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json/include/nlohmann/detail/view/simd.hpp
T
Niels Lohmann 6ee5e89803 Scan json_view strings with SIMD and index large objects 
Speed up json_view's parser with SIMD scanning and a hash table
for large objects.

Long runs of string bytes are scanned 16 bytes at a time with NEON
(AArch64, GCC and Clang) and SSE2 (x86-64), both baseline
instruction sets. Keys keep 16 table checks before the vector
loop, because their lengths repeat from record to record; string
values get 8, because their lengths vary more. Non-ASCII text is
validated 16 bytes at a time with simdjson's "lookup4" check
(Keiser and Lemire, 2021), with NEON on AArch64 and, on x86-64,
with SSSE3. SSSE3 is not part of baseline x86-64, so the check is
compiled for SSSE3 with a function attribute and used only where
CPUID reports it, which all x86-64 CPUs since about 2011 do; the
answer is cached in a statically initialized atomic, so there is
no guard of a local static and no global constructor. The same
input is accepted either way. JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD selects the
portable code.

On x86-64, string runs are now checked vector-first: one SSE2
compare from the first byte finds the end of most keys and short
values, instead of a branch per byte for the first 8-16 bytes.
AArch64 keeps the byte-wise steps, where a NEON mask costs more and
the branches predict well. Entering an object or array no longer
stalls: open() stores the parent's frame field by field instead of
building it on the stack and reading it back with wider loads,
which waited for the narrower stores to retire.

Objects with 128 members or more get an open-addressing hash table
built when the object closes, so operator[], at(), find(),
contains(), count(), value(), and JSON pointers take constant time
on average in such objects; of duplicate keys, the first is kept,
as for the linear search. The idea comes from Boost.JSON.

simdjson is credited in simd.hpp's SPDX block, the README, and
license.md.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-10-06 10:48:07 +02:00

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// __ _____ _____ _____
// __| | __| | | | JSON for Modern C++
// | | |__ | | | | | | version 3.12.0
// |_____|_____|_____|_|___| https://github.com/nlohmann/json
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2018-2025 The simdjson authors <https://github.com/simdjson/simdjson>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
#pragma once
#include <array> // array
#include <atomic> // atomic
#include <cstddef> // size_t
#include <cstdint> // uint8_t, uint64_t
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/view/macro_scope.hpp>
// Vector code for long runs of string bytes. NEON (AArch64) and SSE2 (x86-64)
// belong to the baseline instruction sets and are used by default. The vector
// UTF-8 check needs NEON or SSSE3. SSSE3 is not part of x86-64, and the code
// must not depend on the flags of a translation unit (two translation units
// with different flags would have different definitions of the same inline
// functions): the check is compiled for SSSE3 with a function attribute and
// used where the CPU has SSSE3 (all x86-64 CPUs since about 2011), else the
// portable check. JSON_VIEW_USE_SSSE3 skips the CPU check (for code compiled
// for SSSE3 anyway); JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD selects the portable code.
#if !defined(JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD) && defined(__aarch64__) && (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && NLOHMANN_VIEW_LITTLE_ENDIAN
#include <arm_neon.h>
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON 1
#else
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON 0
#endif
#if !defined(JSON_VIEW_NO_SIMD) && !NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON && (defined(__SSE2__) || defined(_M_X64) || (defined(_M_IX86_FP) && _M_IX86_FP >= 2))
#include <emmintrin.h>
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2 1
#else
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2 0
#endif
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2 && defined(JSON_VIEW_USE_SSSE3)
#include <tmmintrin.h>
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3 1 // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-to-enum,modernize-macro-to-enum)
#else
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3 0 // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-to-enum,modernize-macro-to-enum)
#endif
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2 && !NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3 && ((defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ >= 4) || (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 9))))
// (GCC before 4.9 has no SSSE3 intrinsics without -mssse3)
#include <cpuid.h>
#include <tmmintrin.h>
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_DISPATCH 1 // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-to-enum,modernize-macro-to-enum)
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_TARGET __attribute__((target("ssse3")))
#elif NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2 && !NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3 && defined(_MSC_VER)
// (MSVC compiles intrinsics of any instruction set)
#include <intrin.h>
#include <tmmintrin.h>
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_DISPATCH 1 // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-to-enum,modernize-macro-to-enum)
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_TARGET
#else
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_DISPATCH 0 // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-macro-to-enum,modernize-macro-to-enum)
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_TARGET
#endif
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_VECTOR (NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON || NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSE2)
#define NLOHMANN_VIEW_VECTOR_UTF8 (NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON || NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3 || NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_DISPATCH)
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace detail
{
namespace view
{
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_VECTOR
/*!
@brief the first byte of a string run that is a quote, a backslash, a control
character, or not ASCII, 16 bytes per step
Stops at such a byte, or where fewer than 16 bytes are left (the caller tells
the two apart). A signed compare with 0x20 finds control characters and
non-ASCII bytes at once.
*/
NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE const unsigned char* vector_plain_run(const unsigned char* p, const unsigned char* e) noexcept
{
while (e - p >= 16)
{
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON
const uint8x16_t in = vld1q_u8(p);
const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))),
vcltq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u8(in), vdupq_n_s8(0x20)));
// one nibble per byte (the usual NEON replacement of x86's movemask, see
// D. Kutenin, "Porting x86 vector bitmask optimizations to Arm NEON", 2022)
const std::uint64_t bits = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(special), 4)), 0);
if (bits != 0)
{
return p + (count_trailing_zeros(bits) >> 2u);
}
#else
const __m128i in = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(p)));
const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('"')), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'))),
_mm_cmplt_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x20)));
const auto bits = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(static_cast<unsigned>(_mm_movemask_epi8(special)));
if (bits != 0)
{
return p + count_trailing_zeros(bits);
}
#endif
p += 16;
}
return p;
}
#endif
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_DISPATCH
/// whether the CPU has SSSE3 (CPUID leaf 1, ECX bit 9)
inline bool cpu_ssse3() noexcept
{
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
std::array<int, 4> regs {{}};
__cpuid(regs.data(), 1);
return (static_cast<unsigned>(regs[2]) & (1u << 9u)) != 0;
#else
unsigned eax = 0;
unsigned ebx = 0;
unsigned ecx = 0;
unsigned edx = 0;
return __get_cpuid(1, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx) != 0 && (ecx & (1u << 9u)) != 0;
#endif
}
/// whether the CPU has SSSE3, asked once: the answer is kept in an atomic
/// that is initialized at compile time, so that neither a guard of a local
/// static nor a global constructor is needed (threads that ask at the same
/// time all store the same answer)
NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE bool cpu_has_ssse3() noexcept
{
static std::atomic<int> known{0}; // 0: not asked yet, 1: no, 2: yes
int state = known.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(state == 0))
{
state = cpu_ssse3() ? 2 : 1;
known.store(state, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
return state == 2;
}
#endif
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_VECTOR_UTF8
/// Tables of the UTF-8 check of J. Keiser and D. Lemire, "Validating UTF-8 In
/// Less Than One Instruction Per Byte" (2021), as in simdjson ("lookup4"): each
/// maps a nibble (high and low nibble of the previous byte, high nibble of the
/// current byte) to the errors it allows; a byte pair is ill-formed if all
/// three have an error bit in common.
template<typename Dummy = void>
struct utf8_lookup4
{
static constexpr std::uint8_t too_short = 1u << 0u, too_long = 1u << 1u, overlong_3 = 1u << 2u, too_large = 1u << 3u;
static constexpr std::uint8_t surrogate = 1u << 4u, overlong_2 = 1u << 5u, too_large_1000 = 1u << 6u, overlong_4 = 1u << 6u;
static constexpr std::uint8_t two_conts = 1u << 7u, carry = too_short | too_long | two_conts;
static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> byte_1_high;
static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> byte_1_low;
static const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> byte_2_high;
};
template<typename Dummy>
const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> utf8_lookup4<Dummy>::byte_1_high =
{
{
too_long, too_long, too_long, too_long, too_long, too_long, too_long, too_long,
two_conts, two_conts, two_conts, two_conts,
too_short | overlong_2, too_short, too_short | overlong_3 | surrogate, too_short | too_large | too_large_1000 | overlong_4
}
};
template<typename Dummy>
const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> utf8_lookup4<Dummy>::byte_1_low =
{
{
carry | overlong_3 | overlong_2 | overlong_4, carry | overlong_2, carry, carry,
carry | too_large, carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000,
carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000,
carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000 | surrogate, carry | too_large | too_large_1000, carry | too_large | too_large_1000
}
};
template<typename Dummy>
const std::array<std::uint8_t, 16> utf8_lookup4<Dummy>::byte_2_high =
{
{
too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short,
static_cast<std::uint8_t>(too_long | overlong_2 | two_conts | overlong_3 | too_large_1000 | overlong_4),
static_cast<std::uint8_t>(too_long | overlong_2 | two_conts | overlong_3 | too_large),
static_cast<std::uint8_t>(too_long | overlong_2 | two_conts | surrogate | too_large),
static_cast<std::uint8_t>(too_long | overlong_2 | two_conts | surrogate | too_large),
too_short, too_short, too_short, too_short
}
};
/// the end of scan_string_vector from block, where the vector loop stopped
/// (ill-formed UTF-8, or fewer than 16 bytes left): one byte or sequence at a
/// time, from the start of a sequence that crosses into the block
inline const unsigned char* scan_string_finish(const unsigned char* p, const unsigned char* block, const unsigned char* e, const std::uint8_t* plain) noexcept
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 3 && block - i >= p; ++i)
{
const unsigned char c = block[-i];
if (c < 0x80)
{
break;
}
if (c >= 0xC0)
{
const int len = 2 + static_cast<int>(c >= 0xE0) + static_cast<int>(c >= 0xF0);
if (len > i)
{
block -= i;
}
break;
}
}
for (p = block; p != e;)
{
if (*p < 0x80)
{
if (plain[*p] == 0)
{
return p;
}
++p;
continue;
}
const std::size_t n = validate_one_utf8(p, static_cast<std::size_t>(e - p));
if (n == 0)
{
return p;
}
p += n;
}
return p;
}
/*!
@brief the rest of a string from p (a character boundary), 16 bytes per step
The first quote, backslash, or control character is found with vector
compares, and the UTF-8 check covers the bytes up to it. Returns where the
string scan stops, like scan_string_run: before ill-formed UTF-8 and for the
last bytes of the input, the bytes are checked one sequence at a time. Out of
line, so that no constants of the check occupy registers in the parse loop.
On x86-64, it is compiled for SSSE3 (see cpu_has_ssse3()).
*/
NLOHMANN_VIEW_SSSE3_TARGET NLOHMANN_VIEW_NOINLINE inline const unsigned char* scan_string_vector(const unsigned char* p, const unsigned char* e, const std::uint8_t* plain) noexcept
{
using lookup = utf8_lookup4<>;
const unsigned char* block = p;
#if NLOHMANN_VIEW_NEON
const uint8x16_t t1h = vld1q_u8(lookup::byte_1_high.data());
const uint8x16_t t1l = vld1q_u8(lookup::byte_1_low.data());
const uint8x16_t t2h = vld1q_u8(lookup::byte_2_high.data());
uint8x16_t prev = vdupq_n_u8(0);
while (e - block >= 16)
{
const uint8x16_t in = vld1q_u8(block);
const uint8x16_t special = vorrq_u8(vorrq_u8(vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('"')), vceqq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8('\\'))), vcltq_u8(in, vdupq_n_u8(0x20)));
const uint8x16_t prev1 = vextq_u8(prev, in, 15);
const uint8x16_t sc = vandq_u8(vandq_u8(vqtbl1q_u8(t1h, vshrq_n_u8(prev1, 4)), vqtbl1q_u8(t1l, vandq_u8(prev1, vdupq_n_u8(0x0F)))), vqtbl1q_u8(t2h, vshrq_n_u8(in, 4)));
const uint8x16_t must23 = vorrq_u8(vqsubq_u8(vextq_u8(prev, in, 14), vdupq_n_u8(0xE0 - 0x80)), vqsubq_u8(vextq_u8(prev, in, 13), vdupq_n_u8(0xF0 - 0x80)));
const uint8x16_t err = veorq_u8(vandq_u8(must23, vdupq_n_u8(0x80)), sc);
const std::uint64_t special_bits = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(special), 4)), 0);
const std::uint64_t err_bits = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vtstq_u8(err, err)), 4)), 0);
if (special_bits != 0)
{
// errors up to the special byte count (an incomplete sequence
// before a quote shows at the quote); the bytes after it do not
const unsigned k = static_cast<unsigned>(count_trailing_zeros(special_bits)) >> 2u;
const std::uint64_t upto = k == 15 ? ~std::uint64_t{0} :
(std::uint64_t{1} << (4u * (k + 1u))) - 1u;
if ((err_bits & upto) == 0)
{
return block + k;
}
break;
}
if (err_bits != 0)
{
break;
}
prev = in;
block += 16;
}
#else
// the same with SSSE3 (pshufb for the table lookups; nibbles from 16-bit
// shifts, as there are no byte shifts)
const __m128i t1h = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(lookup::byte_1_high.data())));
const __m128i t1l = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(lookup::byte_1_low.data())));
const __m128i t2h = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(lookup::byte_2_high.data())));
const __m128i nibble = _mm_set1_epi8(0x0F);
const __m128i zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
__m128i prev = zero;
while (e - block >= 16)
{
const __m128i in = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(static_cast<const void*>(block)));
const __m128i special = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('"')), _mm_cmpeq_epi8(in, _mm_set1_epi8('\\'))),
_mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_subs_epu8(in, _mm_set1_epi8(0x1F)), zero)); // in < 0x20
const __m128i prev1 = _mm_alignr_epi8(in, prev, 15);
const __m128i sc = _mm_and_si128(_mm_and_si128(_mm_shuffle_epi8(t1h, _mm_and_si128(_mm_srli_epi16(prev1, 4), nibble)),
_mm_shuffle_epi8(t1l, _mm_and_si128(prev1, nibble))),
_mm_shuffle_epi8(t2h, _mm_and_si128(_mm_srli_epi16(in, 4), nibble)));
const __m128i must23 = _mm_or_si128(_mm_subs_epu8(_mm_alignr_epi8(in, prev, 14), _mm_set1_epi8(0xE0 - 0x80)),
_mm_subs_epu8(_mm_alignr_epi8(in, prev, 13), _mm_set1_epi8(0xF0 - 0x80)));
const __m128i err = _mm_xor_si128(_mm_and_si128(must23, _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(-128))), sc);
const auto special_bits = static_cast<unsigned>(_mm_movemask_epi8(special));
const auto err_bits = ~static_cast<unsigned>(_mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(err, zero))) & 0xFFFFu;
if (special_bits != 0)
{
const unsigned k = static_cast<unsigned>(count_trailing_zeros(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(special_bits)));
if ((err_bits & ((2u << k) - 1u)) == 0)
{
return block + k;
}
break;
}
if (err_bits != 0)
{
break;
}
prev = in;
block += 16;
}
#endif
return scan_string_finish(p, block, e, plain);
}
#endif
} // namespace view
} // namespace detail
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
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