes total),
+    regardless of magnitude, in contrast to the [dump](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) function which serializes NaN
+    or Infinity to `null`.
+
+!!! note
+
+    Prior to version 3.13.0, NaN and Infinity were instead serialized as a MessagePack float 64 (type 0xCB, 9 bytes
+    total), because the check used to select the smaller float 32 encoding compared magnitudes with NaN, which is
+    always `false` and caused the float 32 path to be skipped.

 ??? example

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ binary.has_subtype();                   // returns false
 binary_with_subtype.has_subtype();      // returns true

 binary_with_subtype.clear_subtype();
-binary_with_subtype.has_subtype();      // returns true
+binary_with_subtype.has_subtype();      // returns false

 binary_with_subtype.set_subtype(42);
 binary.set_subtype(23);
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.
    auto v = json::to_bjdata(j);      
    ```
            
-    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8t>` with the following 20 elements:
+    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 20 elements:

    ```c
    0x7B                                             // '{'
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.
    0x7D                                             // '}'
    ```

-    The following code uses the type and size optimization for UBJSON:
+    The following code uses the type and size optimization for BJData:

    ```cpp
-    // convert to UBJSON using the size and type optimization
+    // convert to BJData using the size and type optimization
    auto v = json::to_bjdata(j, true, true);
    ```

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE         // content
    ```

-    Note that subtype (42) is **not** serialized and that UBJSON has **no binary type**, and deserializing `v` would
+    Note that subtype (42) is **not** serialized and that BJData has **no binary type**, and deserializing `v` would
    yield the following value:

    ```json
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ unsigned 8-bit integer. If no subtype is given, the generic binary subtype 0x00
    auto v = json::to_bson(j);      
    ```
            
-    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8t>` with the following 22 elements:
+    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 22 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x16 0x00 0x00 0x00                         // number of bytes in the document
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ byte array.
    auto v = json::to_cbor(j);      
    ```
            
-    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8t>` with the following 15 elements:
+    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 15 elements:
    
    ```c
    0xA1                                   // map(1)
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ If no subtype is given, the bin family (bin8, bin16, bin32) is used.
    auto v = json::to_msgpack(j);      
    ```
            
-    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8t>` with the following 14 elements:
+    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 14 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x81                                   // fixmap1
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.
    auto v = json::to_ubjson(j);      
    ```
            
-    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8t>` with the following 20 elements:
+    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 20 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x7B                                             // '{'
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ This library does not support comments *by default*. It does so for three reason

 3. It is dangerous for interoperability if some libraries add comment support while others do not. Please check [The Harmful Consequences of the Robustness Principle](https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-iab-protocol-maintenance-01) on this.

-However, you can set parameter `ignore_comments` to `#!cpp true` in the [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) function to ignore `//` or `/* */` comments. Comments will then be treated as whitespace.
+However, you can set parameter `ignore_comments` to `#!cpp true` in the [`parse`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) function to ignore `//` or `/* */` comments. Comments will then be treated as whitespace. Combined with `ignore_trailing_commas` (also a `parse` parameter), this covers what is commonly referred to as **JSONC** (JSON with Comments, as used e.g. by Visual Studio Code's `.jsonc` files) -- comments and trailing commas, nothing more. This is a different, smaller extension than [JSON5](https://json5.org), which additionally allows unquoted keys, single-quoted strings, and other syntax changes that this library does not support.

 For more information, see [JSON With Commas and Comments (JWCC)](https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2021/json-with-commas-comments.html).

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# Converting values
+
+A `basic_json` value stores JSON data, but most of the time you want to move that data into ordinary C++ types (an
+`#!cpp int`, a `#!cpp std::string`, a `#!cpp std::vector`, or one of your own structs) and back. This page describes how
+these conversions work.
+
+## Getting values out
+
+The [`get`](../api/basic_json/get.md) function template returns a copy of the stored value converted to the requested
+type:
+
+```cpp
+json j = R"({"name": "Mary", "age": 42, "hobbies": ["hiking", "reading"]})"_json;
+
+auto name = j["name"].get<std::string>();               // "Mary"
+auto age  = j["age"].get<int>();                        // 42
+auto hobbies = j["hobbies"].get<std::vector<std::string>>();  // {"hiking", "reading"}
+```
+
+!!! note "Getting a string without quotes"
+
+    A frequent point of confusion: use [`get`](../api/basic_json/get.md), **not** [`dump`](serialization.md), to read a
+    string value. `#!cpp j["name"].get<std::string>()` yields `#!cpp Mary`, whereas `#!cpp j["name"].dump()` yields the
+    JSON text `#!cpp "Mary"` (**with** quotes), because `dump` always produces a JSON text.
+
+Alternatively, [`get_to`](../api/basic_json/get_to.md) writes into an existing variable and deduces the target type,
+which avoids repeating it:
+
+??? example
+
+    ```cpp
+    --8<-- "examples/get_to.cpp"
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    --8<-- "examples/get_to.output"
+    ```
+
+The library already knows how to convert to and from the scalar types and the STL containers (such as
+`#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::array`, `#!cpp std::optional`, and many more). Converting a JSON
+object back to a `#!cpp std::map` or a JSON array back to a `#!cpp std::vector` therefore works without any extra code:
+
+```cpp
+json j = {{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}};
+auto m = j.get<std::map<std::string, int>>();  // {{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}}
+```
+
+`#!cpp std::pair` and `#!cpp std::tuple` are also supported, converting positionally to and from a JSON array:
+
+```cpp
+json j = {1.0, "hello", 42};
+auto t = j.get<std::tuple<double, std::string, int>>();  // {1.0, "hello", 42}
+```
+
+!!! warning "Serializing a `std::pair`/`std::tuple` whose every element is a string-keyed pair"
+
+    When *every* element of a `#!cpp std::pair` or `#!cpp std::tuple` is itself a two-element array whose first
+    element is a string (for example `#!cpp std::pair<std::string, int>`), serializing it produces a JSON **object**
+    instead of the expected array:
+
+    ```cpp
+    using kv = std::pair<std::string, int>;
+    json j = std::pair<kv, kv>{{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};  // {"a":1,"b":2}, not [["a",1],["b",2]]
+    ```
+
+    This is a consequence of the [brace-initializer object-detection rule](creating_values.md): the same rule that
+    lets `#!cpp json{{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}}` create an object also fires here. The resulting object cannot be read back
+    into the original type (`#!cpp get<std::pair<kv, kv>>()` throws [`type_error.302`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error302)),
+    and duplicate keys collapse into one, losing elements. This only affects `#!cpp std::pair`/`#!cpp std::tuple`
+    themselves; a `#!cpp std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>>`, or a pair/tuple with at least one element that is
+    not a string-keyed pair, serializes to an array as expected. To force an array, build one explicitly from the
+    elements with [`array`](../api/basic_json/array.md):
+
+    ```cpp
+    std::pair<kv, kv> p{{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
+    json a = json::array({p.first, p.second});  // [["a",1],["b",2]]
+    ```
+
+!!! info "Extracting references into a tuple"
+
+    A tuple type may also hold references (e.g. `#!cpp std::tuple<double&, std::string&>`) to avoid copying: `get`
+    then returns a tuple of references pointing directly at the elements stored inside the `basic_json` array,
+    rather than a tuple of copies:
+
+    ```cpp
+    json j = {1.0, "hello"};
+    auto refs = j.get<std::tuple<double&, std::string&>>();
+    std::get<1>(refs) = "world";  // modifies j[1] in place
+    ```
+
+    A referenced element must name the type the library actually *stores* — one of [`boolean_t`](../api/basic_json/boolean_t.md),
+    [`number_integer_t`](../api/basic_json/number_integer_t.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](../api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t.md),
+    [`number_float_t`](../api/basic_json/number_float_t.md), [`string_t`](../api/basic_json/string_t.md),
+    [`binary_t`](../api/basic_json/binary_t.md), [`array_t`](../api/basic_json/array_t.md), or
+    [`object_t`](../api/basic_json/object_t.md). There is nothing else to refer to, so a reference to any other type is a
+    compile error even when a conversion would exist: `#!cpp std::tuple<int&>` is rejected, because the library stores a
+    `#!cpp number_integer_t` (`#!cpp std::int64_t` by default) and not an `#!cpp int`. This restriction applies only to
+    reference elements — a plain `#!cpp std::tuple<int>` converts by value as usual.
+
+## Implicit conversions
+
+By default, a JSON value implicitly converts to a compatible C++ type, so the explicit `get` call can often be omitted:
+
+```cpp
+json j = "Hello";
+std::string s = j;   // implicit conversion, same as j.get<std::string>()
+```
+
+Implicit conversions are convenient but can be surprising (for example, in overload resolution or with `auto`). They can
+be disabled by defining [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md) to `#!cpp 0`,
+which forces the explicit `get` form and can catch unintended conversions at compile time.
+
+!!! warning "Conversions do not range-check numbers"
+
+    Just like C++ itself, the `get` family performs numeric conversions without range checks — retrieving a
+    floating-point value as an integer truncates it, and narrowing conversions may overflow. See
+    [number conversion](types/number_handling.md#number-conversion) for details and how to guard against it.
+
+!!! warning "std::optional direct construction from JSON null throws"
+
+    Constructing or assigning `std::optional<T>` directly from a JSON value does not correctly produce
+    `std::nullopt` for a JSON `null`:
+
+    ```cpp
+    json j_null;
+    std::optional<std::string> opt = j_null;  // ❌ throws type_error 302
+    ```
+
+    This is due to C++ language rules: `std::optional<T>` has its own converting constructor that is chosen over
+    `basic_json::operator T()` when both are viable. Use `get<std::optional<T>>()` or `get_to()` instead:
+
+    ```cpp
+    auto opt = j_null.get<std::optional<std::string>>();  // ✅ std::nullopt
+    j_null.get_to(opt);                                     // ✅ std::nullopt
+    ```
+
+!!! warning "`static_cast` and `get<std::optional<T>>()` are not guaranteed equivalent"
+
+    `operator ValueType()` (used by `static_cast` and implicit conversions) intentionally excludes
+    `std::optional<T>` from delegating to `get<T>()`, to avoid a constructor ambiguity with
+    `std::optional<T>`'s own converting constructor from `basic_json`. As a result,
+    `static_cast<std::optional<T>>(json_value)` goes through `std::optional<T>`'s own converting
+    constructor rather than through `get<std::optional<T>>()`, which can behave differently -- for example,
+    with a custom `adl_serializer<std::optional<T>>` specialization. Prefer `get<std::optional<T>>()`/`get_to()`
+    over `static_cast` for optional types.
+
+!!! warning "Converting to a fixed-size destination does not check the array size"
+
+    Some destination types have a size that is fixed by their C++ type rather than by the JSON value:
+    `#!cpp std::pair<A, B>`, `#!cpp std::tuple<Ts...>`, `#!cpp std::array<T, N>`, C arrays `#!cpp T[N]`, and
+    `#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map` with a non-string key type (which is read from an array of
+    two-element arrays). All of them read exactly as many elements as they need via
+    [`at`](../api/basic_json/at.md) and **never compare the JSON array's size to that number**. The two
+    mismatch directions therefore behave differently:
+
+    - The JSON array has **too many** elements: the surplus is **silently discarded**, and no exception is
+      thrown.
+    - The JSON array has **too few** elements: `at` throws
+      [`out_of_range.401`](../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range401) for the first missing index --
+      an out-of-range error, not a [`type_error`](../home/exceptions.md#type-errors), even though the cause
+      is a shape mismatch.
+
+    ```cpp
+    json j = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+
+    auto a = j.get<std::array<int, 3>>();       // {1, 2, 3} -- elements 4 and 5 silently dropped
+    auto p = j.get<std::pair<int, int>>();      // (1, 2)    -- elements 3, 4, and 5 silently dropped
+
+    json k = {1};
+    auto q = k.get<std::pair<int, int>>();      // ❌ throws out_of_range.401
+    ```
+
+    If a size mismatch is an error in your application, check the size yourself before converting.
+
+## Omitting a field when serializing `std::optional`
+
+By default, `to_json` for `std::optional<T>` writes either the value or `#!json null` -- there is no built-in way
+to make a field disappear from the serialized object entirely when the `std::optional` is `std::nullopt`. Because
+a specialization of `adl_serializer<std::optional<T>>` only controls how the *value* is converted (it cannot
+prevent the containing object's `to_json` from inserting the key in the first place), omission has to be
+implemented in the *containing* type's `to_json`:
+
+```cpp
+struct person {
+    std::string name;
+    std::optional<int> age;
+};
+
+void to_json(json& j, const person& p) {
+    j = json{{"name", p.name}};
+    if (p.age) {
+        j["age"] = *p.age;  // key is only inserted when the optional has a value
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Putting values in
+
+The reverse direction works the same way: assigning or constructing a `json` from a C++ value converts it to JSON.
+
+```cpp
+std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3};
+json j = numbers;   // [1,2,3]
+```
+
+!!! info "Constructing from a C++20 range view"
+
+    A `json` array can also be constructed directly from a C++20 range view (`std::ranges::view`), such as the result
+    of `std::views::filter` or `std::views::transform` -- no intermediate container is needed:
+
+    ```cpp
+    std::vector<int> nums{1, 2, 37, 42, 21};
+    auto filtered = nums | std::views::filter([](int i) { return i > 10; });
+    json j(filtered);   // [37,42,21]
+    ```
+
+    This requires [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md) to be enabled and is unavailable on MinGW due
+    to incomplete C++20 ranges support there.
+
+## Your own types
+
+The conversions above are built in for standard types. To make the same syntax work for **your own** types, provide
+`to_json`/`from_json` functions (or use one of the convenience macros). This is described in detail on the
+[arbitrary types conversions](arbitrary_types.md) page. Enums can be mapped to strings as described in
+[specializing enum conversion](enum_conversion.md).
+
+## See also
+
+- [`get`](../api/basic_json/get.md) - get a copy converted to a given type
+- [`get_to`](../api/basic_json/get_to.md) - convert into an existing variable
+- [`get_ref`](../api/basic_json/get_ref.md) / [`get_ptr`](../api/basic_json/get_ptr.md) - access the stored value without copying
+- [Arbitrary types conversions](arbitrary_types.md) - support your own types
+- [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md) - toggle implicit conversions
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Creating JSON values
+
+There are several ways to create a JSON value in memory. This page gives an overview; to read a value from JSON text
+instead, see [parsing](parsing/index.md).
+
+## From C++ values
+
+Any value of a supported C++ type can be assigned to or used to construct a `json`:
+
+```cpp
+json j_number  = 42;
+json j_float   = 3.141;
+json j_string  = "Hello";
+json j_boolean = true;
+json j_null    = nullptr;
+json j_vector  = std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3};   // array
+```
+
+See [converting values](conversions.md) for the full set of supported types.
+
+## With initializer lists
+
+Objects and arrays can be written concisely with brace-enclosed initializer lists:
+
+```cpp
+// an array
+json array = {1, 2, 3, 4};
+
+// an object (a list of key/value pairs)
+json object = {
+    {"pi", 3.141},
+    {"happy", true},
+    {"name", "Niels"},
+    {"nothing", nullptr},
+    {"list", {1, 0, 2}},
+    {"object", {{"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99}}}
+};
+```
+
+The library decides between an array and an object based on the content: a list whose elements are all two-element lists
+with a string as the first element is treated as an object, everything else as an array.
+
+!!! warning "Ambiguous cases: `#!cpp {}` vs. `#!cpp []`"
+
+    Because the same `#!cpp {}` syntax is used for both arrays and objects, some cases are ambiguous. To force a
+    particular type, use the explicit factory functions [`json::array`](../api/basic_json/array.md) and
+    [`json::object`](../api/basic_json/object.md):
+
+    ```cpp
+    json empty_array_explicit = json::array();               // []
+    json empty_object_explicit = json::object();             // {}
+
+    // a JSON array with one object, not an object with one member
+    json array_of_objects = json::array({{"key", "value"}}); // [{"key":"value"}]
+    ```
+
+    Related to this, single-element brace initialization such as `#!cpp json j{value};` wraps the element in a
+    single-element **array** by default, and its behavior even differs between compilers. See the
+    [FAQ](../home/faq.md#brace-initialization-yields-arrays) for details and the opt-in
+    [`JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS`](../api/macros/json_brace_init_copy_semantics.md) macro.
+
+## Building incrementally
+
+A value can also be built up piece by piece. Accessing a non-existing object key or array index with
+[`operator[]`](element_access/unchecked_access.md) creates the element on the fly:
+
+```cpp
+json j;                    // null
+j["answer"]["everything"] = 42;   // becomes an object
+j["list"] = {1, 0, 2};
+j["list"].push_back(3);           // [1,0,2,3]
+```
+
+See [modifying values](modifying_values.md) for [`push_back`](../api/basic_json/push_back.md),
+[`emplace`](../api/basic_json/emplace.md), and related functions.
+
+## With the `_json` literal
+
+The `_json` [user-defined literal](../api/operator_literal_json.md) parses a string at the call site and is a
+convenient way to write a JSON value inline:
+
+??? example
+
+    ```cpp
+    --8<-- "examples/operator_literal_json.cpp"
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    --8<-- "examples/operator_literal_json.output"
+    ```
+
+Note this **parses** the string, so `#!cpp "42"_json` is the number `#!cpp 42`, whereas `#!cpp json("42")` is the JSON
+string `#!json "42"`.
+
+## See also
+
+- [`basic_json` constructors](../api/basic_json/basic_json.md) - all ways to construct a value
+- [`array`](../api/basic_json/array.md) / [`object`](../api/basic_json/object.md) - force array or object type
+- [`operator""_json`](../api/operator_literal_json.md) - the `_json` literal
+- [Converting values](conversions.md) - which C++ types can be used
+- [Parsing](parsing/index.md) - create a value from JSON text
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ otherwise.
    | `#!cpp j.at("hobbies").at(0)` | `#!json "hiking"`                                                            |
    | `#!cpp j.at("hobbies").at(1)` | `#!json "reading"`                                                           |

-The return value is a reference, so it can be modified by the original value.
+The return value is a reference, so it can be used to modify the original value.

 ??? example "Write access"

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ non-existing, an exception is thrown.
    [json.exception.out_of_range.401] array index 3 is out of range
    ```

-    When you [extended diagnostic messages](../../home/exceptions.md#extended-diagnostic-messages) are enabled by
+    When [extended diagnostic messages](../../home/exceptions.md#extended-diagnostic-messages) are enabled by
    defining [`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md), the exception further gives information where
    the key or index is missing or out of range.
    
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@

 In many situations, such as configuration files, missing values are not exceptional, but may be treated as if a default
 value was present. For this case, use [`value(key, default_value)`](../../api/basic_json/value.md) which takes the key
-you want to access and a default value in case there is no value stored with that key.
+you want to access and a default value in case there is no value stored with that key. This is equivalent to Python's
+`dict.get(key, default)`.

 ## Example

@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ you want to access and a default value in case there is no value stored with tha
    The value function is a template, and the return type of the function is determined by the type of the provided
    default value unless otherwise specified. This can have unexpected effects. In the example below, we store a 64-bit
    unsigned integer. We get exactly that value when using [`operator[]`](../../api/basic_json/operator[].md). However,
-    when we call `value` and provide `#!c 0` as default value, then `#!c -1` is returned. The occurs, because `#!c 0`
+    when we call `value` and provide `#!c 0` as default value, then `#!c -1` is returned. This occurs, because `#!c 0`
    has type `#!c int` which overflows when handling the value `#!c 18446744073709551615`.

    To address this issue, either provide a correctly typed default value or use the template parameter to specify the
@@ -102,6 +102,20 @@ that the passed index is the new maximal index. Intermediate values are filled w
    `operator[]` can only be used with objects (with a string argument) or with arrays (with a numeric argument). For
    other types, a [`basic_json::type_error`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error305) is thrown.

+## Performance: reserving array capacity
+
+There is no public `reserve(count)` member on `basic_json` for pre-allocating array capacity. If you are building
+a large array incrementally (e.g., via repeated `push_back()`) and know its final size ahead of time, you can
+reserve capacity via `get_ref()` to access the underlying `array_t` directly:
+
+```cpp
+json j = json::array();
+j.get_ref<json::array_t&>().reserve(1000);
+for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+    j.push_back(i);
+}
+```
+
 ## Summary

 | scenario                          | non-const value                                                                                                                                      | const value                                                                 |
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Features
+
+This section describes the features of the library in detail. If you are new to the library, the pages below are
+roughly ordered along a typical workflow: create or parse a value, access and modify it, convert it to and from your own
+C++ types, and finally serialize it again.
+
+## Creating and reading values
+
+- [Creating JSON values](creating_values.md) — build values from literals, initializer lists, and STL containers, and
+  understand the `#!cpp {}` vs. `#!cpp []` ambiguity.
+- [Parsing](parsing/index.md) — read a JSON value from a string, file, or stream, including
+  [JSON Lines](parsing/json_lines.md), [callbacks](parsing/parser_callbacks.md), the
+  [SAX interface](parsing/sax_interface.md), and [error handling](parsing/parse_exceptions.md).
+- [Comments](comments.md) and [trailing commas](trailing_commas.md) — opt-in relaxations of the JSON grammar.
+
+## Accessing and modifying values
+
+- [Element access](element_access/index.md) — unchecked ([`operator[]`](element_access/unchecked_access.md)),
+  checked ([`at`](element_access/checked_access.md)), and access with a
+  [default value](element_access/default_value.md).
+- [JSON Pointer](json_pointer.md) — address values deep inside a document with [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901) pointers.
+- [Iterators](iterators.md) — traverse arrays and objects.
+- [Modifying values](modifying_values.md) — add, update, merge, and remove elements.
+- [JSON Patch and Diff](json_patch.md) and [JSON Merge Patch](merge_patch.md) — apply and compute structured changes.
+
+## Converting to and from C++ types
+
+- [Converting values](conversions.md) — get values out with [`get`](../api/basic_json/get.md)/[`get_to`](../api/basic_json/get_to.md),
+  and understand implicit conversions.
+- [Arbitrary types conversions](arbitrary_types.md) — teach the library about your own structs and classes.
+- [Specializing enum conversion](enum_conversion.md) — map enums to strings instead of integers.
+
+## Serializing values
+
+- [Serialization](serialization.md) — turn a value back into JSON text with [`dump`](../api/basic_json/dump.md),
+  including pretty-printing and handling of non-ASCII and invalid UTF-8.
+- [Binary formats](binary_formats/index.md) — encode values more compactly as
+  [BJData](binary_formats/bjdata.md), [BSON](binary_formats/bson.md), [CBOR](binary_formats/cbor.md),
+  [MessagePack](binary_formats/messagepack.md), or [UBJSON](binary_formats/ubjson.md).
+- [Binary values](binary_values.md) — store and exchange raw byte sequences.
+
+## How values are stored and configured
+
+- [Types](types/index.md) and [number handling](types/number_handling.md) — how JSON types map to C++ types and how
+  numbers are treated.
+- [Object order](object_order.md) — keep insertion order with [`ordered_json`](../api/ordered_json.md).
+- [Runtime assertions](assertions.md), [supported macros](macros.md), the [`nlohmann` namespace](namespace.md), and
+  [C++ modules](modules.md) — build-time and runtime configuration.
+
+!!! tip "Looking for a specific function?"
+
+    This section gives conceptual overviews. For the precise signature, parameters, and return value of a function, see
+    the [API Documentation](../api/basic_json/index.md).
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ for (auto& [key, val] : j_object.items())

 ### Iterating strings and binary values

-Note that "value" means a JSON value in this setting, not values stored in the underlying containers. That is, `*begin()` returns the complete string or binary array and is also safe the underlying string or binary array is empty.
+Note that "value" means a JSON value in this setting, not values stored in the underlying containers. That is, `*begin()` returns the complete string or binary array and is also safe if the underlying string or binary array is empty.

 ??? example

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More