diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b783d4..4cf9be8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 9.3.1
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Elasticsearch and OpenSearch now verify SSL certificates by default when `ssl = True`, even without a `cert_path`
+- Added `skip_certificate_verification` option to the `elasticsearch` and `opensearch` configuration sections for consistency with `splunk_hec`
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Splunk HEC `skip_certificate_verification` now works correctly
+- SMTP TLS reports no longer fail when saving to multiple output targets (e.g. Elasticsearch and OpenSearch) due to in-place mutation of the report dict
+- Output client initialization errors now identify which module failed (e.g. "OpenSearch: ConnectionError..." instead of generic "Output client error")
+
 ## 9.3.0
 
 ### Added
diff --git a/docs/source/usage.md b/docs/source/usage.md
index 2883f13..e920c53 100644
--- a/docs/source/usage.md
+++ b/docs/source/usage.md
@@ -273,6 +273,8 @@ The full set of configuration options are:
     (Default: `True`)
   - `timeout` - float: Timeout in seconds (Default: 60)
   - `cert_path` - str: Path to a trusted certificates
+  - `skip_certificate_verification` - bool: Skip certificate
+    verification (not recommended)
   - `index_suffix` - str: A suffix to apply to the index names
   - `index_prefix` - str: A prefix to apply to the index names
   - `monthly_indexes` - bool: Use monthly indexes instead of daily indexes
@@ -300,6 +302,8 @@ The full set of configuration options are:
     (Default: `True`)
   - `timeout` - float: Timeout in seconds (Default: 60)
   - `cert_path` - str: Path to a trusted certificates
+  - `skip_certificate_verification` - bool: Skip certificate
+    verification (not recommended)
   - `index_suffix` - str: A suffix to apply to the index names
   - `index_prefix` - str: A prefix to apply to the index names
   - `monthly_indexes` - bool: Use monthly indexes instead of daily indexes
diff --git a/parsedmarc/cli.py b/parsedmarc/cli.py
index b9ae3da..6e1beed 100644
--- a/parsedmarc/cli.py
+++ b/parsedmarc/cli.py
@@ -505,6 +505,10 @@ def _parse_config_file(config_file, opts):
             opts.elasticsearch_ssl = bool(elasticsearch_config.getboolean("ssl"))
         if "cert_path" in elasticsearch_config:
             opts.elasticsearch_ssl_cert_path = elasticsearch_config["cert_path"]
+        if "skip_certificate_verification" in elasticsearch_config:
+            opts.elasticsearch_skip_certificate_verification = bool(
+                elasticsearch_config.getboolean("skip_certificate_verification")
+            )
         if "user" in elasticsearch_config:
             opts.elasticsearch_username = elasticsearch_config["user"]
         if "password" in elasticsearch_config:
@@ -544,6 +548,10 @@ def _parse_config_file(config_file, opts):
             opts.opensearch_ssl = bool(opensearch_config.getboolean("ssl"))
         if "cert_path" in opensearch_config:
             opts.opensearch_ssl_cert_path = opensearch_config["cert_path"]
+        if "skip_certificate_verification" in opensearch_config:
+            opts.opensearch_skip_certificate_verification = bool(
+                opensearch_config.getboolean("skip_certificate_verification")
+            )
         if "user" in opensearch_config:
             opts.opensearch_username = opensearch_config["user"]
         if "password" in opensearch_config:
@@ -853,77 +861,95 @@ def _init_output_clients(opts):
     """
     clients = {}
 
-    if opts.s3_bucket:
-        clients["s3_client"] = s3.S3Client(
-            bucket_name=opts.s3_bucket,
-            bucket_path=opts.s3_path,
-            region_name=opts.s3_region_name,
-            endpoint_url=opts.s3_endpoint_url,
-            access_key_id=opts.s3_access_key_id,
-            secret_access_key=opts.s3_secret_access_key,
-        )
+    try:
+        if opts.s3_bucket:
+            clients["s3_client"] = s3.S3Client(
+                bucket_name=opts.s3_bucket,
+                bucket_path=opts.s3_path,
+                region_name=opts.s3_region_name,
+                endpoint_url=opts.s3_endpoint_url,
+                access_key_id=opts.s3_access_key_id,
+                secret_access_key=opts.s3_secret_access_key,
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"S3: {e}") from e
 
-    if opts.syslog_server:
-        clients["syslog_client"] = syslog.SyslogClient(
-            server_name=opts.syslog_server,
-            server_port=int(opts.syslog_port),
-            protocol=opts.syslog_protocol or "udp",
-            cafile_path=opts.syslog_cafile_path,
-            certfile_path=opts.syslog_certfile_path,
-            keyfile_path=opts.syslog_keyfile_path,
-            timeout=opts.syslog_timeout if opts.syslog_timeout is not None else 5.0,
-            retry_attempts=opts.syslog_retry_attempts
-            if opts.syslog_retry_attempts is not None
-            else 3,
-            retry_delay=opts.syslog_retry_delay
-            if opts.syslog_retry_delay is not None
-            else 5,
-        )
+    try:
+        if opts.syslog_server:
+            clients["syslog_client"] = syslog.SyslogClient(
+                server_name=opts.syslog_server,
+                server_port=int(opts.syslog_port),
+                protocol=opts.syslog_protocol or "udp",
+                cafile_path=opts.syslog_cafile_path,
+                certfile_path=opts.syslog_certfile_path,
+                keyfile_path=opts.syslog_keyfile_path,
+                timeout=opts.syslog_timeout if opts.syslog_timeout is not None else 5.0,
+                retry_attempts=opts.syslog_retry_attempts
+                if opts.syslog_retry_attempts is not None
+                else 3,
+                retry_delay=opts.syslog_retry_delay
+                if opts.syslog_retry_delay is not None
+                else 5,
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Syslog: {e}") from e
 
     if opts.hec:
         if opts.hec_token is None or opts.hec_index is None:
             raise ConfigurationError(
                 "HEC token and HEC index are required when using HEC URL"
             )
-        verify = True
-        if opts.hec_skip_certificate_verification:
-            verify = False
-        clients["hec_client"] = splunk.HECClient(
-            opts.hec, opts.hec_token, opts.hec_index, verify=verify
-        )
+        try:
+            verify = True
+            if opts.hec_skip_certificate_verification:
+                verify = False
+            clients["hec_client"] = splunk.HECClient(
+                opts.hec, opts.hec_token, opts.hec_index, verify=verify
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Splunk HEC: {e}") from e
 
-    if opts.kafka_hosts:
-        ssl_context = None
-        if opts.kafka_skip_certificate_verification:
-            logger.debug("Skipping Kafka certificate verification")
-            ssl_context = create_default_context()
-            ssl_context.check_hostname = False
-            ssl_context.verify_mode = CERT_NONE
-        clients["kafka_client"] = kafkaclient.KafkaClient(
-            opts.kafka_hosts,
-            username=opts.kafka_username,
-            password=opts.kafka_password,
-            ssl_context=ssl_context,
-        )
+    try:
+        if opts.kafka_hosts:
+            ssl_context = None
+            if opts.kafka_skip_certificate_verification:
+                logger.debug("Skipping Kafka certificate verification")
+                ssl_context = create_default_context()
+                ssl_context.check_hostname = False
+                ssl_context.verify_mode = CERT_NONE
+            clients["kafka_client"] = kafkaclient.KafkaClient(
+                opts.kafka_hosts,
+                username=opts.kafka_username,
+                password=opts.kafka_password,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Kafka: {e}") from e
 
-    if opts.gelf_host:
-        clients["gelf_client"] = gelf.GelfClient(
-            host=opts.gelf_host,
-            port=int(opts.gelf_port),
-            mode=opts.gelf_mode,
-        )
+    try:
+        if opts.gelf_host:
+            clients["gelf_client"] = gelf.GelfClient(
+                host=opts.gelf_host,
+                port=int(opts.gelf_port),
+                mode=opts.gelf_mode,
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"GELF: {e}") from e
 
-    if (
-        opts.webhook_aggregate_url
-        or opts.webhook_forensic_url
-        or opts.webhook_smtp_tls_url
-    ):
-        clients["webhook_client"] = webhook.WebhookClient(
-            aggregate_url=opts.webhook_aggregate_url,
-            forensic_url=opts.webhook_forensic_url,
-            smtp_tls_url=opts.webhook_smtp_tls_url,
-            timeout=opts.webhook_timeout,
-        )
+    try:
+        if (
+            opts.webhook_aggregate_url
+            or opts.webhook_forensic_url
+            or opts.webhook_smtp_tls_url
+        ):
+            clients["webhook_client"] = webhook.WebhookClient(
+                aggregate_url=opts.webhook_aggregate_url,
+                forensic_url=opts.webhook_forensic_url,
+                smtp_tls_url=opts.webhook_smtp_tls_url,
+                timeout=opts.webhook_timeout,
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Webhook: {e}") from e
 
     # Elasticsearch and OpenSearch mutate module-level global state via
     # connections.create_connection(), which cannot be rolled back if a later
@@ -931,76 +957,84 @@ def _init_output_clients(opts):
     # successfully first; this minimises the window for partial-init problems
     # during config reload.
     if opts.save_aggregate or opts.save_forensic or opts.save_smtp_tls:
-        if opts.elasticsearch_hosts:
-            es_aggregate_index = "dmarc_aggregate"
-            es_forensic_index = "dmarc_forensic"
-            es_smtp_tls_index = "smtp_tls"
-            if opts.elasticsearch_index_suffix:
-                suffix = opts.elasticsearch_index_suffix
-                es_aggregate_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_aggregate_index, suffix)
-                es_forensic_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_forensic_index, suffix)
-                es_smtp_tls_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_smtp_tls_index, suffix)
-            if opts.elasticsearch_index_prefix:
-                prefix = opts.elasticsearch_index_prefix
-                es_aggregate_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_aggregate_index)
-                es_forensic_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_forensic_index)
-                es_smtp_tls_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_smtp_tls_index)
-            elastic_timeout_value = (
-                float(opts.elasticsearch_timeout)
-                if opts.elasticsearch_timeout is not None
-                else 60.0
-            )
-            elastic.set_hosts(
-                opts.elasticsearch_hosts,
-                use_ssl=opts.elasticsearch_ssl,
-                ssl_cert_path=opts.elasticsearch_ssl_cert_path,
-                username=opts.elasticsearch_username,
-                password=opts.elasticsearch_password,
-                api_key=opts.elasticsearch_api_key,
-                timeout=elastic_timeout_value,
-            )
-            elastic.migrate_indexes(
-                aggregate_indexes=[es_aggregate_index],
-                forensic_indexes=[es_forensic_index],
-            )
-            clients["elasticsearch"] = _ElasticsearchHandle()
+        try:
+            if opts.elasticsearch_hosts:
+                es_aggregate_index = "dmarc_aggregate"
+                es_forensic_index = "dmarc_forensic"
+                es_smtp_tls_index = "smtp_tls"
+                if opts.elasticsearch_index_suffix:
+                    suffix = opts.elasticsearch_index_suffix
+                    es_aggregate_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_aggregate_index, suffix)
+                    es_forensic_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_forensic_index, suffix)
+                    es_smtp_tls_index = "{0}_{1}".format(es_smtp_tls_index, suffix)
+                if opts.elasticsearch_index_prefix:
+                    prefix = opts.elasticsearch_index_prefix
+                    es_aggregate_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_aggregate_index)
+                    es_forensic_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_forensic_index)
+                    es_smtp_tls_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, es_smtp_tls_index)
+                elastic_timeout_value = (
+                    float(opts.elasticsearch_timeout)
+                    if opts.elasticsearch_timeout is not None
+                    else 60.0
+                )
+                elastic.set_hosts(
+                    opts.elasticsearch_hosts,
+                    use_ssl=opts.elasticsearch_ssl,
+                    ssl_cert_path=opts.elasticsearch_ssl_cert_path,
+                    skip_certificate_verification=opts.elasticsearch_skip_certificate_verification,
+                    username=opts.elasticsearch_username,
+                    password=opts.elasticsearch_password,
+                    api_key=opts.elasticsearch_api_key,
+                    timeout=elastic_timeout_value,
+                )
+                elastic.migrate_indexes(
+                    aggregate_indexes=[es_aggregate_index],
+                    forensic_indexes=[es_forensic_index],
+                )
+                clients["elasticsearch"] = _ElasticsearchHandle()
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Elasticsearch: {e}") from e
 
-        if opts.opensearch_hosts:
-            os_aggregate_index = "dmarc_aggregate"
-            os_forensic_index = "dmarc_forensic"
-            os_smtp_tls_index = "smtp_tls"
-            if opts.opensearch_index_suffix:
-                suffix = opts.opensearch_index_suffix
-                os_aggregate_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_aggregate_index, suffix)
-                os_forensic_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_forensic_index, suffix)
-                os_smtp_tls_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_smtp_tls_index, suffix)
-            if opts.opensearch_index_prefix:
-                prefix = opts.opensearch_index_prefix
-                os_aggregate_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_aggregate_index)
-                os_forensic_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_forensic_index)
-                os_smtp_tls_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_smtp_tls_index)
-            opensearch_timeout_value = (
-                float(opts.opensearch_timeout)
-                if opts.opensearch_timeout is not None
-                else 60.0
-            )
-            opensearch.set_hosts(
-                opts.opensearch_hosts,
-                use_ssl=opts.opensearch_ssl,
-                ssl_cert_path=opts.opensearch_ssl_cert_path,
-                username=opts.opensearch_username,
-                password=opts.opensearch_password,
-                api_key=opts.opensearch_api_key,
-                timeout=opensearch_timeout_value,
-                auth_type=opts.opensearch_auth_type,
-                aws_region=opts.opensearch_aws_region,
-                aws_service=opts.opensearch_aws_service,
-            )
-            opensearch.migrate_indexes(
-                aggregate_indexes=[os_aggregate_index],
-                forensic_indexes=[os_forensic_index],
-            )
-            clients["opensearch"] = _OpenSearchHandle()
+        try:
+            if opts.opensearch_hosts:
+                os_aggregate_index = "dmarc_aggregate"
+                os_forensic_index = "dmarc_forensic"
+                os_smtp_tls_index = "smtp_tls"
+                if opts.opensearch_index_suffix:
+                    suffix = opts.opensearch_index_suffix
+                    os_aggregate_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_aggregate_index, suffix)
+                    os_forensic_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_forensic_index, suffix)
+                    os_smtp_tls_index = "{0}_{1}".format(os_smtp_tls_index, suffix)
+                if opts.opensearch_index_prefix:
+                    prefix = opts.opensearch_index_prefix
+                    os_aggregate_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_aggregate_index)
+                    os_forensic_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_forensic_index)
+                    os_smtp_tls_index = "{0}{1}".format(prefix, os_smtp_tls_index)
+                opensearch_timeout_value = (
+                    float(opts.opensearch_timeout)
+                    if opts.opensearch_timeout is not None
+                    else 60.0
+                )
+                opensearch.set_hosts(
+                    opts.opensearch_hosts,
+                    use_ssl=opts.opensearch_ssl,
+                    ssl_cert_path=opts.opensearch_ssl_cert_path,
+                    skip_certificate_verification=opts.opensearch_skip_certificate_verification,
+                    username=opts.opensearch_username,
+                    password=opts.opensearch_password,
+                    api_key=opts.opensearch_api_key,
+                    timeout=opensearch_timeout_value,
+                    auth_type=opts.opensearch_auth_type,
+                    aws_region=opts.opensearch_aws_region,
+                    aws_service=opts.opensearch_aws_service,
+                )
+                opensearch.migrate_indexes(
+                    aggregate_indexes=[os_aggregate_index],
+                    forensic_indexes=[os_forensic_index],
+                )
+                clients["opensearch"] = _OpenSearchHandle()
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"OpenSearch: {e}") from e
 
     return clients
 
@@ -1529,6 +1563,7 @@ def _main():
         elasticsearch_index_prefix=None,
         elasticsearch_ssl=True,
         elasticsearch_ssl_cert_path=None,
+        elasticsearch_skip_certificate_verification=False,
         elasticsearch_monthly_indexes=False,
         elasticsearch_username=None,
         elasticsearch_password=None,
@@ -1541,6 +1576,7 @@ def _main():
         opensearch_index_prefix=None,
         opensearch_ssl=True,
         opensearch_ssl_cert_path=None,
+        opensearch_skip_certificate_verification=False,
         opensearch_monthly_indexes=False,
         opensearch_username=None,
         opensearch_password=None,
@@ -1666,12 +1702,6 @@ def _main():
     # Initialize output clients
     try:
         clients = _init_output_clients(opts)
-    except elastic.ElasticsearchError as e:
-        logger.exception("Elasticsearch Error: {0}".format(e))
-        exit(1)
-    except opensearch.OpenSearchError as e:
-        logger.exception("OpenSearch Error: {0}".format(e))
-        exit(1)
     except ConfigurationError as e:
         logger.critical(str(e))
         exit(1)
diff --git a/parsedmarc/constants.py b/parsedmarc/constants.py
index 38c0044..823c2f9 100644
--- a/parsedmarc/constants.py
+++ b/parsedmarc/constants.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-__version__ = "9.3.0"
+__version__ = "9.3.1"
 
 USER_AGENT = f"parsedmarc/{__version__}"
diff --git a/parsedmarc/elastic.py b/parsedmarc/elastic.py
index c823e07..f2e56f2 100644
--- a/parsedmarc/elastic.py
+++ b/parsedmarc/elastic.py
@@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ def set_hosts(
     *,
     use_ssl: bool = False,
     ssl_cert_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    skip_certificate_verification: bool = False,
     username: Optional[str] = None,
     password: Optional[str] = None,
     api_key: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -280,6 +281,7 @@ def set_hosts(
         hosts (str | list[str]): A single hostname or URL, or list of hostnames or URLs
         use_ssl (bool): Use an HTTPS connection to the server
         ssl_cert_path (str): Path to the certificate chain
+        skip_certificate_verification (bool): Skip certificate verification
         username (str): The username to use for authentication
         password (str): The password to use for authentication
         api_key (str): The Base64 encoded API key to use for authentication
@@ -291,10 +293,11 @@ def set_hosts(
     if use_ssl:
         conn_params["use_ssl"] = True
         if ssl_cert_path:
-            conn_params["verify_certs"] = True
             conn_params["ca_certs"] = ssl_cert_path
-        else:
+        if skip_certificate_verification:
             conn_params["verify_certs"] = False
+        else:
+            conn_params["verify_certs"] = True
     if username and password:
         conn_params["http_auth"] = username + ":" + password
     if api_key:
diff --git a/parsedmarc/opensearch.py b/parsedmarc/opensearch.py
index 0e27141..c99ea5b 100644
--- a/parsedmarc/opensearch.py
+++ b/parsedmarc/opensearch.py
@@ -271,6 +271,7 @@ def set_hosts(
     *,
     use_ssl: Optional[bool] = False,
     ssl_cert_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    skip_certificate_verification: bool = False,
     username: Optional[str] = None,
     password: Optional[str] = None,
     api_key: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -286,6 +287,7 @@ def set_hosts(
         hosts (str|list[str]): A single hostname or URL, or list of hostnames or URLs
         use_ssl (bool): Use an HTTPS connection to the server
         ssl_cert_path (str): Path to the certificate chain
+        skip_certificate_verification (bool): Skip certificate verification
         username (str): The username to use for authentication
         password (str): The password to use for authentication
         api_key (str): The Base64 encoded API key to use for authentication
@@ -300,10 +302,11 @@ def set_hosts(
     if use_ssl:
         conn_params["use_ssl"] = True
         if ssl_cert_path:
-            conn_params["verify_certs"] = True
             conn_params["ca_certs"] = ssl_cert_path
-        else:
+        if skip_certificate_verification:
             conn_params["verify_certs"] = False
+        else:
+            conn_params["verify_certs"] = True
     normalized_auth_type = (auth_type or "basic").strip().lower()
     if normalized_auth_type == "awssigv4":
         if not aws_region:
diff --git a/parsedmarc/splunk.py b/parsedmarc/splunk.py
index f96e000..ff660f0 100644
--- a/parsedmarc/splunk.py
+++ b/parsedmarc/splunk.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class HECClient(object):
         self.source = source
         self.session = requests.Session()
         self.timeout = timeout
-        self.session.verify = verify
+        self.verify = verify
         self._common_data: dict[str, Union[str, int, float, dict]] = dict(
             host=self.host, source=self.source, index=self.index
         )
@@ -124,10 +124,12 @@ class HECClient(object):
                 data["event"] = new_report.copy()
                 json_str += "{0}\n".format(json.dumps(data))
 
-        if not self.session.verify:
+        if not self.verify:
             logger.debug("Skipping certificate verification for Splunk HEC")
         try:
-            response = self.session.post(self.url, data=json_str, timeout=self.timeout)
+            response = self.session.post(
+                self.url, data=json_str, verify=self.verify, timeout=self.timeout
+            )
             response = response.json()
         except Exception as e:
             raise SplunkError(e.__str__())
@@ -161,10 +163,12 @@ class HECClient(object):
             data["event"] = report.copy()
             json_str += "{0}\n".format(json.dumps(data))
 
-        if not self.session.verify:
+        if not self.verify:
             logger.debug("Skipping certificate verification for Splunk HEC")
         try:
-            response = self.session.post(self.url, data=json_str, timeout=self.timeout)
+            response = self.session.post(
+                self.url, data=json_str, verify=self.verify, timeout=self.timeout
+            )
             response = response.json()
         except Exception as e:
             raise SplunkError(e.__str__())
@@ -198,10 +202,12 @@ class HECClient(object):
             data["event"] = report.copy()
             json_str += "{0}\n".format(json.dumps(data))
 
-        if not self.session.verify:
+        if not self.verify:
             logger.debug("Skipping certificate verification for Splunk HEC")
         try:
-            response = self.session.post(self.url, data=json_str, timeout=self.timeout)
+            response = self.session.post(
+                self.url, data=json_str, verify=self.verify, timeout=self.timeout
+            )
             response = response.json()
         except Exception as e:
             raise SplunkError(e.__str__())
diff --git a/tests.py b/tests.py
index 1f29852..538079a 100755
--- a/tests.py
+++ b/tests.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
 
+import io
 import os
 import signal
 import sys
@@ -1277,6 +1278,22 @@ class TestImapFallbacks(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestMailboxWatchSince(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = True
+        self._stdout_patch = patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stderr_patch = patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stdout_patch.start()
+        self._stderr_patch.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = False
+        self._stderr_patch.stop()
+        self._stdout_patch.stop()
+
     def testWatchInboxPassesSinceToMailboxFetch(self):
         mailbox_connection = SimpleNamespace()
 
@@ -1369,6 +1386,22 @@ class _DummyMailboxConnection(parsedmarc.MailboxConnection):
 
 
 class TestMailboxPerformance(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = True
+        self._stdout_patch = patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stderr_patch = patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stdout_patch.start()
+        self._stderr_patch.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = False
+        self._stderr_patch.stop()
+        self._stdout_patch.stop()
+
     def testBatchModeAvoidsExtraFullFetch(self):
         connection = _DummyMailboxConnection()
         parsedmarc.get_dmarc_reports_from_mailbox(
@@ -1918,6 +1951,22 @@ certificate_path = /tmp/msgraph-cert.pem
 class TestSighupReload(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for SIGHUP-driven configuration reload in watch mode."""
 
+    def setUp(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = True
+        self._stdout_patch = patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stderr_patch = patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=io.StringIO)
+        self._stdout_patch.start()
+        self._stderr_patch.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        from parsedmarc.log import logger as _logger
+
+        _logger.disabled = False
+        self._stderr_patch.stop()
+        self._stdout_patch.stop()
+
     _BASE_CONFIG = """[general]
 silent = true