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CBOR reader: read runs of scalar array elements in one loop (#5975)

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* CBOR reader: read runs of scalar array elements in one loop

When a definite-length CBOR array opens and the input is contiguous, read
the integers, floats, booleans, and nulls that follow in a tight loop
instead of going through parse_cbor_internal's container logic and
parse_cbor_value's dispatch for every element. The loop stops at any other
kind of value and when fewer than 9 bytes are left; those values are read
by the general path exactly as before. Non-contiguous inputs are not
affected (tag dispatch on the bulk-scan capability).

Also pass a member empty string as the number source to number_float
instead of constructing a std::string for every float.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: address review of the scalar-run reader

- parse_cbor_scalar_run: set the size explicitly in every case that
  reads a value, instead of relying on a default that every other case
  overwrites.
- Remove cbor_scalar_follows(): parse_cbor_scalar_run already returns on
  the same conditions, and without the pre-check SAX canada needs another
  8.5 % fewer instructions with GCC 13 (0.915 against the previous
  version), with no row more than 0.5 % worse (Mac and GCC).
- Restore the comment on why parse_cbor_internal copies the container
  frame.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: enter the scalar run only when a scalar follows

An array of containers or strings called the out-of-line run start once per
array only to leave it at once; on nested data (arrays of objects) that call
made reading slower than before the run reader. enter_cbor_array now tests the
first byte and the remaining length inline and calls the run only for a
scalar, so the run's loop condition moves to the end (do-while).

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: mark the initial accepted in the scalar run as a false-positive dead store

ci_infer reports DEAD_STORE for 'bool accepted = true;' in
parse_cbor_scalar_run because every case assigns accepted before it is read.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: drop the scalar pre-check before the run

enter_cbor_array calls the run directly again, and parse_cbor_scalar_run
tests the remaining count and length at the top of a while loop; its own
switch already leaves on any value that is not a scalar. The MessagePack
reader is built the same way.

Instructions per repetition, new/old: clang SAX canada 0.983, read canada
0.993; GCC 13 read canada 0.997, the other rows at most 1.004.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: say why the initial accepted in the scalar run stays

Infer's DEAD_STORE report is right, not a false positive: every case that
reaches the read assigns accepted. The initializer is kept for clang-tidy's
cppcoreguidelines-init-variables.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: give the scalar run the bulk tag instead of a wrapper

parse_cbor_scalar_run takes the bulk-scan tag itself and is the function that
is kept out of line, so the one-line parse_cbor_array_start wrapper goes, as
the UBJSON typed run already does.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: start the scalar run's accepted at false

Infer ignores dead stores of 0 (--liveness-ignored-constant defaults to "0"),
and false is 0 to it, so the suppression and its comment go.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* CBOR reader: let the scalar run find its array itself

parse_cbor_scalar_run reads container_stack.back() in its bulk version, so
the caller no longer evaluates it for input that is not contiguous.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
This commit is contained in:
Niels Lohmann authored and GitHub committed 2026-11-01 17:22:31 +01:00
1 parent 5337d841d4
commit 6c3ab966d3
3 files changed
+414 -28
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include/nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp
+170 -14
View File
@@ -745,11 +745,13 @@ class binary_reader
bool get_cbor_negative_integer()
{
NumberType number{};
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(number)))
{
return false;
}
return get_number(number) && emit_cbor_negative_integer(number);
}
/// pass the CBOR negative integer -1 - @a number to the SAX parser
template<typename NumberType>
bool emit_cbor_negative_integer(const NumberType number)
{
// the value is -1 - number, which fits into number_integer_t
// whenever number does; the outer cast undoes the integral promotion
// for number_integer_t types narrower than int
@@ -974,7 +976,7 @@ class binary_reader
case 0x95:
case 0x96:
case 0x97:
return enter_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
return enter_cbor_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
@@ -983,7 +985,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
std::uint64_t len{};
std::size_t size{};
return get_cbor_argument(len) && get_cbor_container_size(len, size, "array") && enter_array(size);
return get_cbor_argument(len) && get_cbor_container_size(len, size, "array") && enter_cbor_array(size);
}
case 0x9F: // array (indefinite length)
@@ -1680,6 +1682,155 @@ class binary_reader
return true;
}
/*!
@brief read a big-endian number of type @a NumberType at @a data
*/
template<typename NumberType>
NumberType load_big_endian(const unsigned char* data) const noexcept
{
NumberType result{};
std::memcpy(&result, data, sizeof(NumberType));
if (is_little_endian)
{
byte_swap(result);
}
return result;
}
/*!
@brief read the integers, floats, booleans, and nulls that follow in a
definite-length array, without the per-element bookkeeping of
@ref parse_cbor_internal
Stops at the end of the array, at any other kind of value, and when fewer
than 9 bytes (the longest of these values) are left in the input, leaving
those to @ref parse_cbor_value, which reads them the same way.
Out of line, so that @ref parse_cbor_value stays small enough to be inlined.
The array is the one on top of @ref container_stack; its count of
elements not yet read is updated.
@return whether the SAX parser accepted the values
*/
JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
bool parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::true_type /*bulk*/)
{
// nothing pushes onto the stack while the run reads scalars
std::size_t& remaining = container_stack.back().remaining;
while (remaining != 0 && ia.bulk_remaining() >= 9)
{
const auto* const data = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(ia.bulk_data());
const unsigned char head = data[0];
std::size_t size = 0;
bool accepted = false;
switch (head)
{
case 0x18:
size = 2;
accepted = emit_unsigned(data[1]);
break;
case 0x19:
size = 3;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint16_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x1A:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint32_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x1B:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint64_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x38:
size = 2;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(data[1]);
break;
case 0x39:
size = 3;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint16_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x3A:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint32_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x3B:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint64_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0xF4:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->boolean(false);
break;
case 0xF5:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->boolean(true);
break;
case 0xF6:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->null();
break;
case 0xFA:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_float(load_big_endian<float>(data + 1));
break;
case 0xFB:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_float(load_big_endian<double>(data + 1));
break;
default:
if (head <= 0x17)
{
size = 1;
accepted = sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(head));
}
else if (head >= 0x20 && head <= 0x37)
{
size = 1;
accepted = sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - head));
}
else
{
// any other value is read by parse_cbor_value
return true;
}
break;
}
// as if read by get() and get_number(): current is the head byte
ia.bulk_skip(size);
chars_read += size;
current = head;
--remaining;
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!accepted))
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/*!
@brief open a definite-length array and read the scalars it begins with
(see @ref parse_cbor_scalar_run)
Only the start of an array is tried, which covers arrays of numbers
(e.g. coordinates) but costs arrays of other values only one call, not one
per element.
@param[in] len the number of elements
@return whether the SAX parser accepted the array and the values read
*/
bool enter_cbor_array(const std::size_t len)
{
return enter_array(len) && (len == 0 || parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::integral_constant<bool, bulk_scan> {}));
}
/// input that is not contiguous: every value is read by parse_cbor_value
bool parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::false_type /*bulk*/) const noexcept
{
return true;
}
/*!
@brief read a CBOR value and everything nested inside it
@@ -1709,6 +1860,7 @@ class binary_reader
// pop_back() below, which destroys the container_stack element
// it would otherwise alias
const container_frame top = container_stack.back();
const bool is_object = top.is_object;
bool at_end = false;
if (top.remaining != npos)
@@ -1720,7 +1872,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
// claim the element about to be read
--container_stack.back().remaining;
if (top.is_object)
if (is_object)
{
get();
}
@@ -1733,7 +1885,7 @@ class binary_reader
// Testing for it consumes a byte, which is the first byte
// of the next element when it is not one.
at_end = (get() == 0xFF);
fetch = top.is_object;
fetch = is_object;
}
if (at_end)
@@ -1750,7 +1902,7 @@ class binary_reader
continue;
}
if (top.is_object)
if (is_object)
{
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!skip_cbor_key_tags(tag_handler)))
{
@@ -3695,13 +3847,13 @@ class binary_reader
return sax->null();
case 0xFB:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(-1.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(-1.0), no_source);
case 0xFC:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(0.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(0.0), no_source);
case 0xFD:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(1.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(1.0), no_source);
case 0xFF: // empty string
{
@@ -4205,7 +4357,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
return out_of_range_error(exception_id::number_overflow, "number overflow", "value");
}
return sax->number_float(result, "");
return sax->number_float(result, no_source);
}
/*!
@@ -4265,7 +4417,7 @@ class binary_reader
}();
return sax->number_float((half & 0x8000u) != 0
? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val)
: static_cast<number_float_t>(val), "");
: static_cast<number_float_t>(val), no_source);
}
/*!
@@ -4590,6 +4742,10 @@ class binary_reader
/// the SAX parser
json_sax_t* sax = nullptr;
/// the (empty) source text of every number_float event: binary formats
/// have none, and a string_t built for each float would cost more
const string_t no_source{};
/// the containers that have been opened and not closed yet; see @ref container_frame
std::vector<container_frame> container_stack{};
single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp
Generated
+170 -14
View File
@@ -18549,11 +18549,13 @@ class binary_reader
bool get_cbor_negative_integer()
{
NumberType number{};
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!get_number(number)))
{
return false;
}
return get_number(number) && emit_cbor_negative_integer(number);
}
/// pass the CBOR negative integer -1 - @a number to the SAX parser
template<typename NumberType>
bool emit_cbor_negative_integer(const NumberType number)
{
// the value is -1 - number, which fits into number_integer_t
// whenever number does; the outer cast undoes the integral promotion
// for number_integer_t types narrower than int
@@ -18778,7 +18780,7 @@ class binary_reader
case 0x95:
case 0x96:
case 0x97:
return enter_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
return enter_cbor_array(conditional_static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(current) & 0x1Fu));
case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
@@ -18787,7 +18789,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
std::uint64_t len{};
std::size_t size{};
return get_cbor_argument(len) && get_cbor_container_size(len, size, "array") && enter_array(size);
return get_cbor_argument(len) && get_cbor_container_size(len, size, "array") && enter_cbor_array(size);
}
case 0x9F: // array (indefinite length)
@@ -19484,6 +19486,155 @@ class binary_reader
return true;
}
/*!
@brief read a big-endian number of type @a NumberType at @a data
*/
template<typename NumberType>
NumberType load_big_endian(const unsigned char* data) const noexcept
{
NumberType result{};
std::memcpy(&result, data, sizeof(NumberType));
if (is_little_endian)
{
byte_swap(result);
}
return result;
}
/*!
@brief read the integers, floats, booleans, and nulls that follow in a
definite-length array, without the per-element bookkeeping of
@ref parse_cbor_internal
Stops at the end of the array, at any other kind of value, and when fewer
than 9 bytes (the longest of these values) are left in the input, leaving
those to @ref parse_cbor_value, which reads them the same way.
Out of line, so that @ref parse_cbor_value stays small enough to be inlined.
The array is the one on top of @ref container_stack; its count of
elements not yet read is updated.
@return whether the SAX parser accepted the values
*/
JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
bool parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::true_type /*bulk*/)
{
// nothing pushes onto the stack while the run reads scalars
std::size_t& remaining = container_stack.back().remaining;
while (remaining != 0 && ia.bulk_remaining() >= 9)
{
const auto* const data = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(ia.bulk_data());
const unsigned char head = data[0];
std::size_t size = 0;
bool accepted = false;
switch (head)
{
case 0x18:
size = 2;
accepted = emit_unsigned(data[1]);
break;
case 0x19:
size = 3;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint16_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x1A:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint32_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x1B:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_unsigned(load_big_endian<std::uint64_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x38:
size = 2;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(data[1]);
break;
case 0x39:
size = 3;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint16_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x3A:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint32_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0x3B:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_cbor_negative_integer(load_big_endian<std::uint64_t>(data + 1));
break;
case 0xF4:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->boolean(false);
break;
case 0xF5:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->boolean(true);
break;
case 0xF6:
size = 1;
accepted = sax->null();
break;
case 0xFA:
size = 5;
accepted = emit_float(load_big_endian<float>(data + 1));
break;
case 0xFB:
size = 9;
accepted = emit_float(load_big_endian<double>(data + 1));
break;
default:
if (head <= 0x17)
{
size = 1;
accepted = sax->number_unsigned(static_cast<number_unsigned_t>(head));
}
else if (head >= 0x20 && head <= 0x37)
{
size = 1;
accepted = sax->number_integer(static_cast<std::int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - head));
}
else
{
// any other value is read by parse_cbor_value
return true;
}
break;
}
// as if read by get() and get_number(): current is the head byte
ia.bulk_skip(size);
chars_read += size;
current = head;
--remaining;
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!accepted))
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/*!
@brief open a definite-length array and read the scalars it begins with
(see @ref parse_cbor_scalar_run)
Only the start of an array is tried, which covers arrays of numbers
(e.g. coordinates) but costs arrays of other values only one call, not one
per element.
@param[in] len the number of elements
@return whether the SAX parser accepted the array and the values read
*/
bool enter_cbor_array(const std::size_t len)
{
return enter_array(len) && (len == 0 || parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::integral_constant<bool, bulk_scan> {}));
}
/// input that is not contiguous: every value is read by parse_cbor_value
bool parse_cbor_scalar_run(std::false_type /*bulk*/) const noexcept
{
return true;
}
/*!
@brief read a CBOR value and everything nested inside it
@@ -19513,6 +19664,7 @@ class binary_reader
// pop_back() below, which destroys the container_stack element
// it would otherwise alias
const container_frame top = container_stack.back();
const bool is_object = top.is_object;
bool at_end = false;
if (top.remaining != npos)
@@ -19524,7 +19676,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
// claim the element about to be read
--container_stack.back().remaining;
if (top.is_object)
if (is_object)
{
get();
}
@@ -19537,7 +19689,7 @@ class binary_reader
// Testing for it consumes a byte, which is the first byte
// of the next element when it is not one.
at_end = (get() == 0xFF);
fetch = top.is_object;
fetch = is_object;
}
if (at_end)
@@ -19554,7 +19706,7 @@ class binary_reader
continue;
}
if (top.is_object)
if (is_object)
{
if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!skip_cbor_key_tags(tag_handler)))
{
@@ -21499,13 +21651,13 @@ class binary_reader
return sax->null();
case 0xFB:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(-1.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(-1.0), no_source);
case 0xFC:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(0.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(0.0), no_source);
case 0xFD:
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(1.0), "");
return sax->number_float(static_cast<number_float_t>(1.0), no_source);
case 0xFF: // empty string
{
@@ -22009,7 +22161,7 @@ class binary_reader
{
return out_of_range_error(exception_id::number_overflow, "number overflow", "value");
}
return sax->number_float(result, "");
return sax->number_float(result, no_source);
}
/*!
@@ -22069,7 +22221,7 @@ class binary_reader
}();
return sax->number_float((half & 0x8000u) != 0
? static_cast<number_float_t>(-val)
: static_cast<number_float_t>(val), "");
: static_cast<number_float_t>(val), no_source);
}
/*!
@@ -22394,6 +22546,10 @@ class binary_reader
/// the SAX parser
json_sax_t* sax = nullptr;
/// the (empty) source text of every number_float event: binary formats
/// have none, and a string_t built for each float would cost more
const string_t no_source{};
/// the containers that have been opened and not closed yet; see @ref container_frame
std::vector<container_frame> container_stack{};
tests/src/unit-cbor.cpp
+74
View File
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ using nlohmann::json;
#include "round_trip_corpus.hpp"
#include "test_utils.hpp"
#include "sax_countdown.hpp"
#include "sax_event_loggers.hpp"
using utils::SaxCountdown;
using utils::SaxEventLogger;
TEST_CASE("CBOR")
@@ -2446,6 +2448,78 @@ TEST_CASE("CBOR SAX parsing stops at every event")
CHECK(count_events(std::vector<std::uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 'a', 0x9F, 0x01, 0xFF, 0xFF})) == 6);
}
TEST_CASE("CBOR arrays of scalars from contiguous and non-contiguous input")
{
// contiguous input reads the integers, floats, booleans, and nulls an
// array begins with in one loop, other input value by value; both must
// give the same events, value, or error for the complete document and for
// every truncation of it, and stop at every event a SAX handler rejects
const std::vector<std::uint8_t> cbor =
{
0xA3, // map(3)
0x61, 'a', // "a"
0x98, 0x16, // array(22)
0x00, 0x17, 0x18, 0xFF, 0x19, 0x01, 0x00, // 0, 23, 255, 256
0x1A, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, // 65536
0x1B, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 18446744073709551615
0x20, 0x37, 0x38, 0xFF, 0x39, 0x01, 0x00, // -1, -24, -256, -257
0x3A, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, // -65537
0x3B, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // -18446744073709551616 (a float)
0x3B, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // -9223372036854775808
0xF4, 0xF5, 0xF6, // false, true, null
0xFA, 0x3F, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, // 1.5 (float32)
0xFB, 0xBF, 0xB9, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x9A, // -0.1
0xF9, 0x3C, 0x00, // 1.0 (float16, ends the loop)
0x01, 0x61, 'a', // 1, "a"
0xFB, 0x40, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // 2.5
0x61, 'b', // "b"
0x83, // array(3)
0x82, 0xFB, 0x3F, 0xF4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // [1.25,
0xFB, 0xC0, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // -3.75]
0x82, 0xFB, 0x3F, 0xF4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // [1.25,
0xFB, 0xC0, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // -3.75]
0x80, // []
0x61, 'c', // "c"
0x84, 0xA0, 0x01, 0xC1, 0x02, 0x81, 0x03 // [{}, 1, tag(1) 2, [3]]
};
const auto tags = json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore;
const json j = json::from_cbor(cbor, true, true, tags);
CHECK(j["a"].size() == 22);
CHECK(j["a"][5] == 18446744073709551615u);
CHECK(j["a"][11].is_number_float());
CHECK(j["a"][11] == -18446744073709551616.0);
CHECK(j["a"][12] == (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)());
CHECK(j["a"][17] == -0.1);
CHECK(j["b"] == json::parse("[[1.25, -3.75], [1.25, -3.75], []]"));
CHECK(j["c"] == json::parse("[{}, 1, 2, [3]]"));
for (std::size_t length = 0; length <= cbor.size(); ++length)
{
CAPTURE(length)
const std::vector<std::uint8_t> contiguous(cbor.begin(), cbor.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(length));
const std::list<std::uint8_t> bytewise(contiguous.begin(), contiguous.end());
CHECK(json::from_cbor(contiguous, true, false, tags).dump() == json::from_cbor(bytewise.begin(), bytewise.end(), true, false, tags).dump());
SaxEventLogger from_contiguous;
SaxEventLogger from_bytewise;
CHECK(json::sax_parse(contiguous, &from_contiguous, json::input_format_t::cbor, true, false, false, tags)
== json::sax_parse(bytewise.begin(), bytewise.end(), &from_bytewise, json::input_format_t::cbor, true, false, false, tags));
CHECK(from_contiguous.events == from_bytewise.events);
}
for (int events = 0; events <= 60; ++events)
{
CAPTURE(events)
const std::list<std::uint8_t> bytewise(cbor.begin(), cbor.end());
SaxCountdown from_contiguous(events);
SaxCountdown from_bytewise(events);
CHECK(json::sax_parse(cbor, &from_contiguous, json::input_format_t::cbor, true, false, false, tags)
== json::sax_parse(bytewise.begin(), bytewise.end(), &from_bytewise, json::input_format_t::cbor, true, false, false, tags));
}
}
TEST_CASE("CBOR indefinite-length strings do not recurse per chunk")
{
// Reading an indefinite-length string or byte array used to call itself