json/tests/benchmarks/json_view/others

json_document against other JSON libraries

compare.py compares json_document with yyjson, simdjson and Boost.JSON. The programs here add sonic-cpp, RapidJSON and Glaze in C++, and sonic-rs, simd-json and serde_json in Rust, for the post How 3.13.0 got faster. They are not built by CMake or run by CI.

What is measured

The programs compare use cases, not library functions. A library may implement a use case in every reasonable way (another API, SAX events, in-situ parsing, a struct binding); each such way is a variant, named <library>: <variant> (yyjson: insitu (copy), RapidJSON: SAX, nlohmann json_document: accept). The report shows each library's fastest correct variant. nlohmann json (basic_json) and nlohmann json_document (with json_view) count as two libraries.

use case	what it does
validate	is this text valid JSON? returns a bool
sum	visit every value, convert every number, touch every string and key; sum all numbers in document order
select	read a few fields of every record (the fields of bench_view.cpp, e.g. id, user.screen_name and retweet_count of every status)
edit	change some values of every record and write the document as compact JSON (see below)
minify	text in, compact text out
write	write a document parsed beforehand as compact JSON; only the writing is timed

The edits:

file	edit
twitter.json	for every element of statuses: retweet_count + 1, erase entities, add "seen": true
status	the same edit on the one status
citm_catalog.json	for every element of performances: start + 1, erase seatMapImage, add "seen": true
canada.json	features[0].properties.name = "Kanada"; append [0.5,0.25] to the first ring (geometry.coordinates[0]) of every feature
jeopardy.json	for every record: value = null, erase air_date, add "seen": true

The files are twitter.json, citm_catalog.json, canada.json (nativejson-benchmark), jeopardy.json, and the first status of twitter.json (written by json::dump(), timed in batches of 200).

Input contract

The input is a const std::string holding the file, with at least 64 bytes of spare capacity (reserve), so libraries that need padding (simdjson) can use it without a copy. A variant that modifies the input (in-situ parsing: yyjson YYJSON_READ_INSITU, RapidJSON ParseInsitu, simd-json) copies it inside the timed call; its name says (copy). Each timed call starts from the text and frees everything it built, except variants named (reused), which keep a parser or document across calls (simdjson's reused parsers, json_document::read(), simd-json's buffers). These are reported but never chosen as a library's best. In Rust, the input is the file as bytes (&[u8]), so every library has to validate UTF-8 itself.

Correctness rules

Before timing, every variant runs on the file and must produce the right result:

• validate: true.
• sum: the same number of values, the same number of string and key bytes, and a sum of all numbers that is bit-identical to json_document's (document order), so every number is converted exactly; variants that visit objects in another order (nlohmann json: parse, simd-json and serde_json values) are compared within 1e-9.
• select: the same value as json_document.
• edit, minify, write: the output, read with json::parse, compares equal (==) to the expected document (for edit, the edit applied to a json value; floats compare exactly, so every float must be written exactly). In Rust, serde_json::Value (with float_roundtrip) is the reference.

A variant that gives a wrong result on a file, or crashes on it, is printed as excluded: <file> <use case> | <variant> | <reason> and not timed.

Validation levels

Except for write, every variant is also probed with three malformed inputs derived from each file: the file truncated by one byte (after trailing whitespace), a stray , before the first }, and a 0xFF byte inside a string value (the first in the second half of the file, or the last one; never a key, so that a variant that accepts the byte still finds the keys it looks up). The probes run in a child process, so a crash is caught. The result is the variant's validation level, printed in its cell (sonic-cpp: Document [no UTF-8] 380.1us):

level	meaning
full	rejects all three probes
no UTF-8	rejects the truncated input and the stray comma, accepts the 0xFF byte
partial	accepts the truncated input or the stray comma, or crashes on any probe
n/a	write: there is no input to validate (counts as full)

What a variant accepts is printed as level: <file> <use case> | <variant> | <level> | <what>. A variant's level in the summary is the worst it got for any file. UTF-8 validation is enabled where a library has a switch (RapidJSON kParseValidateEncodingFlag; the (no encoding check) variants leave it off). sonic-cpp 1.0.2 cannot validate UTF-8 at all; serde_json does not validate UTF-8 in the parts it skips (IgnoredAny, unknown struct fields) unless the input is checked with std::str::from_utf8 first (the from_utf8 + ... variants).

The sum and select reference values are printed as check ... reference: lines; summarize.py warns if the C++ and Rust logs disagree.

Variants

Level on the Mac in brackets where it is not full (P = partial, U = no UTF-8); every write variant is n/a.

library	validate	sum	select	edit	minify	write
nlohmann json_document	accept, parse, read (reused)	parse, read (reused)	parse, structs (from_json), read (reused)	editable, editable (source numbers) (json_editable_document: set/erase, dump with number_format::source)	parse + dump, parse + dump (source numbers), read + dump (reused)	dump, dump (source numbers)
nlohmann json	accept, parse	parse, sax	parse, structs (from_json)	parse, ordered_json	parse + dump	dump
yyjson	read, insitu (copy)	read, insitu (copy)	read, insitu (copy)	mut copy, insitu (copy) + mut copy (yyjson_doc_mut_copy)	read + write, insitu (copy) + write	write
simdjson	DOM, DOM (reused)	DOM, DOM (reused), On-Demand, On-Demand (reused)	DOM, DOM (reused), On-Demand [P], On-Demand (reused) [P]	n/a (no mutable document)	DOM + to_string, DOM (reused) + to_string, minify [P]	to_string
RapidJSON	SAX (null handler), Document, insitu (copy)	Document, SAX, insitu (copy)	Document, insitu (copy)	Document, insitu (copy)	Document + Writer, SAX to Writer, SAX to Writer (raw numbers)	Writer
RapidJSON, (no encoding check)	the same [U]	the same [U]	the same [U]	the same [U]	the same [U]
sonic-cpp	Document [U]	Document [U]	Document [U]	Document [U]	Document + Serialize [U]	Serialize
Glaze	validate_json, generic	generic, lazy_json [P]	structs [P], structs (validate_skipped), generic, lazy_json [P]	generic	generic, minify_json [P]	generic
Boost.JSON	SAX (basic_parser), parse	parse, SAX	parse	parse	parse + serialize	serialize
serde_json	IgnoredAny [U], from_utf8 + IgnoredAny, Value	visitor, Value	structs [U], from_utf8 + structs, Value	Value	Value	Value
sonic-rs	IgnoredAny, Value	visitor, Value	structs, Value	Value	Value	Value
simd-json	tape (copy), borrowed (copy), tape (reused)	visitor (copy), borrowed (copy), borrowed (reused)	structs (copy), borrowed (copy)	owned (copy), borrowed (copy)	borrowed (copy)	borrowed

structs read into types that declare only the fields select uses (Glaze with error_on_unknown_keys = false, and with validate_skipped to validate what it skips; serde derive; nlohmann/json's from_json() of the NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE macro, from a json value or from a json_document's view); visitor is a serde DeserializeSeed that sums without building a value; SAX and sax are the libraries' event interfaces with a summing (or, for validate, an empty) handler. RapidJSON parses with kParseFullPrecisionFlag (correctly rounded floats; without it, sums and written floats are wrong) and Boost.JSON with number_precision::precise, as every other library rounds correctly by default.

library	version	notes
json_document, json	this checkout
yyjson	0.13.0
simdjson	4.6.11
sonic-cpp	1.0.2
RapidJSON	master 24b5e7a8b27f (2025-02-05)
Glaze	9.0.0	generic_u64 (owning DOM, member order kept)
Boost.JSON	1.92.0	monotonic resource
sonic-rs, simd-json, serde_json	see rust/Cargo.lock	serde_json with float_roundtrip

SHA-256 of the downloads:

dd7b033c5bf6e4308615bb7834c541291d5b20f64121d9a68222a39414635517  glaze v9.0.0.tar.gz
30edf9e47c417f653546c39295fdb66ba5f89fb37eb3780122c6ee66605e5837  sonic-cpp v1.0.2.tar.gz
2d2601a82d2d3b7e143a3c8d43ef616671391034bc46891a9816b79cf2d3e7a8  rapidjson 24b5e7a8b27f42fa16b96fc70aade9106cf7102f.tar.gz
34e0f62a2bc11ab20d601e8ca1cc2b2079503aa45119a19133d89d19b94a0fae  yyjson 0.13.0.tar.gz
61d948fc24f0d793829ad658058e7597d064988a89b4607ea02e401a82df98ff  simdjson v4.6.11.tar.gz
c4a3b310ddd2472416e091067166b0713be97c63f38c212c484ada022fd296ce  boost_1_92_0.tar.gz

Timing

Every variant of a use case runs interleaved in every round, each timed call after an untimed one, and the best round is reported (the method of bench_view.cpp). jeopardy.json (50 MB) gets a fifth of the rounds (at least 3, at most the given number).

Building and running

All libraries except yyjson and simdjson are used header-only. With the downloads unpacked into DL (compare.py --download fetches yyjson, simdjson and Boost into its build directory):

cc  -O3 -DNDEBUG -c $DL/yyjson-0.13.0/src/yyjson.c -o yyjson.o
c++ -std=c++17 -O3 -DNDEBUG -c $DL/simdjson-4.6.11/singleheader/simdjson.cpp -o simdjson.o
c++ -std=c++23 -O3 -DNDEBUG -DRAPIDJSON_NEON \
    -I ../../../../include -I $DL/yyjson-0.13.0/src -I $DL/simdjson-4.6.11/singleheader -I $DL/boost_1_92_0 \
    -I $DL/glaze/include -I $DL/rapidjson/include -I $DL/sonic/include \
    bench_all.cpp yyjson.o simdjson.o -o bench_all
./bench_all <json_test_data> 30 > mac-cpp-1.log

cd rust && cargo build --release && ./target/release/bench_rs <json_test_data> 30 > ../mac-rs-1.log

python3 summarize.py mac-cpp-*.log --rust mac-rs-*.log --json mac.json

Both programs take <json_test_data> [rounds] [file] [use case]: ./bench_all <json_test_data> 30 canada edit times only the edit of canada.json; "" stands for all files. The checks cover only the selected files and use cases. bench_all uses fork() for the probes and the crash check (macOS, Linux).

On x86-64, use -march=haswell -DRAPIDJSON_SSE42 instead of -DRAPIDJSON_NEON (sonic-cpp needs AVX2), pin the process to one core, and time one file per process. Glaze 9 needs std::expected, which Clang 18 and older cannot use from GCC 13's standard library (Clang 19 and newer can); -DBENCH_NO_GLAZE=1 builds without it. For Rust, build with RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=haswell" to match -march=haswell.

Reading the results

A log line holds the file, the use case, and one cell per variant: | <library>: <variant> [<level>] <time>us (<ratio>x), the ratio relative to the first variant of the line. summarize.py prints, for every use case and file, (a) per library the best full variant and, if faster, the best variant at any level, with their ratios to the best full nlohmann json_document variant ((reused) variants are never a library's best), (b) all variants with their levels and times, and (c) what the variants below full accept, and the excluded variants. --json writes {use case: {file: {library: {"best": {"variant", "us", "level"} or null, "best_any": {...}, "variants": {variant: {"us", "level"}}, "excluded": {...}}}}} for the chart scripts. Several logs are combined by taking each cell's best time; a variant excluded for one file is left out for every file of that use case. On a shared machine, differences of a few percent are noise: run twice and compare.