Commit Graph
5152 Commits
Author SHA1 Message Date
Niels Lohmann 53ab406f59 Name the bulk scan flag after the input, not BON8
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-26 07:33:29 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e1e83fae94 Link the BON8 functions from the other binary format pages
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 22:15:07 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 43a346cf99 Read BON8 strings in bulk from contiguous input
- copy the valid UTF-8 of a string in one step when the input is
  contiguous (twitter.json is read in 1.68 instead of 2.52 ms,
  jeopardy.json in 196 instead of 297 ms, close to CBOR and MessagePack)
- share the new valid_utf8_prefix() with the writer's UTF-8 check, which
  now skips ASCII 8 bytes at a time
- let the fuzzer check that contiguous and stream input give the same
  value or error, and test both paths in the unit tests
- clarify that a second 0xFF after a string is an empty string

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 22:06:54 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 31db00f2b4 Merge branch 'develop' into bon8
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 20:22:39 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e1310ad43c Fix CI: resolve clang-tidy findings in the stream position tests (#5578)
#5344 added two lines to unit-deserialization.cpp that clang-tidy
reports: modernize-return-braced-init-list for the remaining() helper
and readability-isolate-declaration for "json j1, j2, j3;".

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 20:19:43 +02:00
Niels Lohmann f6d7eaf280 Amalgamate
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 20:15:05 +02:00
Niels Lohmann d3be1bd74d Merge branch 'develop' into bon8
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 20:11:51 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 344148dc33 Fix the BON8 CI failures
- compare the float in write_bon8_float with number_float_t constants,
  so GCC does not warn about a float-to-double conversion
- mark check_bon8_utf8's context as used when exceptions are disabled
- choose the compact float prefix in a helper rather than with nested
  conditional operators (clang-tidy)
- use auto for the cast in the BON8 integer reader (clang-tidy)
- write the int32 minimum test values as long long literals (MSVC C4146)

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 20:11:50 +02:00
Alexander LaninandNiels Lohmann 465407f3ce Improve error message for const fields (#2818)
* Improve error message for const fields

* Reject const arguments to get_to() with a clear message

Reword the static_assert, add it to the C array overload of get_to() as well,
and document that v must not be const.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 18:02:38 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 02dd3e67f2 Fix stack overflow and exponential runtime when comparing nested values (#5390)
* Compare values without recursing, and without comparing them twice

Comparing two values compared their containers, which compare their elements,
which brought the comparison back once per nesting level. Two values nested
deeply enough exhausted the call stack and terminated the process with a
segmentation fault - the same bug as #5387, in the last operation that still
had it.

Worse, an ordered comparison took exponentially long in the nesting depth
before C++20. std::vector's operator< is a lexicographical comparison, which
asks whether an element is less than its counterpart and then whether the
counterpart is less than it - two full comparisons of everything below that
element, at every level. Comparing two equal values nested 30 levels deep,
which is nothing unusual, took 3.8 seconds; 40 levels would have taken an
hour, and nothing about the value has to be pathological to get there. C++20
is unaffected: std::lexicographical_compare_three_way asks once.

Compare a value that is nested too deeply to descend into on an explicit
stack instead, in a single pass that yields less, equal, greater or unordered
at once. Equality and the three-way comparison descend as they always did for
the first 128 levels, which nothing measurable costs them; an ordered
comparison no longer descends at all, which is what takes the exponent out of
it. Objects and arrays that are not nested deeply are otherwise compared
exactly as before.

The results are unchanged for every pair of values: 68121 comparisons of a
corpus that covers NaN, discarded values, mixed number types, binary values,
empty containers and both object types are identical to develop, in C++11,
C++17 and C++20, with and without thread_local storage and legacy discarded
comparison. Reproducing that meant reproducing two subtleties: a lexicographic
comparison steps over a pair it cannot order, where a three-way comparison
stops at it, and an object compares its keys with < where its entries are
ordered but with == where they are only checked for equality - not with the
object's own comparator, which for nlohmann::ordered_map tells equality.

Equality needs no ordering, so it no longer asks for any: a key or string type
that can only be compared for equality still works.

Measured (medians of 7 interleaved runs, clang -O3, C++11): comparing two
equal values nested 30 levels deep 3778 ms -> 0.002 ms; ordering flat objects
-33.6%; ordering flat arrays of numbers +27.3%, the one shape that pays for
the single pass; equality unchanged throughout.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Describe comparison in the no-thread-local docs and CI target

Comparing two values now bounds its descent with a thread_local counter
just as copying does, so the JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL page, the macro
overview and the ci_test_no_thread_local target cover both rather than
copying alone.

Also record what switching the macro on costs a comparison: on the
benchmark documents, comparing two equal values takes 10% to 90% longer.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Take the descent flag as an argument rather than testing it

MSVC reports the test of a constant as C4127 ("conditional expression is
constant"), which the Windows builds treat as an error: may_descend is
false for operator<, so the operand short-circuits the whole condition.

Passing it to compare_descent_exhausted() puts the test where the value
is an ordinary parameter, and leaves the call sites with no condition of
their own.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Note the comparison fallback in the no-thread-local documentation

The macro page describes what the library defines JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL for
by itself in terms of copying alone; comparing falls back the same way.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Parenthesise the reserve() computation in the comparison test

clang-tidy reports the mixed * and + as readability-math-missing-
parentheses, as it does for the identical line in the copy test.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Use the shared descent bookkeeping rather than a second set

Comparing kept a thread_local count, a limit and a guard of its own beside
the ones copying already had, all three the same thing under a different
name. They are gone; the shared count, limit and guard do the work.

The guard grows a second constructor here, because the comparison
operators are written as a macro and a macro cannot use the preprocessor:
it cannot look the count up behind an #ifdef the way copy_structured does,
so the guard looks it up for it. nesting_depth_exhausted() arrives for the
same reason - whether an operator descends at all is a constant at every
call site, and testing it there is what MSVC reports as C4127.

Also say in compare_leaves what happens to a pair that is an array on one
side and an object on the other, since the answer is not obvious from the
code: an operator only descends into two values of the same type, so such
a pair is told apart by its types alone - unequal, and ordered the way the
types are - exactly as it is above the bound.

And record what the explicit stack costs: the comparison operators are
noexcept and the container comparison this replaces allocated nothing, so
running out of memory here ends the process instead of throwing. It takes
a value nested past the bound and an exhausted heap to reach, and the same
comparison used to exhaust the call stack, but it is a new way to fail.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Amalgamate

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 17:58:59 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 64119e9b5b Rename a test variable that Flawfinder mistakes for read()
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 17:58:13 +02:00
Niels Lohmann abbe52d6de Add JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION to leave the character that terminates a number in the stream (#5344)
* docs: qualify the operator>> stream positioning guarantee

operator>>'s notes state that it leaves the stream positioned right
after the parsed value, so that concatenated JSON values can be read
back to back. That does not hold when the value is a number: a number
is only terminated by the character that follows it, and the lexer's
unget() is simulated (it rewinds only the lexer's own bookkeeping),
so that character stays consumed from the stream.

Document the actual behaviour: the guarantee holds for all value types
except numbers, which must be followed by whitespace. Also qualify the
cross-reference on the JSON Lines page, which repeated the unqualified
claim.

Documentation only; the behaviour itself is tracked in #5340.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* fix: restore the character that terminates a number (#5340)

operator>> is documented to leave the stream positioned right after the
parsed value, so that concatenated JSON values can be read back to back.
That did not hold for numbers: a number is only terminated by the
character following it, and lexer::scan_number() reads that character
and calls unget() -- which is simulated and rewinds only the lexer's own
bookkeeping. input_stream_adapter consumes via sbumpc() with no matching
sungetc(), so the terminating character stayed consumed and the next
extraction started one byte too late ('1true' left the stream at 'rue').

Propagating unget() to the adapter directly does not work: next_unget
makes the following get() replay the cached character, so the terminator
would be delivered twice. Instead, restore the still-pending character
once at the end of a non-strict parse, where the input is handed back to
the caller:

- input_stream_adapter gains unget_character() (sungetc()) and advertises
  it via supports_unget, detected the same way as supports_seek.
- lexer::restore_pending_unget() turns a pending simulated unget of a
  real (non-EOF) character into a real one and clears next_unget so the
  character is not also replayed. It is a no-op for adapters that cannot
  unget, and reports failure when sungetc() fails, in which case the
  input is left as it was before.
- parser calls it on the three non-strict paths, i.e. for operator>> and
  sax_parse(strict = false).

Strict parse()/accept() are unaffected: they require the input to end
after the value, so the character is consumed by the end-of-input check
anyway. Parse error messages and reported positions are unchanged.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* tests: fix CI failures in the #5340 test helpers

Four CI failures, all in the new test code:

- GCC (-Werror=useless-cast): drop the `json(...)` wrapper around
  `json::parse(...)`, which already returns a `json`.
- GCC (-Werror=unused-result): assign the discarded `json::parse()`
  result to a dummy, the idiom used elsewhere in the test suite, and
  catch `json::parse_error&` for consistency.
- clang-tidy (google-default-arguments): remove the default argument
  from the `pbackfail()` override; `sungetc()` supplies the base
  declaration's default.
- MSVC (bad allocation): `no_putback_streambuf::underflow()` set a
  one-character get area without advancing `m_pos`, so an implementation
  whose `istream::get` peeks before it bumps re-read the same character
  forever. Keep no get area at all: `underflow()` peeks, `uflow()`
  consumes, and `sungetc()` still always lands in `pbackfail()`, which
  is what the test needs.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* fix: leave the character that terminates a number in the input

Read the character following a number without consuming it, instead of
consuming it and putting it back. input_stream_adapter now peeks with
sgetc() and only steps over the character when the next one is requested
or when the adapter is destroyed, so releasing it cannot fail - no
putback position is required from the streambuf.

Suggested by gregmarr in #5344.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: match the version history wording to the peek-based fix

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* docs: drop the whitespace-separator caveat from the parsing pages

The caveat added in #5343 describes the behavior this branch fixes: a
number no longer consumes the character that terminates it, so
concatenated values need no separator.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* refactor: split the strict and non-strict paths in parser

Folding the release_lookahead() call into the existing strict check left
the "in strict mode" comment on an else-if branch, and made the strict
condition in sax_parse() redundant with the branch it followed.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Put the stream position fix behind JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION

Leaving the character that terminates a number in the stream is observable:
reading "1,2,3" with repeated operator>> works today only because the comma
after each number is swallowed, and std::getline after a number skips the
line break. Both break with the fix, so make it opt-in for 3.x, as suggested
by @gregmarr in the review.

- JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION (default 0) selects the peek-based
  input_stream_adapter. Without it, the adapter is the consuming one from
  develop and has no supports_lookahead, so lexer::release_lookahead() and
  the parser's calls to it compile to nothing.
- The macro changes input_stream_adapter's layout and member functions, so
  it gets the ABI tag _psp, after _bics. The ABI config tests, the natvis
  generator, and nlohmann_json.natvis (regenerated) know the tag.
- The tests for the fix move to unit-precise-stream-position.cpp, which
  defines the macro itself and runs in every build, and gain the two cases
  above. unit-deserialization.cpp pins the default behavior instead.
- The docs describe the default behavior again and point to the new macro
  page; version history says "added in 3.13.0, planned default in 4.0.0".

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 17:56:18 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 2994bcd9e2 Select the BON8 float prefix by type
get_bon8_float_prefix only depends on the type of its argument, so make
the type a template parameter instead of passing an unused value.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 17:55:20 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 98278dc3f6 Fix CI: disable MSVC warning C5285 for the vendored doctest (#5577)
The windows-11-arm runner now ships MSVC 19.51, which reports doctest's
forward declaration of std::tuple as C5285 ("cannot declare a
specialization for 'std::tuple'"). With /WX this breaks the msvc-arm64
job on develop and on every open pull request. Disable the warning for
the test targets, like the other MSVC warnings already disabled there.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 17:54:40 +02:00
Jeremy Nimmer 6c8ea0a6d1 Remove Bazel alwayslink=True (#5376)
This should have no effect for header only libraries as mentioned.

It was previously removed in e509007d but then accidentally added
again in 26cfec34.

Signed-off-by: Jeremy Nimmer <jeremy.nimmer@tri.global>
2026-09-25 08:46:19 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 01b53c8c15 Keep JSON_DIAGNOSTICS parent pointers of ordered_json members after erase() and update() (#5552)
* Keep JSON_DIAGNOSTICS parent pointers of ordered_json members after erase() and update()

ordered_json stores its members in a vector, and two operations moved
members without restoring their parent pointers afterwards:

- ordered_map::erase() re-constructs every member after the erased one in
  place. The basic_json move constructor leaves m_parent at nullptr, and
  none of the object branches of basic_json::erase() (by key, iterator, or
  iterator range) called set_parents(). This also affected merge_patch()
  with a null member and patch() with a remove operation.
- update() only set the parent pointer of the inserted member. Adding a key
  can reallocate the vector, which copies all other members and leaves
  their m_parent at nullptr. The set_parents() call added for #4813 only
  repaired this for the nested object of a merge, not for the target.

The next assert_invariant() on such an object (for instance, when copying
it) aborted, and diagnostic messages lost the path prefix above the moved
member. std::map-based json was not affected, because its nodes do not
move.

Erasing from an ordered_map object now calls set_parents(), and update()
uses set_parent(), which already refreshes all members for vector-based
objects. This makes the #4813 workaround redundant.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Account for JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS in the ordered_json parent-pointer test

The merge_patch() case parses its input, so with JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS
the exception message also carries the byte range of the parsed value.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Silence clang-tidy for the intentional copy in the ordered_json parent-pointer test

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Keep parent pointers when update() merges past its descent bound

The iterative path of update() only set the parent pointer of the member
it inserted, like the recursive one did before. It now uses set_parent()
too, so ordered_json members that move when a nested object grows keep
their parents, and the set_parents() calls that patched this up after
each nested merge are gone.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:29:36 +02:00
Niels Lohmann cc472af13f Check the fuzzers' UBJSON/BJData round-trip invariants in the unit tests (#5569)
* Check the fuzzers' UBJSON/BJData round-trip invariants in the unit tests

The strongest correctness checks for the UBJSON and BJData writers lived
only in the OSS-Fuzz drivers: anything from_ubjson()/from_bjdata()
returns must serialize with every option combination, parse back, and
re-serialize stably. Those checks only run at OSS-Fuzz, so regressions
surfaced days later as external reports - the same BJData assert pair
was reported five times over three years, and #5494's harness change
was followed by OSS-Fuzz 563659413 within a day.

Add "UBJSON round-trip invariants" and "BJData round-trip invariants"
test cases that run the drivers' checks on a fixed, deterministic corpus
(tests/src/round_trip_corpus.hpp): integer and float boundaries,
non-finite numbers, strings, binary values, optimized containers, deep
nesting, the JData annotated-array matrix, and seeded random containers.
They also check two properties the drivers do not: the first round trip
preserves the value, and re-serializing reproduces the exact bytes. For
BJData both exclude values containing a binary value, which is read back
as an array of integers unless it was written as a Draft 3 optimized
binary array; this carve-out is now documented in bjdata.md. Run against
the headers before #5542, the BJData test fails, including on the shape
from OSS-Fuzz 563659413.

Also document how OSS-Fuzz reports are handled (reference them as
"OSS-Fuzz: <id>", turn the reproducer into a unit test, keep drivers and
unit tests in sync) in tests/fuzzing.md, and link it from the PR
template and the quality assurance page.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Add the OSS-Fuzz reproducers for 474400817 and 474480402 as unit tests

Following the convention added to tests/fuzzing.md, the reproducers of
the two BJData fuzzer asserts tracked since January are now unit tests:

- 474400817 (assert(false)): an empty object _ArraySize_ was written as
  the ND-array header length, which from_bjdata() could not read back.
  Fixed by #5455.

- 474480402 (to_bjdata(j2, false, false) == vec2): a one-byte Draft 3
  binary array is written in Draft 2 mode as a uint8 array and then
  re-serialized with the int8 marker. This is the documented exception to
  byte stability, not a library bug; OSS-Fuzz closed it after #5494
  relaxed the harness to value stability. The test pins the exact bytes
  so the exception stays deliberate.

The 563659413 reproducer is already a unit test (#5542). A comment also
ties the existing UBJSON excessive-count test to the timeout OSS-Fuzz
reported for that shape (testcase 6347769435193344).

OSS-Fuzz: 474400817
OSS-Fuzz: 474480402

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix GCC -Weffc++ and -Wuseless-cast warnings in the round-trip corpus

Initialize the atoms in the member initialization list, and drop the cast of
the generator's result, which already is std::size_t on 64-bit Linux.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:29:02 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 80bf54a5a2 Add a security assurance case to the documentation (#5572)
Describe the threat model, the trust boundaries, the secure-design
argument, and how common weaknesses are countered, with links to the
quality assurance page as evidence.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:28:34 +02:00
Niels Lohmann aada27405d Add a roadmap page to the documentation (#5571)
Describe what the project will and will not do over the next year,
and point to issue #3453 for the open question of a 4.0 release.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:28:16 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 3901b223e5 Complete the architecture documentation page (#5570)
* Complete the architecture documentation page

Replace the placeholder bullets and TODOs with a description of the
component pipeline (with a diagram), the source layout, the template
parameters, the value storage (now in struct data), the input and
output adapters, and the SAX interface.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Link sources and basic_json, document full input adapter interface

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Align the default column of the template parameter table

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:28:00 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 9f7c0f3ea7 Merge branch 'develop' into bon8
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:26:17 +02:00
Niels Lohmann f290b36ad2 Fix CI: use VS 2026 on windows-11-arm and use raw string literals in tests (#5575)
The windows-11-arm runner image moved to windows-11-vs2026-arm64, which no
longer ships Visual Studio 2022, so the msvc-arm64 job failed at configure
time. Use the "Visual Studio 18 2026" generator like the msvc2026 job.

clang-tidy's modernize-raw-string-literal check flagged two string literals
in the nesting tests added by #5546 and #5547.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:23:53 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 5f673b0eae Address review comments
- Reuse detail::validate_one_utf8 to check strings in to_bon8; the error
  now names the first byte of the invalid sequence.
- Document that to_bon8 leaves bytes in the output adapter on an
  exception, and that string_open is only an output of write_bon8_marker.
- Explain why the pushback buffer of the BON8 reader cannot overflow.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-25 08:16:55 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e94e164b07 Add BON8 support
Add to_bon8/from_bon8 and input_format_t::bon8 for BON8, a binary format
that uses the byte values that cannot begin a UTF-8 character as type
markers, so strings need no length prefix. It is the most compact of the
supported binary formats on the benchmark files.

The reader is non-recursive like the other binary readers. A string ends
at the first byte that cannot continue it, so the reader hands the one or
two bytes it reads past a string back to the value that follows. The
writer produces the canonical representation of the specification, except
for NFC normalization; its output is identical to that of the reference
implementation (HikoGUI) on all files of the test data.

The round-trip tests need the .bon8 files of json_test_data 3.2.0.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 22:53:08 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 4daca40d7b Merge deeply nested objects without recursing per nesting level (#5547)
* Merge deeply nested objects without recursing per nesting level

merge_patch() and update(j, true) merged a nested object by calling
themselves on it, once per nesting level. A value nested deeply enough -
50,000 levels of objects on an 8 MiB stack - exhausted the call stack
and terminated the process, although parse() accepts such values without
complaint.

Bound the descent the same way dump() does. The recursion now carries
the nesting level, and once merge_depth_limit() (128) levels have been
entered, update_members_iteratively() and merge_patch_iteratively()
finish the merge on an explicit stack. They still merge a nested object
completely before the next member, and in the same order, so the results,
including the parents JSON_DIAGNOSTICS reports paths from, are unchanged.
Values nested less deeply than the bound run the same code as before, so
the common case does not pay for the stack: merging only on it cost
10-14% in a first version.

The public signatures are unchanged. The recursive worker behind
merge_patch() has its own name rather than being a private overload, so
that &basic_json::merge_patch stays unambiguous.

Tests check every depth up to 300 against recursive reference
implementations of both operations, check the diagnostic paths past the
bound, and merge objects nested 100,000 levels deep.

Fixes #5545 for update(j, true), and #5393 for merge_patch().

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Use the shared recursion limit in update() and merge_patch()

merge_depth_limit() is gone in favor of detail::recursion_depth_limit().
The two identical function-local frame structs become one member struct,
merge_frame, with a constructor, so both loops emplace_back() their
frames. merge_patch_iteratively() copies the frame it works on out of the
stack and changes it only through stack.back().

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Build the update()/merge_patch() diagnostics test values instead of parsing them

Parsed values carry byte positions under JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS, which
the expected messages do not include.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:12:03 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 7c90ec2323 Hash deeply nested values without recursing per nesting level (#5546)
* Hash deeply nested values without recursing per nesting level

std::hash<basic_json> hashed an array or object by hashing each element,
which called detail::hash again once per nesting level. A value nested
deeply enough - 50,000 levels of objects on an 8 MiB stack - exhausted
the call stack and terminated the process. parse() accepts such values
without complaint, since the parser is iterative, and a parsed value is
hashed wherever it is used as a key in an unordered container.

Bound the descent the same way dump() does: detail::hash takes the
nesting level, and once hash_depth_limit() (128) levels have been entered,
hash_iteratively() hashes what is left on an explicit stack. It combines
the seeds in exactly the same order, so hash values are unchanged. A value
nested less deeply than the bound is hashed by the same code as before,
without allocating, and is as fast as before.

Tests check that every depth up to twice the bound hashes exactly like
the recursive definition of the hash, and that values nested 100,000
levels deep hash without crashing.

Fixes #5545 for std::hash.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Declare hash_frame's constructor noexcept

GCC's -Wnoexcept (an error in CI) flags the emplace_back() into the
hash stack under C++26: the constructor cannot throw, since cbegin() is
noexcept, but it did not say so. dump_frame's constructor is noexcept
for the same reason.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Share one recursion depth limit, and copy the hash frame out of the stack

dump() and hash() each defined their own limit on how many nesting levels
they recurse into, and the operations still to come would have added more,
free to diverge over time. They now all use detail::recursion_depth_limit(),
in a header of its own; serializer::dump_depth_limit() and
hash_depth_limit() are gone.

hash_iteratively() now copies the frame it works on out of the stack and
changes the frame only through stack.back(), so nothing can refer into
the stack after entering an element has grown it.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Parenthesize multiplications in the hash test for clang-tidy

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:12:02 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 305ca7dadd Add missing headers to BUILD.bazel and check it in CI (#5554)
* Add missing headers to BUILD.bazel and make its generator reproduce it

The "json" cc_library did not list three headers that the library
includes:

- detail/meta/logic.hpp (added in #5016, included by from_json.hpp)
- detail/input/number_parse.hpp (added in #5283, included by lexer.hpp)
- detail/input/string_scan.hpp (added in #5283, included by lexer.hpp
  and serializer.hpp)

Bazel's sandbox only exposes declared headers, so any target depending
on @nlohmann_json//:json and including <nlohmann/json.hpp> failed with
"'nlohmann/detail/meta/logic.hpp' file not found".

The file could not simply be regenerated, because the generator behind
"make BUILD.bazel" was stale: it wrote only the "json" cc_library and
dropped the load() statements, the license block, and the
"singleheader-json" target that were added by hand in #4584. The
generator now emits the complete file, so its output differs from the
previous BUILD.bazel only by the three headers. It also resolves the
glob against the project root instead of the working directory and
sorts the list explicitly.

"make BUILD.bazel" is now phony: in a fresh checkout, BUILD.bazel is
not older than the headers, so make considered it up to date, and a
removed header would never trigger a rebuild. "make check-amalgamation"
also checks that BUILD.bazel is up to date.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Check in CI that BUILD.bazel is up to date

The "Check amalgamation" workflow now also regenerates BUILD.bazel, so a
pull request that adds, renames, or removes a header without updating
the Bazel header list fails, and the attached amalgamation.patch
contains the fix. The failure comment and the contribution guidelines
mention the new check, and the comment now links to the existing
"Amalgamate the source code" section instead of the "Files to change"
anchor that was removed in #4560.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:07:21 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 2e91641de2 Test JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS for real, and fix one-element tuples under it (#5544)
* Test JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS for real, and fix one-element tuples under it

The opt-in JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS was never exercised by CI:

- Its only test, in unit-regression3.cpp, was guarded by
  `#if defined(JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS)` after the #include. The
  header #undefs the macro unconditionally in macro_unscope.hpp, so the
  guard was always false and the test compiled to nothing, whatever -D
  flag was passed.
- The ci_test_brace_init_copy_semantics target that passes the flag was
  not named by any workflow.

Move the test into its own translation unit that defines the macro before
including the header, as unit-diagnostics.cpp does for JSON_DIAGNOSTICS.
It now runs in every CI job and for every standard. Remove the unused
target: it ran the whole suite with the macro, and that suite deliberately
relies on default brace-init semantics in about 90 places
(e.g. `json({1})` meaning `[1]`), so it could never pass.

Running the whole suite with the macro did find one library bug:
to_json for std::tuple builds `j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... }`, so with copy
semantics a one-element tuple became its element. `json(std::tuple<int>{5})`
was `5` instead of `[5]`, and `get<std::tuple<int>>()` threw type_error.302
on the result. Under the macro, a one-element tuple now builds exactly what
the default deduction builds. Without the macro nothing changes.

The new tests also pin that the library's other conversions produce the
same values with and without the macro. The macro page now says that the
macro affects every single-element list (`json j = {1}` is `1`), and that
all translation units must agree on it, since it has no ABI tag.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Make JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS part of the ABI tag

The macro changes the body of the initializer-list constructor and adds a
to_json_tuple_impl overload, both with the same mangled names in either
mode, so mixing translation units silently picked one definition. Encode
it in the inline namespace as `_bics`, as JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
does with `_ldvcmp`. The macro is new in the unreleased 3.13.0, so no
existing namespace name changes.

- Move the macro's default into abi_macros.hpp so json_fwd.hpp computes
  the same namespace, and keep it defined under JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS.
- Check the tag in the ABI config tests and in the unit test.
- List `_bics` (and the missing `_dp`) in the namespace docs and in the
  natvis generator; regenerate nlohmann_json.natvis.
- Replace the "define it consistently" warning with an ABI note.

Suggested by @gregmarr in the review of #5544.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix the cppcheck, clang-tidy and legacy-comparison CI failures

- to_json_tuple_impl() moved the element in both branches of a ternary;
  only one runs, but cppcheck reported accessMoved. Use if/else.
- The ABI tag test looked for "json_abi_bics", which misses when another
  tag comes first, as in json_abi_ldvcmp_bics; look for "_bics".
- readability-qualified-auto in the items() test.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:05:37 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 8699de3064 Stop allocating the BJData excluded-marker list per container (#5555)
write_ubjson() built a std::vector of the eight markers BJData forbids as
the type of an optimized container - one heap allocation plus a linear
search for every array and object it wrote with use_type, even for plain
UBJSON output, where the list isn't consulted. The list was also spelled
out twice. A constexpr helper, is_bjdata_excluded_type_marker(), replaces
both.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:04:44 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 5f659c881a Let the labeler assign "aspect: binary formats", "python" and more "CI" (#5557)
- "aspect: binary formats" for changes to the binary reader or writer,
  their tests, fuzzers and docs, or with a binary format in the title;
- "python" for Python sources and pip requirements files, matching the
  label Dependabot sets on its pip updates, so it is never removed there;
- "CI" also for changes to the Dependabot and labeler configurations.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:03:48 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 36c079149a Refuse to build the fuzzer drivers with NDEBUG (#5562)
The fuzzer drivers check their round trips with assert(), which NDEBUG
compiles away. The OSS-Fuzz build keeps assertions on today, but nothing
pins that: a build change that adds NDEBUG would silently turn every
round-trip check into a mere "does not crash" check. Each driver now
stops the build with an #error instead, and includes <cassert> itself
rather than relying on json.hpp.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:02:57 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 770f62dda9 Point to the clang-tidy check that rewrites implicit conversions (#5563)
The community-maintained clang-tidy check
modernize-nlohmann-json-explicit-conversions rewrites implicit
conversions into explicit get<T>() calls, which is exactly the
preparation the docs ask for ahead of implicit conversions being
switched off by default. Mention it on the JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
page and in the migration guide, as promised in discussion #4610.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:02:48 +02:00
Niels Lohmann bc066c1838 Make serve_header.py listen on localhost and limit its CORS header (#5564)
Without a bind address in serve_header.yml, the server listened on all
interfaces, so any machine on the network could fetch the header and
trigger make runs in the working trees. It now listens on localhost
unless configured otherwise; bind: null restores the old behavior.

The header was also sent with Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *, letting
any web page read it. CORS is only needed because Compiler Explorer
downloads #include <https://...> headers in the browser, so the header
now goes only to https://godbolt.org and https://compiler-explorer.com,
configurable with cors_origins.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:02:39 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 918da64657 Keep BJData ndarray annotations that would not survive a round trip as objects (#5542)
write_bjdata_ndarray() encoded a JData-annotated object as a BJData
ND-array whenever its dimensions' product matched _ArrayData_.size(),
which lost information in two ways:

- _ArrayData_ was never required to be an array. null has size 0, any
  other scalar has size 1, and iterating an object visits its values, so
  e.g. {"_ArraySize_":[1],"_ArrayData_":5} was written as the array [5],
  and an object _ArrayData_ came back as an array.

- The reader only restores an annotated object from an ND-array with at
  least two non-zero dimensions that is not a 1xN row vector; an empty,
  1-D, row-vector, or zero-sized shape is read back as a plain array. The
  writer nonetheless emitted ND-array headers for these shapes, so the
  annotation was silently dropped.

OSS-Fuzz issue 563659413 hit this in parse_bjdata_fuzzer: an empty binary
_ArraySize_ is written as a plain object and read back as an empty array,
after which {"_ArrayType_":"int16","_ArraySize_":[],"_ArrayData_":null}
was encoded as the ND-array header "[$I#[]" and re-read as [], failing the
harness's value-stability check.

Such objects now fall back to a plain object encoding, which round-trips.
Genuine ND-arrays (two or more positive dimensions, not a 1xN row vector)
are encoded exactly as before. Existing fallback tests that used 1-D
shapes are moved to 2-D shapes so they keep exercising the check they
were written for, and the BJData documentation is updated.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:01:31 +02:00
Niels Lohmann f3768d6868 Match ABI tag order in namespace tests to abi_macros.hpp (#5551)
* Match ABI tag order in namespace tests to abi_macros.hpp

NLOHMANN_JSON_ABI_TAGS concatenates the tags as _diag, _ldvcmp, _dp,
but the default and noversion ABI tests expected _diag, _dp, _ldvcmp.
The tests therefore failed whenever both JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS and
JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON were enabled, a combination
CI never exercises. Reorder the expectations to match the header.

Also document the _dp tag in the namespace feature page, which listed
only _diag and _ldvcmp.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Test the ABI namespace with all ABI tags enabled

Build the default and noversion ABI config tests a second time with
JSON_DIAGNOSTICS, JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS and
JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON all set, so the expected tag
order is checked on every test run instead of depending on which CMake
options a CI job happens to enable.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:01:19 +02:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5 56b3ee566c Fix stack overflow when copying a deeply nested value (#5387) (#5389)
* Bound the descent of the copy constructor

basic_json's copy constructor copied objects and arrays by handing the
container to its own copy constructor, which copy-constructs every element
and so reaches this constructor again, once per nesting level. A value
nested deeply enough exhausted the call stack and terminated the process
with a segmentation fault - no exception, nothing the caller could catch.
Parsing such a value works, as the parser is iterative, and so does
destroying one, as #1436 made destruction iterative.

Bound how far the copy descends rather than take the call stack away from
it. The first levels are copied exactly as they were - the containers copy
their own elements, which is by far the fastest way to fill them - and only
once the copy has descended 128 levels is the value below it finished
without the call stack, through an explicit worklist. Copying can therefore
no longer exhaust the stack, however deeply a value is nested, while a value
nested less deeply than the bound - all but a vanishing minority - is copied
by the very same code as before and pays only for one counter.

That counter lives in thread_local storage, as one shared between threads
would be raced. JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL switches it off for toolchains without
thread_local; copying then goes through the worklist right away, which
yields the same values but is measurably slower.

The deferred values are completed before the copy they belong to returns, so
a value copied while another copy is going on - by a custom base class, say -
is unaffected by the copy it is nested in.

operator= takes its argument by value, so copy assignment is fixed as well.

Copying is as fast as it was, within measurement noise (medians of 9
interleaved runs, clang -O3): -1.3% for an array of strings, +0.0% for a
flat object, +0.1% for a flat array of numbers, +0.3% for nested arrays,
+0.6% for nested objects and +1.2% for a twitter-like document. Copying a
three-key object costs about ten nanoseconds more, the counter. Deferring
every level instead, rather than only those below the bound, measured
between 3% and 9% slower depending on the shape of the value.

This fixes #5387 for the copy constructor. dump() is still recursive.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Test the copy constructor's iterative path in CI

The copy constructor descends into 128 levels before it finishes a value
without the call stack, so the iterative path is otherwise only reached
by the few tests that nest deeper than that.

JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL switches the descent off, which sends every value
down that path. Running the whole test suite that way covers it with
every object type, string type, allocator, and base class the suite
already exercises. The new ci_test_no_thread_local target does that; the
macro had no build coverage at all before.

Copying a nested value also has to carry over what the element-wise copy
constructor would have copied: the parents that JSON_DIAGNOSTICS relies
on, and the positions that JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS reports. Both are
now checked on either side of the descent bound, for objects and arrays.
Neither was tested before, and dropping either one makes the new tests
fail.

Also quantify what JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL costs a copy instead of calling
it "measurably slower".

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Split the regression tests so that they keep linking

Linking test-regression2 fails with "relocation truncated to fit:
IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32 against `.rdata'" once its object grows past what
the MinGW linker copes with, and the copy constructor's helpers push it
over: the object grows by 6.3%, from 4,654,128 to 4,944,920 bytes at -O0,
and develop links at the smaller of the two.

Building the tests optimized shrinks the object enough to link, but the
binaries clang 11.0.1 and clang 18.1.8 then produce crash before doctest
prints its first line - 39 of 102 tests on clang 18 - so the objects have
to become smaller rather than denser.

Moving the test cases that follow "regression tests 2" into a file of
their own brings that object to 4,687,888 bytes, which is 0.7% above the
size that links today rather than 6.3%. Both files still build for C++11,
C++17 and C++20, and run the same 9 test cases and 135 assertions as
before, now spread over two binaries.

New regression tests belong in unit-regression3.cpp from here on, which
is what CONTRIBUTING.md now says.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Do not use thread_local storage with Clang targeting MinGW

Every test that copies a value segfaults there - 42 of 105 on clang
11.0.1, 39 of 102 on clang 18.1.8 - while the same tests pass with GCC
targeting MinGW, with Clang targeting MSVC, and with every other
toolchain the library is tested on. The counter that bounds the copy
constructor's descent is the library's first use of thread_local, so
that job had never exercised it before.

JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL already covers toolchains without thread_local
storage, and copying yields the same values with it, only more slowly.
Define it for this one automatically.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Balance the warning suppression the split separated

unit-regression2.cpp opens a DOCTEST_CLANG_SUPPRESS_WARNING_PUSH block at
the top and closed it at the very bottom, which the split moved into
unit-regression3.cpp: one file was left with a push and no pop, the other
with a pop and no push, which clang reports as an error.

Give each file the pair it needs.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Check both shapes without a C-style array

clang-tidy rejects the array the two shapes were iterated over
(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays). The array only existed because astyle
reformats a range-for over a braced initializer list into something
unreadable; naming the two cases avoids both.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Split the regression tests far enough to leave room

The first split left unit-regression2.cpp 0.7% below the size develop
links at, which the comparison change in the follow-up immediately used
up: the MinGW linker fails on test-regression2_cpp20 again, naming
copy_shallow and to_partial_ordering among the relocations it cannot fit.

Move the sections from "issue #2067" on, and the helper types they use,
so that the file stops being the one that decides whether the tests can
be linked at all. At -O0 and C++20, unit-regression2.cpp is now 2,964,944
bytes against develop's 4,708,248, and 3,070,568 bytes with the follow-up
applied - roughly a third smaller either way, rather than a fraction of a
percent larger.

The 135 assertions are the same ones as before, now spread over three
test cases in two files.

Also silence the clang-tidy findings the deep-nesting tests draw: the
copies they make are what is being tested, and the reserve() computation
gets its parentheses.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Move the #4804 alias to the file that uses it

The split left the json_4804 alias behind in unit-regression2.cpp while
the test case that uses it went to unit-regression3.cpp, which does not
build for C++17 and C++20 as a result.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Include <span> where the split moved its only use

The #2546 test case guards itself with __has_include(<span>), but the
include itself sat in unit-regression2.cpp's preamble and stayed behind,
so the section compiled without a declaration wherever the guard passed -
which nvhpc reported and libc++ builds do not, as they skip the section
altogether.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Keep the descent bookkeeping in one place

Copying carried a depth count, a depth limit and a guard of its own, and
the comparison in the follow-up added a second set beside them. Neither
operation needs its own: they are never nested inside one another by the
library - copying a value does not compare one, and comparing two values
does not copy them - and where user code nests them anyway, sharing the
count only ends a descent sooner than it had to.

So there is now one nesting_depth(), one nesting_depth_limit() and one
nesting_depth_guard, which the follow-up uses instead of adding its own.
Inverting the test in copy_structured leaves the too-deep case and the
no-thread-local case as the same code.

The guard takes the count rather than looking it up, because the caller
has looked it up already to test it against the limit, and reaching
thread-local storage twice on the path that is taken almost every time is
worth avoiding.

The switch that copies the value of anything that is not an object or an
array was written twice - once in the copy constructor, once in
copy_shallow - so that adding a value_t meant editing both, and missing
one would have been silent. It is copy_leaf_value now, and inlined: both
callers have already sorted the containers out, and folding that test into
the switch is what keeps a value made mostly of numbers copying as fast as
it did.

Copying canada.json, citm_catalog.json and twitter.json is within 0.6% of
what it was before, measured as a paired ratio over 18 interleaved rounds
against a run-to-run spread of 0.3%.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Check that an abandoned copy can still be destroyed

Copying a value without the call stack builds the copy from the top down,
and every value whose own copy has not been made yet stays a null value
until it is. That is what lets a copy be abandoned half-built: the
destructor finds nothing but complete values and null ones.

Nothing tested it. Failing an allocation part-way through a copy of a
deeply nested value does, with the allocator the file already has for
exactly this kind of test.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Name the test's locals so Flawfinder stops matching them

The code scanning job reports CWE-362 - "check when opening files" - for
a test that opens no files: Flawfinder matched a local variable called
open. Rename it and its partner.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Keep the descent guard's bookkeeping self-contained

nesting_depth_limit() and nesting_depth_guard were only used inside
the JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL-guarded branch of copy_structured(), but were
defined unconditionally. Move them inside the #ifndef, and have the
guard look up the depth and test it against the limit itself (via
okay()) instead of making the caller do it - the caller no longer
needs to touch nesting_depth() at all. Also shrink the thread-local
counter to std::uint8_t, matching what its own doc comment already
argued.

Addresses gregmarr's review comments on #5389.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Make nesting_depth_guard usable regardless of JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL

nesting_depth_limit() and nesting_depth() stay behind #ifndef
JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL, since a descent cannot be bounded without a
per-thread count. But the guard itself now always exists, becoming a
no-op that is never okay() under that macro - the same way the bound
is already reached on every call without one. copy_structured() no
longer needs to know which case it is in.

This is what lets #5390 reuse the guard for comparison, which cannot
test JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL where the macro-based operators use it: the
guard now carries that distinction itself instead of requiring every
caller to.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Silence VS2015's C4503 for the custom-base-class test

The deep-copy support added for #5387 lengthened the mangled name of
std::allocator_traits<...>::construct for the test's map type past
VS2015's limit, which /WX turns into a build failure even though the
name is only used for (now-truncated) debug info.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Remove dead unused-parameter casts from copy_metadata()

@gregmarr asked whether the static_cast<void> pair in the
JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS-off branch was needed for an empty
json_base_class_t. It isn't: src and dst are already referenced
unconditionally by the base-class copy above, so no -Wunused-parameter
warning fires either way (checked with -Wall -Wextra
-Wunused-parameter, JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS 0 and 1).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI: build custom array types without a fill constructor, re-amalgamate

copy_array_level() built the destination array with the fill
constructor array_t(count, value), which is not part of the array
container interface the library otherwise assumes (e.g. custom
ArrayTypes that only provide a default and an iterator-pair
constructor, as covered by unit-custom-array-type.cpp). Default-
construct the array and resize() it instead, matching how the rest
of the codebase already grows array_t.

Also re-run the amalgamation, which had fallen out of sync with
include/nlohmann/json.hpp.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-09-24 17:01:15 +02:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5 ed513715a8 Document that a NUL byte in the input is treated as end of input (#5534)
* docs: document that a NUL byte in the input is treated as end of input

A NUL byte anywhere in the input - trailing, or embedded ahead of more
otherwise well-formed JSON - is currently treated the same as genuine
end of input, so parsing silently stops there instead of raising the
parse_error.101 any other unexpected byte triggers. This mirrors the
NUL-terminated-C-string convention already used when no explicit input
length is given (json::parse(const char*) already stops at strlen()),
just applied uniformly rather than only when a length is genuinely
unavailable.

This behavior predates this change and is not being altered here -
changing it would be an observable, backwards-incompatible behavior
change for any caller that (knowingly or not) depends on it, which is
not something to do silently in a patch. Documenting the current,
verified behavior as a new FAQ entry instead, so it's an intentional
and discoverable part of the contract rather than a surprise.

Fixes #5530.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <niels.lohmann@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01N4RQ1Ahan5YAGbnAQGjZTY

* Add JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING opt-in macro for issue #5530

A NUL byte anywhere in the input is currently treated the same as real
end of input, rather than raising parse_error.101 like any other
unexpected byte (documented in the previous commit's FAQ entry). A full
unconditional fix was tried in PR #5532 but rejected as too risky to
ship by default: any caller could depend on the current behavior, even
unknowingly (e.g. a zero-padded buffer). On PR #5534, gregmarr proposed
a compile-time opt-in flag instead, and the maintainer agreed, wanting
it available now and defaulting to the corrected behavior in 4.0.0.

This mirrors the existing JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS precedent as
closely as sensible:
- JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING defaults to 0 (off); the three lexer sites
  that treat '\0' as EOF/comment-terminator are gated with
  `#if !JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING` so the default-off behavior is
  byte-for-byte identical to today's.
- input_adapters.hpp's `T (&array)[N]` overload additionally trims a
  single trailing '\0' from a `char` array (e.g. a string literal like
  `json::parse("123")`) when the macro is on, so that case keeps
  working; every other element type (unsigned char, std::uint8_t, ...)
  always keeps its full extent. This intentionally does *not* reuse the
  existing strlen()-based pointer overload via SFINAE-excluding `char`
  from the array overload, as originally sketched for this change: that
  approach is ambiguous against the newer generic container overload
  added since PR #5532, and even where it compiles, strlen()-scanning a
  `char` array that is not NUL-terminated within its bounds reads past
  the end of the array (confirmed with AddressSanitizer). Trimming only
  a single trailing byte, without scanning, avoids both problems.
- Documented via docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md,
  linked from the macros index/nav/features page, the FAQ entry, and
  the parse/accept/operator>> reference pages.
- Tested in unit-class_parser.cpp and unit-deserialization.cpp, default
  state unguarded and opt-in state guarded. Since the library itself
  #undefs the macro at the end of json.hpp (as JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
  already does), a plain `#if defined(JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING)` guard
  after the include never actually triggers; the tests instead capture
  the command-line value into a test-local macro before including the
  header. A few pre-existing fixtures elsewhere (std::array<uint8_t, N>
  sized one larger than their literal, relying on value-initialization
  to silently add a trailing zero byte) needed the same one-byte
  adjustment to keep passing under the opt-in behavior.

Unlike the precedent, this adds a proper `JSON_StrictNulHandling` CMake
option (rather than a raw -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS injection) and wires its
ci_test_strict_nul_handling target into the ci_cmake_options job matrix
in .github/workflows/ubuntu.yml, so the opt-in build is actually
exercised in CI -- closing the one gap in the precedent's own CI setup
(ci_test_brace_init_copy_semantics is defined but never referenced by
any workflow, so it has never actually run).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Clarify where JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING does not reject NUL bytes

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <niels.lohmann@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-09-24 06:55:21 +02:00
Niels Lohmann f751547a81 Add missing contributors to the README thanks list (#5543)
Add 60 contributors whose work was not yet credited and update seven
links that pointed to renamed or reassigned GitHub accounts.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-23 20:43:40 +02:00
dependabot[bot] 06b0452189 Bump mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin in /docs/mkdocs (#5537)
Bumps [mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin) from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/timvink/mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin/compare/v1.5.4...v1.6.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin
  dependency-version: 1.6.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2026-09-23 20:32:31 +02:00
Niels LohmannandClaude 1054b2097e Speed up binary writing: value-type output sink + byte-swap number encoding (#5286)
* Devirtualize binary_writer via a value-type output sink

to_cbor/to_msgpack/to_ubjson/to_bjdata/to_bson wrote every byte through
output_adapter_t, a shared_ptr<output_adapter_protocol> whose
write_character/write_characters are virtual. Unlike the lexer (templated
on a concrete InputAdapterType), the binary writer never got that
treatment, so binary output paid a vtable lookup per byte and a
make_shared per call.

Template binary_writer on an OutputSinkType and give it two concrete,
non-virtual sinks:

- output_vector_sink: appends straight into a std::vector (push_back /
  insert), used by the vector-returning to_* convenience functions. No
  vtable, no shared_ptr; the writes inline.
- output_adapter_sink: forwards to a type-erased output_adapter_t, so the
  existing to_*(j, output_adapter) overloads (streams, strings, custom
  adapters) keep working exactly as before -- one virtual call each,
  unchanged.

binary_writer keeps a convenience constructor taking output_adapter_t
(building the default output_adapter_sink), so the adapter overloads are
untouched; only the convenience functions switch to the vector sink. The
friend declaration and the basic_json binary_writer alias gain the new
(defaulted) template parameter.

Output is byte-for-byte identical: verified across ~3000 randomized
values plus curated edge cases (all scalar widths, strings with invalid
UTF-8, binary, nested arrays/objects) for CBOR, MessagePack, UBJSON (both
size/type settings), BJData, and BSON, plus the output_adapter path, in
C++11/17/20. Warning-clean under clang -Weverything and the gcc pedantic
set; clang-tidy clean on the changed headers; make check-amalgamation
clean.

Throughput (g++ -O3, vs develop): scalar-dense binary output such as
integer arrays ~1.4x; many small to_cbor calls ~1.04x (DOM traversal
bound); string/blob-heavy output unchanged (already bulk-bound). No
workload regressed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01XAYM1qhSA2FDaDcGfPW3fG
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix CI failures from binary_writer output-sink change

Four CI jobs failed on the initial commit; all are addressed here without
changing any output (binary encodings remain byte-for-byte identical to
develop across the differential corpus):

1. ci_test_gcc / cuda (-Werror=duplicated-branches): for number_float_t ==
   float, static_cast<float>(n) is the identity, so write_compact_float's
   two branches are intentionally identical. Once the concrete vector sink
   is inlined, GCC constant-folds and diagnoses this (the type-erased path
   hid it behind a non-inlined virtual call). Silence -Wduplicated-branches
   for GCC (clang has no such warning) alongside the existing -Wfloat-equal
   pragma.

2. ci_static_analysis_clang (UBSan nonnull-attribute): binary_writer passes
   a null pointer with length 0 for empty strings/binary. output_vector_sink
   / output_adapter_sink declared write_characters JSON_HEDLEY_NON_NULL, so
   the sanitizer flagged the (harmless) zero-length call once the sink was
   called directly rather than through the attribute-free virtual base. Drop
   the attribute from both sinks, matching the pre-existing behavior.

3. ci_cpplint (build/include_what_you_use): output_adapter_sink uses
   std::move; add #include <utility>.

4. ci_cuda_example (nvcc 11.8): NVCC's front end rejects the default
   template argument on the binary_writer alias template. Revert the alias
   to its original single-parameter form (relying on binary_writer's own
   defaulted OutputSinkType) and spell out the full type in the vector-sink
   convenience functions.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01XAYM1qhSA2FDaDcGfPW3fG
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Encode big-endian numbers with a byte swap instead of std::reverse

write_number() reordered multi-byte numbers for the big-endian formats
(CBOR/MessagePack/UBJSON) with std::reverse over the byte array. GCC
lowered only some sizes to a bswap; clang kept a scalar byte shuffle
(0 bswap instructions in the CBOR number path). Replace the reverse with
size-dispatched __builtin_bswap16/32/64 helpers (portable shift fallback
for other compilers; std::reverse retained for exotic sizes such as a
long double number_float_t).

Codegen: the CBOR number path now emits bswap on both compilers
(gcc 2 -> 16, clang 0 -> 4). Output is byte-for-byte identical to the
previous implementation across the binary differential corpus.

Throughput (isolated vs the std::reverse version, best of 9):
  CBOR int64 array   gcc +7%   clang +10%
  CBOR uint16 array  gcc +27%  clang flat

Modest but consistent on number-dense encodings; negligible on
string/blob-heavy output, as expected.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01XAYM1qhSA2FDaDcGfPW3fG
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Reserve output capacity up front for binary serialization

The vector-returning to_cbor/to_msgpack/to_ubjson/to_bjdata/to_bson grew
the output buffer purely by geometric reallocation. Reserving an estimate
up front avoids the early reallocations, which is the dominant per-byte
cost for array/object-heavy output.

The estimate (binary_reserve_hint) is deliberately conservative and safe
against untrusted input: it consults only the top-level element count
(O(1), no walk of the DOM), guards the multiplication against overflow,
and clamps the result to a fixed 1 MiB ceiling, so a large or hostile DOM
can never force an oversized allocation here. The buffer still grows
geometrically past the hint, so an underestimate only costs a few later
reallocations; scalars/strings/binary are written in one shot and get no
hint. Reserving capacity does not change the bytes produced.

Throughput (g++/clang -O3, vs the previous commit):
  cbor int array     +10% / +13%
  cbor object array  +20% / +38%

Output is byte-for-byte identical to develop across the binary
differential corpus.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01XAYM1qhSA2FDaDcGfPW3fG
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Address review findings on the binary writer output sinks

- binary_reserve_hint(): the 4-bytes-per-element estimate over-reserved by up
  to 4x for arrays of small scalars (CBOR encodes 0..23 in one byte), and the
  returned vector kept that capacity. Make the hint a strict lower bound on the
  encoded size instead, which also removes the 1 MiB clamp whose branch no test
  could reach (the largest container in the suite has 65793 elements).

- Guard the -Wduplicated-branches pragma with __GNUC__ >= 7. The warning does
  not exist before GCC 7, so naming it made GCC 4.8/4.9/5/6 - which the CI
  matrix still builds - warn under -Wpragmas on every including translation
  unit, breaking downstream -Werror builds.

- Constrain the adapter constructor of binary_writer with the enable_if its
  documentation already claimed, so a writer over some other sink type is no
  longer advertised as constructible from an output adapter.

- Let output_vector_adapter wrap output_vector_sink rather than duplicating the
  append logic, so the type-erased and templated paths share one implementation.

- Collapse the three copies of the memcpy/byte_swap/memcpy dance into a single
  byte_swap_buffer() helper, and add the MSVC _byteswap_* intrinsics so MSVC no
  longer falls back to the scalar shuffle this change exists to eliminate.

- Add a vector_writer() helper for the five vector-returning to_* overloads
  instead of spelling out the writer type at each call site, and drop a dead
  default member initializer on output_adapter_sink.

- New tests: the vector sink and the adapter sink must produce identical bytes
  for every format (the two to_* overloads no longer delegate to each other and
  could otherwise drift), and binary_reserve_hint() must never exceed the size
  actually written.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Route the -Wduplicated-branches pragma through Hedley

Match #5485, which moved the binary writer's hand-rolled diagnostic
pragmas onto JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA (merged into develop while this branch
was open). The devirtualization's -Wduplicated-branches suppression in
write_compact_float was the one raw '#pragma GCC diagnostic' left; it
now uses JSON_HEDLEY_PRAGMA like the adjacent -Wfloat-equal line, still
guarded to GCC >= 7 and non-clang (the warning exists only there).

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01XAYM1qhSA2FDaDcGfPW3fG
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-09-23 08:59:46 +02:00
Niels Lohmann f92024b317 De-duplicate the swap() diagnostic-positions characterization test (#5540) 2026-09-23 07:48:21 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 0b20b7e622 Reject MessagePack/BSON binary subtypes that don't fit their wire format (#5469)
* Reject MessagePack/BSON binary subtypes that don't fit their wire format

Both formats store byte_container_with_subtype's subtype (a uint64_t)
in a single byte. The writers cast to std::int8_t/std::uint8_t without
a range check, so subtypes above 255 were silently truncated modulo
256 instead of raising an error. Throw out_of_range.413 instead when
the subtype exceeds the representable range of 0-255.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Move the new binary-subtype regression test out of unit-regression2.cpp

unit-regression2.cpp is already at the edge of what the MinGW linker
can relocate; adding this test's ~26 lines tips test-regression2_cpp20
(clang, Windows) over into "relocation truncated to fit:
IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32 against `.rdata'" (see 8ce64b9c1 / b82717c8a for
the same failure mode). Split the test along format lines instead:
MessagePack assertions move to unit-msgpack.cpp, BSON assertions to
unit-bson.cpp. The CBOR round-trip guard is dropped as redundant --
unit-cbor.cpp's "Tagged values" section already round-trips subtypes
up to 8589934590, far past the 70000 checked here.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-22 21:52:32 +02:00
Niels Lohmann d2c1a6a272 Reject array insert(pos, first, last) iterators not pointing into an array (#5468)
The array-range insert() overload checked that pos fits the current
value and that first/last share the same owning value, but never
verified that value is itself an array. Passing iterators from an
object, a primitive, or null handed value-initialized (singular)
std::vector iterators straight to array_t::insert(), which is
undefined behavior. Add the missing is_array() check, mirroring the
equivalent check already present in the object-range insert()
overload.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-22 21:52:31 +02:00
Niels Lohmann a2b19d6158 Honor allow_exceptions=false for excessive array/object size (out_of_range.408) (#5467)
* Honor allow_exceptions=false for excessive array/object size (out_of_range.408)

The SAX DOM parsers' start_object()/start_array() threw out_of_range.408
directly via JSON_THROW when a binary format (CBOR/UBJSON/BJData) declared
a container size exceeding max_size(), bypassing the allow_exceptions flag
that every other malformed-input error path in these classes honors via
parse_error(). This meant that json::from_cbor(data, true, false) etc.
could still throw (or abort under JSON_NOEXCEPTION) instead of returning a
discarded value, contrary to the allow_exceptions=false contract.

Route all four call sites (two in json_sax_dom_parser, two in
json_sax_dom_callback_parser) through parse_error() instead, matching the
existing error-handling pattern used elsewhere in this file. Behavior is
unchanged when allow_exceptions is true (the default); the exception
message and type are identical.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Drop a non-portable exact exception message check in the 408 test

The allow_exceptions=false regression test checked the exact message
text produced when allow_exceptions=true (the default). On platforms
where std::size_t is 32-bit (e.g. mingw x86, MSVC Win32 builds), a
declared CBOR length of 2^63 is intercepted earlier, by
get_cbor_container_size()'s own (pre-existing, already correct)
length-narrowing check, with different wording than this fix's
start_array()/start_object() size check -- same error code, same
"still throws when allow_exceptions=true" guarantee, different text.

CHECK_THROWS_AS already verifies the behavior this test cares about
(still throws json::out_of_range, unchanged); drop the exact-message
assertion since it isn't portable across size_t widths and doesn't
add coverage of this fix specifically.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix -Werror=unused-result on json::from_cbor() in the 408 regression test

from_cbor() is [[nodiscard]]; CHECK_THROWS_AS() otherwise discards its
result, which GCC flags under -Werror. Assign to a throwaway json, as
the rest of the suite already does for from_cbor()/from_msgpack().

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-22 21:52:31 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e485441123 Restore a duplicate key's prior value when the callback rejects its new value (#5466)
* Restore a duplicate key's prior value when the callback rejects its new value

json_sax_dom_callback_parser::key() unconditionally overwrote the object
slot for a key with a `discarded` placeholder as soon as the key was
accepted by the parser callback. For a duplicate key (legal JSON), this
destroyed the pre-existing value from an earlier occurrence of the same
key before the new value was even parsed. If the new value was then
rejected by the callback, remove_discarded_value() erased the member
entirely instead of leaving the original value in place, contradicting
the documented behavior that a discarded value behaves as if it was
never read.

Add a small stash of (slot pointer, previous value) pairs so that when
key() overwrites an existing member with the discarded placeholder, the
previous value can be restored later if the corresponding value (scalar,
object, or array) is rejected, instead of being erased. The stash entry
is dropped without restoring once the new value is definitively
accepted (in handle_value() for scalars, end_object()/end_array() for
containers), so a duplicate key whose new value is accepted still keeps
the last value as before. Non-duplicate keys are unaffected: rejecting
their value still removes the member entirely, since there is nothing
to restore.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Mark parser-callback test lambdas noexcept to fix GCC -Wnoexcept -Werror

GCC's libstdc++ std::function move assignment evaluates a noexcept
check that invokes a wrapped callable in an unevaluated context; a
non-noexcept parser_callback_t lambda then trips -Wnoexcept ("noexcept-
expression evaluates to 'false'"), which CI's ci_test_gcc job builds
with -Werror. The pre-existing parser_callback_t test lambdas in this
file already work around this by declaring themselves noexcept; apply
the same fix to the three added lambdas that didn't.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-22 21:52:30 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e564136c22 Make diff() account for member order in ordered_json objects (#5465)
* Make diff() account for member order in ordered_json objects

diff() compared source/target objects purely by key set, ignoring
relative member order. For ordered_json (insertion-ordered, vector-
backed object_t), two objects that differ only in member order are
unequal via operator==, but diff() never emitted any patch operation
to fix the order, so source.patch(diff(source, target)) == target
could fail to hold.

Fix by detecting when common keys appear in a different relative
order in source vs. target (or when a new key would need to land
somewhere other than the end), and in that case removing and
re-adding the affected keys in target's order, which relies on
patch()'s "add" op appending new keys at the end of an ordered_map.
For plain json (std::map-backed, always key-sorted iteration) this
is a no-op and the original minimal per-key diff path is unchanged.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Avoid redundant lookups in diff()'s object-order tracking

The previous fix for ordered_json member order re-derived common-key
order and suffix information with extra target.find()/source.find()
calls layered on top of the pre-existing removed/added-key passes,
instead of reusing those same passes. This roughly tripled the number
of map lookups per diff() call for every object, including plain
`json`, where the reordering path is never taken.

Piggyback the order tracking (and the "add" op construction for new
keys) onto the two passes the algorithm already needs to detect
removed/added keys, and walk the fast path's recursion in lockstep
with the precomputed common-key list instead of re-querying `target`.
This restores diff() to its pre-existing lookup count; benchmarked at
n=1000 keys, ordered_json::diff() was roughly 2x slower than baseline
before this change and is back within noise of baseline after it.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Preserve diff()'s original op ordering and fix a slow-path deletion gap

Splitting removed-key detection and common-key recursion into separate
passes (for the earlier lookup-count fix) changed the emitted patch's
op order: all "remove" ops now came before all recursive per-key diffs,
instead of interleaved in source's iteration order as the original
implementation did. This broke docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/diff.output's
exact-match CI check (ci_test_examples) even though the patch was still
semantically correct.

Defer "remove" emission into the same walk that does the recursive
diffs, so common keys and deleted keys are interleaved in source order
again, matching historical output.

While restructuring that walk, the reordering ("slow path") branch was
only emitting "remove" for keys common to both objects, never for keys
present in source but genuinely absent from target -- a key deleted
alongside an actual reorder would silently survive the patch. Fixed by
removing every source key in the slow path (both deleted and common
keys need removing there; common keys are then re-added in target's
order). Verified with a targeted reorder+deletion case and a fresh
20,000-case round-trip fuzz run (0 failures).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-22 21:52:30 +02:00
Niels LohmannandClaude Sonnet 5 663013ce64 Fix incorrect diagnostic-positions test assertion for swap() (#5539)
The characterization test added in #5482 asserted that basic_json::swap()
does NOT exchange start_position/end_position, based on a misreading of
the code cited for #5420. In fact swap() (json.hpp, around line 3637)
does swap start_position/end_position along with the value, consistent
with copy-assignment. The test's assumption was backwards, so it failed
on every CI job across every branch/PR since the commit landed. Correct
the assertions to match the actual (and correct) behavior: positions are
exchanged together with values.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-09-22 21:35:00 +02:00
Niels Lohmann c41152e620 Fall back to plain-object encoding when to_bjdata()'s _ArrayType_ annotation is not a string (#5494)
* Fall back to plain-object encoding when _ArrayType_ is not a string

write_bjdata_ndarray() looked up _ArrayType_ by calling get<string_t>()
directly, which throws type_error.302 when the annotation is not a
string (e.g. a number, null, boolean, array, or object). Per the
documented BJData ndarray contract, an object only qualifies for the
compact ndarray encoding if _ArrayType_ names a known type; anything
else must fall back to plain-object encoding, the same way an unknown
type-name string already does.

Add an is_string() check before the get<string_t>() call so a
non-string _ArrayType_ takes the existing "unrecognized type name"
fallback path instead of throwing.

Fixes #5398.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Relax the BJData fuzzer's round-trip check from byte-exact to value-exact

Fixing #5398 lets to_bjdata() proceed past the object it used to reject,
which exposed a pre-existing, unrelated round-trip quirk to the fuzzer:
a binary_t value serialized through the non-optimized ("$U#"-less)
array encoding is parsed back as a plain array of numbers, since
from_bjdata() has no way to tell "array of uint8 numbers" apart from
"array of bytes" without that optimized header. Re-serializing that
plain array then goes through the generic smallest-type writer, which
- unrelated to this PR, and long predating it - prefers the 'i' (int8)
marker over 'U' (uint8) for values that fit both, so the re-encoded
bytes can differ from the original even though both decode to the same
value.

This is not introduced by the #5398 fix; the same divergence reproduces
from a bare json::binary_t value with no _ArrayType_ annotation
involved at all, on the commit immediately preceding it. A general fix
would mean changing the shared UBJSON/BJData smallest-type selection
that hundreds of existing tests pin to 'i' for small positive
integers, which is out of scope and too risky for this PR.

Update fuzzer-parse_bjdata.cpp's round-trip assertions to check that
re-serializing is value-stable (from_bjdata(to_bjdata(j)) == j) rather
than byte-exact, matching the guarantee BJData actually provides, and
add a regression test in unit-bjdata.cpp using the exact OSS-Fuzz input
that documents the behavior.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Compare dump()s instead of json values in the BJData fuzzer's round-trip check

The value-stability assertion added to fix the earlier OSS-Fuzz crash
(json::from_bjdata(to_bjdata(j2)) == j2) itself broke on a NaN payload:
IEEE 754 NaN is never equal to itself, so operator== reports two
structurally-identical trees containing a non-finite double as
different -- not a round-trip bug, just NaN's ordinary
non-reflexivity. dump() serializes any non-finite double the same
deterministic way (as JSON null, since JSON cannot represent NaN or
Infinity), so comparing dumps is stable under exactly the values that
break operator==.

Verified against both the original OSS-Fuzz crash input and the new
one (0x68 0x68 0x7c, which decodes to a NaN), plus a local 2.5M-case
random-input sweep with no failures.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-16 20:20:22 +02:00
Niels Lohmann 502e9d66f6 Fix to_bjdata() emitting the Draft-3-only 'B' marker in default Draft-2 mode (#5479)
* Fix to_bjdata() emitting the Draft-3-only 'B' marker in default Draft-2 mode

_ArrayType_ = "byte" mapped unconditionally to the BJData type marker
'B', regardless of the requested bjdata_version. 'B' is defined only by
BJData Draft 3; with the default version (draft2), this produced a
stream that is invalid for Draft 2 and, unlike every other
_ArrayType_, round-tripped back as a binary value instead of the
original annotated object.

Only accept "byte" / emit 'B' when bjdata_version selects Draft 3.
Under Draft 2, fall back to the same plain-object encoding used
elsewhere in this function for other invalid-annotation cases, so the
value round-trips correctly.

Fixes #5404.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Future-proof the Draft-3-only 'B' marker gate

@gregmarr pointed out that dtype == 'B' && bjdata_version != draft3
only future-proofs by accident, since bjdata_version_t currently has
exactly two values. Compare with < instead, so a later draft that
keeps the 'B' marker valid does not need this gate revisited.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-16 20:20:21 +02:00
Niels Lohmann e8e1ba0db9 Fix dead ill-formed-fourth-byte UTF-8 test sections (byte3/byte4 typo) (#5499)
* Fix dead ill-formed-fourth-byte UTF-8 test sections (byte3/byte4 typo)

The "ill-formed: wrong fourth byte" SECTIONs in unit-unicode3.cpp,
unit-unicode4.cpp, and unit-unicode5.cpp guarded their loop with a check
on byte3 instead of byte4. Since the enclosing loop already restricts
byte3 to its valid range, the guard was always true and the section's
"continue" fired unconditionally, so check_utf8string()/check_utf8dump()
were never actually invoked for a malformed fourth byte.

Fixing the guard naively (byte3 -> byte4) would also have swept the full
byte2 x byte3 combinatorics for every byte4 value, adding millions of
redundant iterations: the lexer validates continuation bytes strictly in
sequence with early exit (see next_byte_in_range() in lexer.hpp), so once
byte2/byte3 are within their valid range, the byte4 outcome does not
depend on which valid byte2/byte3 values were chosen. Instead, byte2 and
byte3 are now held to a small hedge of representative valid prefixes
(range corners plus a midpoint) while byte4 is still swept exhaustively
over its full 0x00-0xFF range, since that is the actual property under
test. Also fixed the garbled "skip fourth second byte" comment in
unit-unicode3.cpp.

Verified offline: before the fix, the "wrong fourth byte" subcase
executes 0 assertions in all three files (proving it was dead code);
after the fix, it executes 11520 (unicode3), 34560 (unicode4), and 11520
(unicode5) assertions, and a deliberately reintroduced bug in the
lexer's byte4 range check causes it to fail (proving it is now
meaningful). Total per-file assertion counts grow by the same small
amounts, not by millions, and all other sections in these files still
pass unchanged.

Fixes #5416

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Keep full byte2 x byte3 combinatorics in the wrong-fourth-byte sections

The maintainer wants exhaustive coverage of every byte combination here
rather than the representative-prefix reduction, matching the style of
the sibling "wrong second/third byte" sections in the same files.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-16 20:16:43 +02:00