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json/include/nlohmann/detail/conversions/to_json.hpp
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Niels Lohmann 2e91641de2 Test JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS for real, and fix one-element tuples under it (#5544) 
* Test JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS for real, and fix one-element tuples under it

The opt-in JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS was never exercised by CI:

- Its only test, in unit-regression3.cpp, was guarded by
  `#if defined(JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS)` after the #include. The
  header #undefs the macro unconditionally in macro_unscope.hpp, so the
  guard was always false and the test compiled to nothing, whatever -D
  flag was passed.
- The ci_test_brace_init_copy_semantics target that passes the flag was
  not named by any workflow.

Move the test into its own translation unit that defines the macro before
including the header, as unit-diagnostics.cpp does for JSON_DIAGNOSTICS.
It now runs in every CI job and for every standard. Remove the unused
target: it ran the whole suite with the macro, and that suite deliberately
relies on default brace-init semantics in about 90 places
(e.g. `json({1})` meaning `[1]`), so it could never pass.

Running the whole suite with the macro did find one library bug:
to_json for std::tuple builds `j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... }`, so with copy
semantics a one-element tuple became its element. `json(std::tuple<int>{5})`
was `5` instead of `[5]`, and `get<std::tuple<int>>()` threw type_error.302
on the result. Under the macro, a one-element tuple now builds exactly what
the default deduction builds. Without the macro nothing changes.

The new tests also pin that the library's other conversions produce the
same values with and without the macro. The macro page now says that the
macro affects every single-element list (`json j = {1}` is `1`), and that
all translation units must agree on it, since it has no ABI tag.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Make JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS part of the ABI tag

The macro changes the body of the initializer-list constructor and adds a
to_json_tuple_impl overload, both with the same mangled names in either
mode, so mixing translation units silently picked one definition. Encode
it in the inline namespace as `_bics`, as JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON
does with `_ldvcmp`. The macro is new in the unreleased 3.13.0, so no
existing namespace name changes.

- Move the macro's default into abi_macros.hpp so json_fwd.hpp computes
  the same namespace, and keep it defined under JSON_TEST_KEEP_MACROS.
- Check the tag in the ABI config tests and in the unit test.
- List `_bics` (and the missing `_dp`) in the namespace docs and in the
  natvis generator; regenerate nlohmann_json.natvis.
- Replace the "define it consistently" warning with an ABI note.

Suggested by @gregmarr in the review of #5544.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

* Fix the cppcheck, clang-tidy and legacy-comparison CI failures

- to_json_tuple_impl() moved the element in both branches of a ternary;
  only one runs, but cppcheck reported accessMoved. Use if/else.
- The ABI tag test looked for "json_abi_bics", which misses when another
  tag comes first, as in json_abi_ldvcmp_bics; look for "_bics".
- readability-qualified-auto in the items() test.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

---------

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
2026-09-24 17:05:37 +02:00

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// __ _____ _____ _____
// __| | __| | | | JSON for Modern C++
// | | |__ | | | | | | version 3.12.0
// |_____|_____|_____|_|___| https://github.com/nlohmann/json
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
#pragma once
#include <nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp> // JSON_HAS_CPP_17
#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
#include <optional> // optional
#endif
#include <algorithm> // copy
#include <iterator> // begin, end
#include <memory> // allocator_traits
#include <string> // basic_string, char_traits
#include <tuple> // tuple, get
#include <type_traits> // is_same, is_constructible, is_floating_point, is_enum, underlying_type
#include <utility> // move, forward, declval, pair
#include <valarray> // valarray
#include <vector> // vector
#include <nlohmann/detail/iterators/iteration_proxy.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/meta/std_fs.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/meta/type_traits.hpp>
#include <nlohmann/detail/value_t.hpp>
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace detail
{
//////////////////
// constructors //
//////////////////
/*
* Note all external_constructor<>::construct functions need to call
* j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type) to avoid a memory leak in case j contains an
* allocated value (e.g., a string). See bug issue
* https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2865 for more information.
*/
template<value_t> struct external_constructor;
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::boolean;
j.m_data.m_value = b;
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::string>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::string;
j.m_data.m_value = s;
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t&& s)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::string;
j.m_data.m_value = std::move(s);
j.assert_invariant();
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleStringType,
enable_if_t < !std::is_same<CompatibleStringType, typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value,
int > = 0 >
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleStringType& str)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::string;
j.m_data.m_value.string = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::string_t>(str);
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::binary>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& b)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::binary;
j.m_data.m_value = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t(b);
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t&& b)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::binary;
j.m_data.m_value = typename BasicJsonType::binary_t(std::move(b));
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::number_float;
j.m_data.m_value = val;
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
j.m_data.m_value = val;
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
j.m_data.m_value = val;
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::array>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value = arr;
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t&& arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value = std::move(arr);
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
enable_if_t < !std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value
#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
&& !is_compatible_range_view<CompatibleArrayType>::value
#endif
, int > = 0 >
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& arr)
{
using std::begin;
using std::end;
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(begin(arr), end(arr));
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const std::vector<bool>& arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value.array->reserve(arr.size());
for (const bool x : arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.array->push_back(x);
j.set_parent(j.m_data.m_value.array->back());
}
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const std::valarray<T>& arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value.array->resize(arr.size());
std::copy(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr), j.m_data.m_value.array->begin());
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
// std::ranges does not work properly on MinGW due to incomplete C++20 support
// see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4916
#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
enable_if_t<is_compatible_range_view<std::remove_cvref_t<CompatibleArrayType>>::value, int> = 0>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType && arr)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::array;
j.m_data.m_value = value_t::array;
for (auto&& x : std::forward<CompatibleArrayType>(arr))
{
j.m_data.m_value.array->push_back(x);
j.set_parent(j.m_data.m_value.array->back());
}
j.assert_invariant();
}
#endif
};
template<>
struct external_constructor<value_t::object>
{
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t& obj)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::object;
j.m_data.m_value = obj;
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
{
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::object;
j.m_data.m_value = std::move(obj);
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
enable_if_t < !std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType, typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value, int > = 0 >
static void construct(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
{
using std::begin;
using std::end;
j.m_data.m_value.destroy(j.m_data.m_type);
j.m_data.m_type = value_t::object;
j.m_data.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(begin(obj), end(obj));
j.set_parents();
j.assert_invariant();
}
};
/////////////
// to_json //
/////////////
#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::optional<T>& opt) noexcept
{
if (opt.has_value())
{
j = *opt;
}
else
{
j = nullptr;
}
}
#endif
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, T b) noexcept
{
external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename BoolRef,
enable_if_t <
((std::is_same<std::vector<bool>::reference, BoolRef>::value
&& !std::is_same <std::vector<bool>::reference, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t&>::value)
|| (std::is_same<std::vector<bool>::const_reference, BoolRef>::value
&& !std::is_same <detail::uncvref_t<std::vector<bool>::const_reference>,
typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t >::value))
&& std::is_convertible<const BoolRef&, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const BoolRef& b) noexcept
{
external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>(b));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleString,
enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, CompatibleString>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleString& s)
{
external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t&& s)
{
external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, std::move(s));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType,
enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, FloatType val) noexcept
{
external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept
{
external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept
{
external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
}
#if !JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename EnumType,
enable_if_t<std::is_enum<EnumType>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, EnumType e) noexcept
{
using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
static constexpr value_t integral_value_t = std::is_unsigned<underlying_type>::value ? value_t::number_unsigned : value_t::number_integer;
external_constructor<integral_value_t>::construct(j, static_cast<underlying_type>(e));
}
#endif // JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::vector<bool>& e)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, e);
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
enable_if_t < is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType,
CompatibleArrayType>::value&&
!is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value&&
!is_compatible_string_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value&&
!std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::binary_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value&&
!is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value&&
!is_basic_json<CompatibleArrayType>::value
#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
&& !is_compatible_range_view<CompatibleArrayType>::value
#endif
,
int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& arr)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
}
#if JSON_HAS_RANGES && !defined(__MINGW32__)
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t < is_compatible_range_view<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>::value
&& !is_compatible_string_type<BasicJsonType, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>::value
&& !is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>::value
&& !is_basic_json<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>::value, int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, T && arr)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::forward<T>(arr));
}
#endif
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& bin)
{
external_constructor<value_t::binary>::construct(j, bin);
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
enable_if_t < is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleArrayType& bin)
{
external_constructor<value_t::binary>::construct(j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t(bin));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::valarray<T>& arr)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t&& arr)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, std::move(arr));
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
enable_if_t < is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value&& !is_basic_json<CompatibleObjectType>::value, int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const CompatibleObjectType& obj)
{
external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, obj);
}
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::object_t&& obj)
{
external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, std::move(obj));
}
template <
typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N,
enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
const T(&)[N]>::value, // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T(&arr)[N]) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
{
external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
}
template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T1, typename T2, enable_if_t < std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T1>::value&& std::is_constructible<BasicJsonType, T2>::value, int > = 0 >
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::pair<T1, T2>& p)
{
j = { p.first, p.second };
}
// for https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/1134
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, iteration_proxy_value<typename BasicJsonType::iterator>>::value, int> = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& b)
{
j = { {b.key(), b.value()} };
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple, std::size_t... Idx>
inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<Idx...> /*unused*/)
{
j = { std::get<Idx>(t)... };
}
#if JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS
// JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS makes a one-element braced list copy its
// element instead of wrapping it, which would serialize std::tuple<int>{5} as 5
// rather than [5]. Build what the default deduction builds instead: an object
// if the element is a [string, value] pair, a one-element array otherwise.
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& t, index_sequence<0> /*unused*/)
{
BasicJsonType element(std::get<0>(t));
// same test as the initializer-list constructor, including the cast that
// keeps a string type constructible from 0 from selecting operator[](key)
const bool is_member = element.is_array() && element.size() == 2
&& element[static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::size_type>(0)].is_string();
if (is_member)
{
j = BasicJsonType::object({std::move(element)});
}
else
{
j = BasicJsonType::array({std::move(element)});
}
}
#endif
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tuple>
inline void to_json_tuple_impl(BasicJsonType& j, const Tuple& /*unused*/, index_sequence<> /*unused*/)
{
using array_t = typename BasicJsonType::array_t;
j = array_t();
}
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<is_constructible_tuple<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int > = 0>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& t)
{
to_json_tuple_impl(j, t, make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> {});
}
#if JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM || JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM
#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t)
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Tr, typename Allocator>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std::basic_string<char8_t, Tr, Allocator>& s)
{
using OtherAllocator = typename std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::template rebind_alloc<char>;
j = std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, OtherAllocator>(s.begin(), s.end(), s.get_allocator());
}
#endif
// Workaround for MSVC 19.51 (and possibly later): in large cpp files, the compiler may fail to resolve with generic has_to_json (issue #4996)
template<typename BasicJsonType>
struct has_to_json<BasicJsonType, std_fs::path, void> : std::true_type {};
template<typename BasicJsonType>
inline void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const std_fs::path& p)
{
// Returns either a std::string or a std::u8string depending whether library
// support for char8_t is enabled.
j = p.u8string();
}
#endif
struct to_json_fn
{
template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
auto operator()(BasicJsonType& j, T&& val) const noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
-> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void())
{
return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
}
};
} // namespace detail
#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
/// namespace to hold default `to_json` function
/// to see why this is required:
/// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4381.html
namespace // NOLINT(cert-dcl59-cpp,fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces,google-build-namespaces)
{
#endif
JSON_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr const auto& to_json = // NOLINT(misc-definitions-in-headers)
detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
#ifndef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
} // namespace
#endif
NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END
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