//     __ _____ _____ _____
//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
#include <cstdint>
#include <fstream>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <test_data.hpp>

using json = nlohmann::json;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse JSON from file
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void ParseFile(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* f = new std::ifstream(filename);
        auto* j = new json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = json::parse(*f);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete f;
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * file.tellg());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, jeopardy,          TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, canada,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, citm_catalog,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, twitter,           TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, floats,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, signed_ints,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, unsigned_ints,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseFile, small_signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse JSON from string
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void ParseString(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = json::parse(str);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * str.size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, jeopardy,          TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, canada,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, citm_catalog,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, twitter,           TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, floats,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, signed_ints,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, unsigned_ints,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseString, small_signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse pretty-printed JSON from string
//
// Every file in the corpus above is minified or only lightly spaced, so none of
// them exercise the lexer's whitespace handling. Real-world JSON is frequently
// indented - configuration files, pretty-printed API responses, anything kept
// under version control - where insignificant whitespace can outweigh the data.
// Re-serializing a document with an indentation and parsing that keeps the
// content identical to the ParseString row above, so the pair isolates the cost
// of the whitespace alone.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void ParseIndented(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename, int indent)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
    const std::string indented = json::parse(str).dump(indent);

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = json::parse(indented);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * indented.size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseIndented, jeopardy / 4,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json",                 4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseIndented, canada / 4,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json",       4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseIndented, citm_catalog / 4, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", 4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseIndented, twitter / 4,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json",      4);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse JSON from string into an ordered_json
//
// Same as ParseString above, but with nlohmann::ordered_json, whose objects
// keep their members in a vector: the pair of rows shows what preserving the
// insertion order costs.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void ParseStringOrdered(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new nlohmann::ordered_json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = nlohmann::ordered_json::parse(str);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * str.size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseStringOrdered, jeopardy,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseStringOrdered, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseStringOrdered, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ParseStringOrdered, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// serialize JSON
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void Dump(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename, int indent)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
    json j = json::parse(str);

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        std::string output = j.dump(indent);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(output);
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * j.dump(indent).size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, jeopardy / -,          TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json",                 -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, jeopardy / 4,          TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json",                 4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, canada / -,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json",       -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, canada / 4,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json",       4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, citm_catalog / -,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, citm_catalog / 4,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", 4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, twitter / -,           TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json",      -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, twitter / 4,           TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json",      4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, floats / -,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json",                 -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, floats / 4,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json",                 4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, signed_ints / -,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json",            -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, signed_ints / 4,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json",            4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, unsigned_ints / -,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json",          -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, unsigned_ints / 4,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json",          4);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, small_signed_ints / -, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json",      -1);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Dump, small_signed_ints / 4, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json",      4);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// serialize CBOR
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
static void ToCbor(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
    json j = json::parse(str);

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        json::to_cbor(j);
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * json::to_cbor(j).size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, jeopardy,          TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, canada,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, citm_catalog,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, twitter,           TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, floats,            TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, signed_ints,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, unsigned_ints,     TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToCbor, small_signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Parse Msgpack
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void FromMsgpack(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
    auto bytes = json::to_msgpack(json::parse(str));
    std::ofstream o("test.msgpack");
    o.write((char*)bytes.data(), bytes.size());
    o.flush();
    o.close();
    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        auto file = fopen("test.msgpack", "rb");
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = json::from_msgpack(file);

        state.PauseTiming();
        fclose(file);
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * bytes.size());
}

BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, jeopardy, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, floats, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, unsigned_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromMsgpack, small_signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/small_signed_ints.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// serialize binary CBOR
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
static void BinaryToCbor(benchmark::State& state)
{
    std::vector<uint8_t> data(256);
    std::iota(data.begin(), data.end(), 0);

    auto it = data.begin();
    std::vector<uint8_t> in;
    in.reserve(state.range(0));
    for (int i = 0; i < state.range(0); ++i)
    {
        if (it == data.end())
        {
            it = data.begin();
        }

        in.push_back(*it);
        ++it;
    }

    json::binary_t bin{in};
    json j{{"type", "binary"}, {"data", bin}};

    while (state.KeepRunning())
    {
        json::to_cbor(j);
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * json::to_cbor(j).size());
}
BENCHMARK(BinaryToCbor)->RangeMultiplier(2)->Range(8, 8 << 12);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse binary formats
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Only MessagePack had a read benchmark (FromMsgpack above, left untouched so
// its numbers stay comparable across releases). The benchmarks below cover the
// other formats, and read from a contiguous buffer as well as from a FILE*:
// most callers pass a container, and the two adapters compile to different
// code. The test data repository ships JSON only, so the input for each is
// derived at setup time by serializing a parsed test file.

/// binary format to benchmark; the _optimized variants add UBJSON/BJData size
/// and type annotations, which the readers handle in a separate code path
enum class binary_format
{
    cbor,
    msgpack,
    ubjson,
    ubjson_optimized,
    bjdata,
    bjdata_optimized,
    bson,
    bon8
};

static std::vector<std::uint8_t> to_binary(const json& j, const binary_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
        case binary_format::cbor:
            return json::to_cbor(j);
        case binary_format::msgpack:
            return json::to_msgpack(j);
        case binary_format::ubjson:
            return json::to_ubjson(j);
        case binary_format::ubjson_optimized:
            return json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
        case binary_format::bjdata:
            return json::to_bjdata(j);
        case binary_format::bjdata_optimized:
            return json::to_bjdata(j, true, true);
        case binary_format::bon8:
            return json::to_bon8(j);
        case binary_format::bson:
        default:
            return json::to_bson(j);
    }
}

static json from_binary(const std::vector<std::uint8_t>& bytes, const binary_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
        case binary_format::cbor:
            return json::from_cbor(bytes);
        case binary_format::msgpack:
            return json::from_msgpack(bytes);
        case binary_format::ubjson:
        case binary_format::ubjson_optimized:
            return json::from_ubjson(bytes);
        case binary_format::bjdata:
        case binary_format::bjdata_optimized:
            return json::from_bjdata(bytes);
        case binary_format::bon8:
            return json::from_bon8(bytes);
        case binary_format::bson:
        default:
            return json::from_bson(bytes);
    }
}

static json from_binary(std::FILE* file, const binary_format format)
{
    switch (format)
    {
        case binary_format::cbor:
            return json::from_cbor(file);
        case binary_format::msgpack:
            return json::from_msgpack(file);
        case binary_format::ubjson:
        case binary_format::ubjson_optimized:
            return json::from_ubjson(file);
        case binary_format::bjdata:
        case binary_format::bjdata_optimized:
            return json::from_bjdata(file);
        case binary_format::bon8:
            return json::from_bon8(file);
        case binary_format::bson:
        default:
            return json::from_bson(file);
    }
}

/*!
@brief serialize a parsed test file to @a format

Returns an empty vector and marks the benchmark as skipped if the file cannot
be represented in the format, rather than letting the exception escape: BSON
requires an object at the top level, and several test files are arrays.
*/
static std::vector<std::uint8_t> binary_input(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename, const binary_format format)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    std::string const str((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
    const json j = json::parse(str);

    if (format == binary_format::bson && !j.is_object())
    {
        state.SkipWithError("BSON requires an object at the top level");
        return {};
    }

    return to_binary(j, format);
}

static void FromBinaryBuffer(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename, const binary_format format)
{
    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = binary_input(state, filename, format);
    if (bytes.empty())
    {
        return;
    }

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        // the value is destroyed outside the timed section, because destroying
        // a large DOM is not what this benchmark measures
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = from_binary(bytes, format);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * bytes.size());
}

BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / jeopardy, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / floats, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, cbor / signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, msgpack / jeopardy, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json", binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, msgpack / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, msgpack / citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, msgpack / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson / jeopardy, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson / citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson_optimized / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::ubjson_optimized);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, ubjson_optimized / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::ubjson_optimized);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bjdata / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bjdata / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bjdata_optimized / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::bjdata_optimized);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bjdata_optimized / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bjdata_optimized);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bon8 / jeopardy, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/jeopardy/jeopardy.json", binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bon8 / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bon8 / citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bon8 / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bon8);
// BSON requires an object at the top level, so the array-rooted test files
// (jeopardy and the regression files) cannot be captured here
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bson / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::bson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bson / citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json", binary_format::bson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryBuffer, bson / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bson);

static void FromBinaryFile(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename, const binary_format format)
{
    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = binary_input(state, filename, format);
    if (bytes.empty())
    {
        return;
    }

    const char* tmp = "benchmark_input.bin";
    std::ofstream o(tmp, std::ios::binary);
    o.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(bytes.data()), static_cast<std::streamsize>(bytes.size()));
    o.flush();
    o.close();

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        auto* file = std::fopen(tmp, "rb");
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = from_binary(file, format);

        state.PauseTiming();
        std::fclose(file);
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * bytes.size());
}

BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, cbor / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, cbor / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, ubjson / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, ubjson / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, bjdata / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, bon8 / canada, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json", binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, bon8 / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryFile, bson / twitter, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json", binary_format::bson);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parse binary formats: value shapes
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// The test files above are wide and shallow, but the readers' cost is per
// container, so these cover the shapes that stress the container handling
// itself. Every shape is wrapped in an object so that BSON, which requires an
// object at the top level, measures the same value as the other formats.

/// deeply nested arrays: one container per level, no other work
static json make_nested()
{
    json nested = json::array();
    json* p = &nested;
    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < 1000; ++i)
    {
        p->push_back(json::array());
        p = &p->operator[](0);
    }

    json j = json::object();
    j["data"] = std::move(nested);
    return j;
}

/// many sibling containers: maximum container churn, minimum nesting
static json make_containers()
{
    json data = json::array();
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i)
    {
        data.push_back(json::array({1, 2}));
    }

    json j = json::object();
    j["data"] = std::move(data);
    return j;
}

/// one flat array of numbers: the scalar decoding path, which must not move
static json make_scalars()
{
    json data = json::array();
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i)
    {
        data.push_back(i);
    }

    json j = json::object();
    j["data"] = std::move(data);
    return j;
}

static void FromBinaryShape(benchmark::State& state, json (*build)(), const binary_format format)
{
    const std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes = to_binary(build(), format);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* j = new json();
        state.ResumeTiming();

        *j = from_binary(bytes, format);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * bytes.size());
}

BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / cbor, make_nested, binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / msgpack, make_nested, binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / ubjson, make_nested, binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / bjdata, make_nested, binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / bson, make_nested, binary_format::bson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, nested / bon8, make_nested, binary_format::bon8);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / cbor, make_containers, binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / msgpack, make_containers, binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / ubjson, make_containers, binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / ubjson_optimized, make_containers, binary_format::ubjson_optimized);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / bjdata, make_containers, binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / bson, make_containers, binary_format::bson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, containers / bon8, make_containers, binary_format::bon8);
// BSON names every array element, so a large array measures key generation
// rather than scalar decoding and is left out here
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, scalars / cbor, make_scalars, binary_format::cbor);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, scalars / msgpack, make_scalars, binary_format::msgpack);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, scalars / ubjson, make_scalars, binary_format::ubjson);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, scalars / bjdata, make_scalars, binary_format::bjdata);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromBinaryShape, scalars / bon8, make_scalars, binary_format::bon8);

/*!
@brief parse an indefinite-length CBOR string

The writer never emits this form, so the input is assembled by hand: 0x7F
opens the string, each chunk is a one-character string, and 0xFF closes it.
*/
static void FromCborChunkedString(benchmark::State& state, const std::size_t chunks)
{
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> bytes;
    bytes.reserve(2 * chunks + 2);
    bytes.push_back(0x7F);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < chunks; ++i)
    {
        bytes.push_back(0x61); // string of length 1
        bytes.push_back(0x61); // 'a'
    }
    bytes.push_back(0xFF);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        json j = json::from_cbor(bytes);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(j);
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * bytes.size());
}

BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FromCborChunkedString, 10000 chunks, 10000);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// SAX-parse JSON from string
//
// sax_parse() with a handler that does next to nothing runs the lexer and
// parser without building values, so the gap to ParseString above is the cost
// of building the DOM.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static std::string read_file(const char* filename)
{
    std::ifstream f(filename);
    return std::string((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
}

static json load_json(const char* filename)
{
    return json::parse(read_file(filename));
}

/// SAX handler that only counts the events, so that the handler costs next to nothing
class counting_sax : public nlohmann::json_sax<json>
{
  public:
    std::size_t events = 0;

    bool null() override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool boolean(bool /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool number_integer(number_integer_t /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool number_float(number_float_t /*val*/, const string_t& /*s*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool string(string_t& /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool binary(binary_t& /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool start_object(std::size_t /*elements*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool key(string_t& /*val*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool end_object() override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool start_array(std::size_t /*elements*/) override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool end_array() override
    {
        return count();
    }
    bool parse_error(std::size_t /*position*/, const std::string& /*last_token*/, const json::exception& /*ex*/) override
    {
        return false;
    }

  private:
    bool count()
    {
        ++events;
        return true;
    }
};

static void SaxParse(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const std::string str = read_file(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        counting_sax sax;
        bool result = json::sax_parse(str, &sax);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(sax.events);
    }

    state.SetBytesProcessed(state.iterations() * str.size());
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(SaxParse, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(SaxParse, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(SaxParse, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// work with values: copy, destroy, compare, iterate
//
// The parsed test files stand in for a document an application keeps around.
// Each benchmark times one whole-document operation; setup and cleanup run
// outside the timed section.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void Copy(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        auto* copy = new json(j);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete copy;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Copy, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Copy, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Copy, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void Destroy(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        auto* copy = new json(j);
        state.ResumeTiming();

        delete copy;
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Destroy, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Destroy, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Destroy, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void Equal(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    // two separate values, so that the comparison cannot stop at identical addresses
    const json j = load_json(filename);
    const json copy = j;

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        bool result = (j == copy);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Equal, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Equal, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Equal, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

/// visit every value with range-based for loops, as client code walks a document
static std::size_t count_values(const json& j)
{
    std::size_t result = 1;
    if (j.is_structured())
    {
        for (const auto& element : j)
        {
            result += count_values(element);
        }
    }
    return result;
}

static void Iterate(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        std::size_t result = count_values(j);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(count_values(j)));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Iterate, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Iterate, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Iterate, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// flatten and unflatten
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void Flatten(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        json flat = j.flatten();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(flat);
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Flatten, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Flatten, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Flatten, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

// ordered_json objects look keys up linearly, which flatten() used to do for
// every value; canada (330,000 values in one flat object) is left out, as it
// would take minutes with such versions
static void FlattenOrdered(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const nlohmann::ordered_json j = nlohmann::ordered_json::parse(read_file(filename));

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        nlohmann::ordered_json flat = j.flatten();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(flat);
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FlattenOrdered, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(FlattenOrdered, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void Unflatten(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json flat = load_json(filename).flatten();

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        json j = flat.unflatten();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(j);
    }
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Unflatten, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Unflatten, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Unflatten, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// diff and patch
//
// The target is the document with every eighth scalar changed, so the patch
// has one "replace" operation per changed value and the structure stays the
// same.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void change_every_eighth_scalar(json& j, std::size_t& counter)
{
    if (j.is_structured())
    {
        for (auto& element : j)
        {
            change_every_eighth_scalar(element, counter);
        }
        return;
    }

    if (++counter % 8 != 0)
    {
        return;
    }

    switch (j.type())
    {
        case json::value_t::number_integer:
            j = j.get<json::number_integer_t>() + 1;
            break;
        case json::value_t::number_unsigned:
            j = j.get<json::number_unsigned_t>() + 1;
            break;
        case json::value_t::number_float:
            j = j.get<json::number_float_t>() + 0.5;
            break;
        case json::value_t::string:
            j = j.get<std::string>() + "!";
            break;
        case json::value_t::boolean:
            j = !j.get<bool>();
            break;
        case json::value_t::null:
        case json::value_t::object:
        case json::value_t::array:
        case json::value_t::binary:
        case json::value_t::discarded:
        default:
            j = 0;
            break;
    }
}

static json changed_copy(const json& j)
{
    json result = j;
    std::size_t counter = 0;
    change_every_eighth_scalar(result, counter);
    return result;
}

static void Diff(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json source = load_json(filename);
    const json target = changed_copy(source);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        json patch = json::diff(source, target);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(patch);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(json::diff(source, target).size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Diff, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Diff, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Diff, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void Patch(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json source = load_json(filename);
    const json patch = json::diff(source, changed_copy(source));

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        json result = source.patch(patch);
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(patch.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Patch, canada,       TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/canada.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Patch, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(Patch, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// JSON Pointer
//
// The pointers are those of every scalar in the document, i.e., the keys of
// its flattened form.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static std::vector<std::string> pointer_strings(const json& j)
{
    std::vector<std::string> result;
    const json flat = j.flatten();
    result.reserve(flat.size());
    for (auto it = flat.begin(); it != flat.end(); ++it)
    {
        result.push_back(it.key());
    }
    return result;
}

static std::vector<json::json_pointer> pointers(const json& j)
{
    const std::vector<std::string> strings = pointer_strings(j);
    std::vector<json::json_pointer> result;
    result.reserve(strings.size());
    for (const auto& s : strings)
    {
        result.emplace_back(s);
    }
    return result;
}

static void JsonPointerParse(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const std::vector<std::string> strings = pointer_strings(load_json(filename));

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        for (const auto& s : strings)
        {
            json::json_pointer ptr(s);
            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(ptr);
        }
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(strings.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerParse, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerParse, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void JsonPointerToString(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const std::vector<json::json_pointer> ptrs = pointers(load_json(filename));

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        for (const auto& ptr : ptrs)
        {
            std::string s = ptr.to_string();
            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(s);
        }
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(ptrs.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerToString, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerToString, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void JsonPointerAt(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);
    const std::vector<json::json_pointer> ptrs = pointers(j);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        for (const auto& ptr : ptrs)
        {
            const json& value = j.at(ptr);
            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(&value);
        }
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(ptrs.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerAt, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerAt, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

static void JsonPointerContains(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);
    const std::vector<json::json_pointer> ptrs = pointers(j);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        for (const auto& ptr : ptrs)
        {
            bool result = j.contains(ptr);
            benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
        }
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(ptrs.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerContains, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(JsonPointerContains, twitter,      TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/twitter.json");

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// conversions from and to C++ containers
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static void GetVectorInt(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        auto v = j.get<std::vector<std::int64_t>>();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(v);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(GetVectorInt, signed_ints, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json");

static void GetVectorDouble(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename);

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        auto v = j.get<std::vector<double>>();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(v);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(GetVectorDouble, floats, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json");

// a large flat object: the flattened document, one member per scalar
static void GetMap(benchmark::State& state, const char* filename)
{
    const json j = load_json(filename).flatten();

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        auto m = j.get<std::map<std::string, json>>();
        benchmark::DoNotOptimize(m);
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(j.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(GetMap, citm_catalog, TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nativejson-benchmark/citm_catalog.json");

/// 100,000 strings, each too long for the small string optimization
static std::vector<std::string> make_strings()
{
    std::vector<std::string> result;
    result.reserve(100000);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i)
    {
        result.push_back("a string that does not fit in place: " + std::to_string(i));
    }
    return result;
}

static void ToJsonStrings(benchmark::State& state, const bool move)
{
    const std::vector<std::string> strings = make_strings();

    for (auto _ : state)
    {
        state.PauseTiming();
        std::vector<std::string> input = strings;
        state.ResumeTiming();

        auto* j = move ? new json(std::move(input)) : new json(input);

        state.PauseTiming();
        delete j;
        state.ResumeTiming();
    }

    state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations() * static_cast<std::int64_t>(strings.size()));
}
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToJsonStrings, copy, false);
BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(ToJsonStrings, move, true);

BENCHMARK_MAIN();