🤜 Doctest 2.5.3

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ updates:
     directory: /
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
     groups:
       codeql-action:
         patterns:
@@ -15,33 +13,23 @@ updates:
     directory: /docs/mkdocs
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
 
   - package-ecosystem: pip
     directory: /tools/astyle
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
 
   - package-ecosystem: pip
     directory: /tools/generate_natvis
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
 
   - package-ecosystem: pip
     directory: /tools/serve_header
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7
 
   - package-ecosystem: pip
     directory: /cmake/requirements
     schedule:
       interval: daily
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7

.github/workflows/semgrep.yml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
       # SEMGREP_APP_TOKEN is still passed through so registry auth works if a
       # token is ever added.
       - name: Install Semgrep
-        run: python3 -m pip install --user semgrep==1.168.0
+        run: python3 -m pip install --user semgrep
 
       # `semgrep scan --sarif` always exits 0 even with findings; continue-on-error
       # is a safety net so the SARIF upload still runs if the scan itself errors.

.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml

@@ -234,22 +234,11 @@ jobs:
 
   ci_cuda_example:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
+    container: ghcr.io/nlohmann/json-ci:v2.4.0
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        # 11.8.0: newest pre-C++20 CUDA release, exercises the C++17 fallback
-        # path (tests/cuda_example/CMakeLists.txt picks the standard per nvcc
-        # version); 12.1.1: permanent regression guard for #3907 (nvcc 12.0/12.1
-        # choke on enable_borrowed_range at C++20, fixed in 12.2); 12.6.3: recent
-        # CUDA/C++20 coverage.
-        cuda: ['11.8.0', '12.1.1', '12.6.3']
-    container: nvidia/cuda:${{ matrix.cuda }}-devel-ubuntu22.04
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
       - name: Run CMake
         run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
       - name: Build

.github/workflows/windows.yml

@@ -90,13 +90,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
         uses: lukka/get-cmake@f5b8fbb4d77cec1acc5a5f9f0df4beffaf5d98d9 # v4.3.4
       - name: Set extra CXX_FLAGS for latest std_version
-        # /wd5285 silences C5285 emitted by the bundled third-party doctest.h, which
-        # specializes std::tuple (newly diagnosed by the VS2026 v145 toolset)
         run: |
           if [ "${{ matrix.std_version }}" = "latest" ]; then
-            echo "flags=/permissive- /std:c++latest /utf-8 /W4 /WX /wd5285" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+            echo "flags=/permissive- /std:c++latest /utf-8 /W4 /WX" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           else
-            echo "flags=/W4 /WX /wd5285" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+            echo "flags=/W4 /WX" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           fi
         shell: bash
       - name: Run CMake (Release)

cmake/ci.cmake

@@ -669,6 +669,7 @@ add_custom_target(ci_test_compiler_default
 add_custom_target(ci_cuda_example
     COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
         -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
+        -DCMAKE_CUDA_HOST_COMPILER=g++-8
         -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/cuda_example -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_cuda_example
     COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_cuda_example
 )
@@ -719,11 +720,6 @@ add_custom_target(ci_icpx
 # to zero and does not honor NaN ordering; -Kieee restores strict IEEE 754 behavior
 # (needed for the dtoa/grisu and NaN-comparison code paths).
 #
-# -tp=px pins the target processor to the generic x86-64 baseline (SSE2-only) to avoid
-# a nvc++ 25.5 / LLVM issue: when nvc++ auto-detects -tp from the runner's CPU (e.g. -tp znver4),
-# certain attribute combinations trigger an llc instruction-selection crash on std::ldexp<unsigned>.
-# Pinning to px removes this variability and is robust to future llc/nvc++ updates.
-#
 # The following tests are excluded as they trigger known nvc++ 25.5 defects (not
 # library bugs); see https://github.com/nlohmann/json for tracking. Only the
 # affected language-standard variants are excluded so coverage is otherwise kept:
@@ -737,7 +733,7 @@ add_custom_target(ci_nvhpc
     COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
         -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -GNinja
         -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=nvc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=nvc++
-        -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-Kieee;-tp=px"
+        -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-Kieee
         -DJSON_BuildTests=ON -DJSON_FastTests=ON
         -S${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} -B${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_nvhpc
     COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/build_nvhpc

cmake/clang_flags.cmake

@@ -5,11 +5,8 @@
 # -Wno-extra-semi-stmt            The library uses assert which triggers this warning.
 # -Wno-padded                     We do not care about padding warnings.
 # -Wno-covered-switch-default     All switches list all cases and a default case.
-# -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage        Pervasive: the library's own low-level numeric/buffer code
+# -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage        Otherwise library code (strlen) would not compile.
-#                                 (to_chars, serializer, lexer, binary reader/writer, input
+# -Wno-missing-noreturn           We found no way to silence this warning otherwise, see PR #4871
-#                                 adapters, json_pointer) plus vendored Doctest itself (~208
-#                                 distinct sites measured 2026-07-08 on clang trunk) all use
-#                                 raw pointer arithmetic / libc string calls by necessity.
 
 set(CLANG_CXXFLAGS
     -Werror
@@ -21,4 +18,5 @@ set(CLANG_CXXFLAGS
     -Wno-padded
     -Wno-covered-switch-default
     -Wno-unsafe-buffer-usage
+    -Wno-missing-noreturn
 )

cmake/gcc_flags.cmake

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # -Wno-aggregate-return  The library uses aggregate returns.
 # -Wno-long-long         The library uses the long long type to interface with system functions.
 # -Wno-namespaces        The library uses namespaces.
-# -Wno-nrvo              Doctest triggers this warning.
 # -Wno-padded            We do not care about padding warnings.
 # -Wno-system-headers    We do not care about warnings in system headers.
 # -Wno-templates         The library uses templates.
@@ -232,7 +231,6 @@ set(GCC_CXXFLAGS
     -Wnonnull
     -Wnonnull-compare
     -Wnormalized=nfkc
-    -Wno-nrvo
     -Wnull-dereference
     -Wodr
     -Wold-style-cast

docs/docset/docset.json

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "archive": "JSON_for_Modern_C++.tgz",
   "author": {
     "name": "Niels Lohmann",
-    "link": "https://nlohmann.me"
+    "link": "https://twitter.com/nlohmann"
   },
   "aliases": ["nlohmann/json"]
 }

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/accept.md

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
 - Added in version 3.0.0.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
 - Changed [runtime assertion](../../features/assertions.md) in case of `FILE*` null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.
-- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
 
 !!! warning "Deprecation"
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/basic_json.md

@@ -82,13 +82,7 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
 4. This is a constructor for existing `basic_json` types. It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter
    has different template arguments than the current ones.
 
-    The constructor tries to convert the internal `m_value` of the parameter. Each member value (object, array, string,
+    The constructor tries to convert the internal `m_value` of the parameter.
-    etc.) is serialized via the corresponding `to_json()` overload. For objects and strings, the conversion requires
-    that the *target* `basic_json` type's `object_t::key_type` (or `string_t`) be directly constructible from the
-    *source* type's corresponding member type via `is_constructible`. If this requirement is not met, the conversion
-    does not fail to compile; instead, it silently falls back to the array-conversion path, which represents objects
-    as arrays of `[key, value]` pairs and strings as arrays of character codes. This is a known limitation tracked in
-    [issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425).
 
 5. Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer list `init`. In case `type_deduction` is
    `#!cpp true` (default), the type of the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list `init`
@@ -152,11 +146,6 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
 
     - `BasicJsonType` is a `basic_json` type.
     - `BasicJsonType` has different template arguments than `basic_json_t`.
-    
-    **Note:** For cross-`basic_json` conversions to produce correct results, the target `basic_json`'s
-    `object_t::key_type` and `string_t` must be directly constructible from the source `basic_json`'s
-    corresponding types. See the description of overload (4) above for details on what happens when
-    this requirement is not met.
 
 `U`:
 :   `uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/format_as.md

@@ -92,4 +92,4 @@ std::string format_as(const BasicJsonType& j)
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/get.md

@@ -114,13 +114,6 @@ overload (3).
     See [Number conversion](../../features/types/number_handling.md#number-conversion)
     for more information.
 
-!!! note "`std::optional` conversions"
-
-    Prior to version 3.13.0, `#!cpp get<std::optional<T>>()` (and other conversions to `std::optional<T>`) failed to
-    compile in every configuration, due to an internal implementation bug that made the `from_json` overload for
-    `std::optional` unreachable regardless of the [`JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS`](../macros/json_use_implicit_conversions.md)
-    setting. This has been fixed.
-
 ## Examples
 
 ??? example

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/object_t.md

@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ behavior:
   object will agree on the name-value mappings.
 - When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which one of the values for a given key will be
   chosen. For instance, `#!json {"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `#!json {"key": 1}` or
-  `#!json {"key": 2}`. To reject duplicate keys instead of silently resolving them one way or another, see
+  `#!json {"key": 2}`.
-  [this parsing recipe](../../features/parsing/parser_callbacks.md#recipe-rejecting-duplicate-object-keys).
 - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the names. Objects will also be serialized (see
   [`dump`](dump.md)) in this order. For instance, `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
   and serialized as `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
@@ -94,15 +93,6 @@ alphabetical order as `std::map` with `std::less` is used by default. Please not
 [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259), because any order implements the specified "unordered" nature of JSON
 objects.
 
-#### Cross-`basic_json` conversion requirements
-
-When converting an object from one `basic_json` specialization to another via the
-[converting constructor](basic_json.md#overload-4), the target `object_t`'s `key_type` must be
-directly constructible from the source `basic_json`'s `string_t` type (or more generally, from the
-source object's key type). If this requirement is not met, the conversion does not fail; instead,
-the object is silently converted as an array of key-value pairs, which is incorrect. See
-[issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425) for details and an example.
-
 ## Examples
 
 ??? example

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/operator[].md

@@ -251,6 +251,5 @@ Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact
 1. Added in version 1.0.0.
 2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added overloads for `T* key` in version 1.1.0. Removed overloads for `T* key` (replaced by 3)
    in version 3.11.0.
-3. Added in version 3.11.0. Fixed in version 3.13.0 to consistently accept `std::string_view`-convertible keys, as
+3. Added in version 3.11.0.
-   already supported by [`at`](at.md), [`value`](value.md), [`find`](find.md), and other lookup functions.
 4. Added in version 2.0.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/operator_ne.md

@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ class basic_json {
 };
 ```
 
-1. Compares two JSON values for inequality. Returns `#!cpp !(lhs == rhs)` (until C++20) or `#!cpp !(*this == rhs)` (since C++20).
+1. Compares two JSON values for inequality according to the following rules:
-    - This means the comparison is simply the logical negation of `operator==`, including for special values like `NaN` and `discarded`.
+    - The comparison always yields `#!cpp false` if (1) either operand is discarded, or (2) either operand is `NaN` and
+      the other operand is either `NaN` or any other number.
+    - Otherwise, returns the result of `#!cpp !(lhs == rhs)` (until C++20) or `#!cpp !(*this == rhs)` (since C++20).
 
 2. Compares a JSON value and a scalar or a scalar and a JSON value for inequality by converting the scalar to a JSON
    value and comparing both JSON values according to 1.
@@ -52,12 +54,13 @@ Linear.
 
 ## Notes
 
-!!! note "Comparing `NaN` and `discarded`"
+!!! note "Comparing `NaN`"
 
-    Since `operator!=` is defined as `!(a == b)`, the behavior for special values follows that of `operator==`:
+    `NaN` values are unordered within the domain of numbers.
-    
+    The following comparisons all yield `#!cpp false`:
-    - For `NaN` values: `NaN == NaN` yields `#!cpp false`, so `NaN != NaN` yields `#!cpp true`.
+      1. Comparing a `NaN` with itself.
-    - For `discarded` values: `discarded == x` yields `#!cpp false` for any `x`, so `discarded != x` yields `#!cpp true`.
+      2. Comparing a `NaN` with another `NaN`.
+      3. Comparing a `NaN` and any other number.
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -91,7 +94,5 @@ Linear.
 
 ## Version history
 
-1. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0. Changed in version 3.13.0 to remove 
+1. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0.
-   special-casing for `NaN` and `discarded` values; `operator!=` now consistently means `!(a == b)`.
+2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0.
-2. Added in version 1.0.0. Added C++20 member functions in version 3.11.0. Changed in version 3.13.0 to remove
-   special-casing for `NaN` and `discarded` values; `operator!=` now consistently means `!(a == b)`.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/parse.md

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Invalid Unicode escapes and unpaired surrogates in the input are reported as
 - Overload for contiguous containers (1) added in version 2.0.3.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
 - Changed [runtime assertion](../../features/assertions.md) in case of `FILE*` null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.
-- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
 
 !!! warning "Deprecation"
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/patch.md

@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ is thrown. In any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied
 
 - Added in version 2.0.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
-  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
+  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/patch_inplace.md

@@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ function throws an exception.
 
 - Added in version 3.11.0.
 - Added [`out_of_range.411`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range411) and stopped relying on an internal assertion when an "add" operation's
-  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.13.0.
+  target location has a non-object/non-array parent in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/sax_parse.md

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
 
 - Added in version 3.2.0.
 - Ignoring comments via `ignore_comments` added in version 3.9.0.
-- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.13.0.
+- Added `ignore_trailing_commas` in version 3.12.x.
 
 !!! warning "Deprecation"
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/std_formatter.md

@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ provides `<format>`, controlled by the [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](../macros/json_ha
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/string_t.md

@@ -45,15 +45,6 @@ This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit by cod
 String values are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any access to string values, a pointer of type
 `string_t*` must be dereferenced.
 
-#### Cross-`basic_json` conversion requirements
-
-When converting a string value from one `basic_json` specialization to another via the
-[converting constructor](basic_json.md#overload-4), the target `string_t` must be directly
-constructible from the source `basic_json`'s `string_t` type. If this requirement is not met, the
-conversion does not fail; instead, the string is silently converted as an array of character codes,
-which is incorrect. See [issue #3425](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425) for details
-and an example.
-
 ## Examples
 
 ??? example

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/type_name.md

@@ -21,12 +21,6 @@ a string representation of the type ([`value_t`](value_t.md)):
 | array                                              | `"array"`     |
 | binary                                             | `"binary"`    |
 | discarded                                          | `"discarded"` |
-| invalid (corrupted value)                          | `"invalid"`   |
-
-!!! note "The \"invalid\" type"
-
-    The `"invalid"` return value indicates a corrupted JSON value — this can occur if an enum value falls outside the
-    range of valid `value_t` values. This is useful for diagnosing data corruption or internal errors.
 
 ## Exception safety
 
@@ -58,4 +52,3 @@ Constant.
 - Part of the public API version since 2.1.0.
 - Changed return value to `const char*` and added `noexcept` in version 3.0.0.
 - Added support for binary type in version 3.8.0.
-- Added `"invalid"` return value for corrupted JSON values in version 3.13.0.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/value.md

@@ -184,6 +184,4 @@ changes to any JSON value.
 
 1. Added in version 1.0.0. Changed parameter `default_value` type from `const ValueType&` to `ValueType&&` in version 3.11.0.
 2. Added in version 3.11.0. Made `ValueType` the first template parameter in version 3.11.2.
-3. Added in version 2.0.2. Extended to work with arrays in version 3.13.0, including fixing an issue where resolving
+3. Added in version 2.0.2. Extended to work with arrays in version 3.12.x.
-   `ptr` through an array unexpectedly threw `out_of_range` instead of returning the resolved element (or
-   `default_value`, as documented).

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_pointer/front.md

@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ Constant.
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_pointer/pop_front.md

@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ Linear in the number of reference tokens in the `json_pointer`.
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/json_pointer/push_front.md

@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ Linear in the number of reference tokens in the `json_pointer`.
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_brace_init_copy_semantics.md

@@ -92,4 +92,4 @@ The default value is `0` (disabled — existing behavior is preserved).
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_has_cpp_11.md

@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ The default value is detected based on preprocessor macros such as `#!cpp __cplu
 
 - Added in version 3.10.5.
 - Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_23` in version 3.12.0.
-- Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_26` in version 3.13.0.
+- Added `JSON_HAS_CPP_26` in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md

@@ -19,20 +19,6 @@ The default value is detected based on the preprocessor macros `#!cpp __cpp_lib_
 `#!cpp __cpp_lib_experimental_filesystem`, `#!cpp __has_include(<filesystem>)`, or
 `#!cpp __has_include(<experimental/filesystem>)`.
 
-!!! info "Known compiler/stdlib exclusions"
-
-    Even when the feature-test macro indicates filesystem support is available, the library disables it on the following broken toolchains:
-    
-    - **MinGW + GCC 8** — disabled entirely (broken `std::filesystem` implementation; [MinGW-w64 bug 737](https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw-w64/bugs/737/))
-    - **GCC (non-Clang) < 8** — disabled (no filesystem support)
-    - **Clang < 7** — disabled (no filesystem support)
-    - **MSVC < 19.14** — disabled (no filesystem support)
-    - **iOS < 13** — disabled (no filesystem support)
-    - **macOS < Catalina (10.15)** — disabled (no filesystem support)
-    
-    If `JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM` or `JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM` is `0` despite `__cpp_lib_filesystem` being defined, one
-    of the exclusions above likely applies to your toolchain.
-
 ## Notes
 
 - Note that older compilers or older versions of libstdc++ also require the library `stdc++fs` to be linked to for

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_has_ranges.md

@@ -13,20 +13,6 @@ The default value is detected based on the preprocessor macro `#!cpp __cpp_lib_r
 
 When the macro is not defined, the library will define it to its default value.
 
-!!! info "Known compiler/stdlib exclusions"
-
-    Even when the feature-test macro `__cpp_lib_ranges` indicates ranges support is available, the library disables it on
-    the following incomplete or broken toolchains:
-    
-    - **GCC 11.1.0** — disabled (the shipped `<ranges>` header has a syntax error; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
-    - **libstdc++ < 11** — disabled (incomplete C++20 ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
-    - **Clang < 16 with libstdc++** — disabled (incomplete ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
-    - **libc++ < 160000** — disabled (incomplete C++20 ranges support; [issue #4440](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4440))
-    - **nvcc (CUDA) 12.0.x and 12.1.x** — disabled (the `enable_borrowed_range` variable-template syntax triggers a parse error
-      under these two toolkit versions; fixed in CUDA 12.2; [issue #3907](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3907))
-    
-    If `JSON_HAS_RANGES` is `0` despite `__cpp_lib_ranges` being defined, one of the exclusions above likely applies to your toolchain.
-
 ## Examples
 
 ??? example

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/json_has_std_format.md

@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ When the macro is not defined, the library will define it to its default value.
 
 ## Version history
 
-- Added in version 3.13.0.
+- Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_with_names.md

@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ For further information please refer to the corresponding macros without `WITH_N
 
 ## Version history
 
-1. Added in version 3.13.0.
+1. Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum_strict.md

@@ -102,4 +102,4 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, type& e);
 
 ## Version history
 
-Added in version 3.13.0.
+Added in version 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/operator_literal_json.md

@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ Linear.
 
 - Added in version 1.0.0.
 - Moved to namespace `nlohmann::literals::json_literals` in 3.11.0.
-- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.13.0.
+- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/operator_literal_json_pointer.md

@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ Linear.
 
 - Added in version 2.0.0.
 - Moved to namespace `nlohmann::literals::json_literals` in 3.11.0.
-- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.13.0.
+- Added `char8_t*` overload in 3.12.x.

docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md

@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ violations will result in a failed build.
 
     Any compiler with complete C++11 support can compile the library without warnings.
 
-Note: C++20 modules support may hit compiler-specific issues not covered by the general compiler matrix below. See [Modules](../features/modules.md#known-issues) for known issues and workarounds.
-
-Note: Some modern features (like C++20 ranges or filesystem support) may be disabled on specific broken or incomplete toolchains even when standard feature-test macros indicate support. See [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md) and [`JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM`](../api/macros/json_has_filesystem.md) for details on known exclusions.
-
 - [x] The library is compiled with 50+ different C++ compilers with different operating systems and platforms,
   including the oldest versions known to compile the library.
 
@@ -66,9 +62,7 @@ Note: Some modern features (like C++20 ranges or filesystem support) may be disa
         | Clang 20.1.1                                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
         | Clang 20.1.8 with GNU-like command-line      | x86_64       | Windows Server 2022 (Build 20348) | GitHub    |
         | Clang 21.1.8                                 | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
-        | CUDA 11.8.0 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
+        | CUDA 11.0.221 (nvcc)                         | x86_64       | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
-        | CUDA 12.1.1 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
-        | CUDA 12.6.3 (nvcc)                           | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04 LTS                  | GitHub    |
         | Emscripten 4.0.6                             | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
         | GNU 4.8.5                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |
         | GNU 4.9.3                                    | x86_64       | Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS                | GitHub    |

docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/reject_duplicate_keys.cpp

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-#include <iostream>
-#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <string>
-#include <unordered_set>
-#include <vector>
-
-using json = nlohmann::json;
-
-json parse_strict(const std::string& input)
-{
-    // one key set per nesting depth, reused across sibling objects
-    std::vector<std::unordered_set<std::string>> keys;
-
-    auto reject_duplicate_keys = [&](int depth, json::parse_event_t event, json & parsed)
-    {
-        if (event == json::parse_event_t::object_start)
-        {
-            // keys of this object are reported at depth+1 (see the event table above)
-            const auto child_depth = static_cast<std::size_t>(depth) + 1;
-            if (keys.size() <= child_depth)
-            {
-                keys.resize(child_depth + 1);
-            }
-            keys[child_depth].clear();
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        if (event == json::parse_event_t::key)
-        {
-            auto& seen = keys[static_cast<std::size_t>(depth)];
-            const auto& key = parsed.get_ref<const std::string&>();
-            if (!seen.insert(key).second)
-            {
-                throw std::runtime_error("duplicate JSON object key: " + key);
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    return json::parse(input, reject_duplicate_keys);
-}
-
-int main()
-{
-    // parsing succeeds when all keys are unique
-    json j = parse_strict(R"({"one": 1, "two": 2})");
-    std::cout << j << '\n';
-
-    // parsing throws when a key is repeated
-    try
-    {
-        parse_strict(R"({"one": 1, "one": 2})");
-    }
-    catch (const std::exception& e)
-    {
-        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
-    }
-}

docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/reject_duplicate_keys.output

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-{"one":1,"two":2}
-duplicate JSON object key: one

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/binary_formats/cbor.md

@@ -66,15 +66,7 @@ see "binary" cells in the table above.
 
 !!! info "NaN/infinity handling"
 
-    `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity` are serialized as a CBOR half-precision float (type 0xF9, 3 bytes total):
+    If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly. This behavior differs from the normal JSON serialization which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-    `NaN` as `0xF9 0x7E 0x00`, `Infinity` as `0xF9 0x7C 0x00`, and `-Infinity` as `0xF9 0xFC 0x00`. This behavior
-    differs from the normal JSON serialization which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-
-!!! note
-
-    Prior to version 3.13.0, NaN and Infinity were instead serialized as a CBOR double-precision float (type 0xFB,
-    9 bytes total), because the check used to select a smaller encoding compared magnitudes with NaN, which is
-    always `false` and caused the intended half-precision path to be skipped.
 
 !!! info "Unused CBOR types"
 
@@ -168,13 +160,6 @@ The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:
      - simple values (0xE0..0xF3, 0xF8)
      - undefined (0xF7)
 
-!!! warning "Negative integer overflow"
-
-    CBOR negative integers (major type 1) are decoded as `-1 - n`. If the encoded magnitude `n` is too large for the
-    result to fit into `number_integer_t` (`std::int64_t` by default), parsing fails with a
-    [`parse_error.112`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error112) exception rather than overflowing
-    silently.
-
 !!! warning "Object keys"
 
     CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys other than UTF-8 strings are rejected.

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/binary_formats/messagepack.md

@@ -67,15 +67,8 @@ specification:
 
 !!! info "NaN/infinity handling"
 
-    `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity` are serialized as a MessagePack float 32 (type 0xCA, 5 bytes total),
+    If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly in contrast to the
-    regardless of magnitude, in contrast to the [dump](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) function which serializes NaN
+    [dump](../../api/basic_json/dump.md) function which serializes NaN or Infinity to `null`.
-    or Infinity to `null`.
-
-!!! note
-
-    Prior to version 3.13.0, NaN and Infinity were instead serialized as a MessagePack float 64 (type 0xCB, 9 bytes
-    total), because the check used to select the smaller float 32 encoding compared magnitudes with NaN, which is
-    always `false` and caused the float 32 path to be skipped.
 
 ??? example
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/conversions.md

@@ -66,24 +66,6 @@ which forces the explicit `get` form and can catch unintended conversions at com
     floating-point value as an integer truncates it, and narrowing conversions may overflow. See
     [number conversion](types/number_handling.md#number-conversion) for details and how to guard against it.
 
-!!! warning "std::optional direct construction from JSON null throws"
-
-    Constructing or assigning `std::optional<T>` directly from a JSON value does not correctly produce
-    `std::nullopt` for a JSON `null`:
-
-    ```cpp
-    json j_null;
-    std::optional<std::string> opt = j_null;  // ❌ throws type_error 302
-    ```
-
-    This is due to C++ language rules: `std::optional<T>` has its own converting constructor that is chosen over
-    `basic_json::operator T()` when both are viable. Use `get<std::optional<T>>()` or `get_to()` instead:
-
-    ```cpp
-    auto opt = j_null.get<std::optional<std::string>>();  // ✅ std::nullopt
-    j_null.get_to(opt);                                     // ✅ std::nullopt
-    ```
-
 ## Putting values in
 
 The reverse direction works the same way: assigning or constructing a `json` from a C++ value converts it to JSON.

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/modules.md

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ json data = json::parse(f);
 It should be noted that as modules do not export macros, the `nlohmann.json` module will not export any macros.
 
 ## Exported symbols
-
 Only the following symbols are exported from `nlohmann.json`:
 
 - `nlohmann::adl_serializer`
@@ -39,21 +38,3 @@ Only the following symbols are exported from `nlohmann.json`:
 - `nlohmann::to_string`
 - `nlohmann::literals::json_literals::operator""_json`
 - `nlohmann::literals::json_literals::operator""_json_pointer`
-
-Additionally, the following `nlohmann::detail` symbols are exported, solely to work around an MSVC compilation issue
-([#3970](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3970)). They are implementation details, not part of the public API,
-and should not be used directly:
-
-- `nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser`
-- `nlohmann::detail::unknown_size`
-
-## Known issues
-
-C++20 modules support is exercised in CI against current GCC and Clang on Ubuntu, and the default MSVC toolset on Windows Server 2022 — there is no documented minimum compiler version, unlike feature-test-macro-gated features such as [`JSON_HAS_RANGES`](../api/macros/json_has_ranges.md).
-
-!!! info "Known compiler issues"
-
-    - **GCC** may emit "redefinition" errors when `#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>` appears in a module preamble together with other imports. This is an upstream GCC bug, not yet resolved as of GCC 16. Workarounds: include `nlohmann/json.hpp` before other `#include`s, use `import nlohmann.json;` instead, or upgrade GCC. ([issue #5103](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5103))
-    - **MSVC** could fail with `C2039: 'json_sax_dom_callback_parser' is not a member of ... detail`; fixed by exporting the required internal symbols from `json.cppm` (see [Exported symbols](#exported-symbols) above). ([issue #3970](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3970))
-
-    If you hit a different module-related build failure, search [existing issues](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues?q=is%3Aissue+modules) before filing a new one.

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/parsing/parser_callbacks.md

@@ -81,34 +81,3 @@ was called:
     ```json
     --8<-- "examples/parse__string__parser_callback_t.output"
     ```
-
-## Recipe: rejecting duplicate object keys
-
-The JSON specification leaves the handling of objects with repeated keys up to the implementation. As described in
-[`object_t`](../../api/basic_json/object_t.md#behavior), it is unspecified which value for a repeated key ends up in
-the resulting `#!c json` value -- once parsing has produced that value, the duplicate is already gone, because object
-storage maps each key to a single value. If duplicate keys should instead be treated as an error, a parser callback
-can detect them while the object is still being read, before that ambiguity ever applies.
-
-??? example
-
-    ```cpp
-    --8<-- "examples/reject_duplicate_keys.cpp"
-    ```
-
-    Output:
-
-    ```json
-    --8<-- "examples/reject_duplicate_keys.output"
-    ```
-
-This approach has two limitations:
-
-- The depth-indexed bookkeeping must account for the fact that `object_start` reports the depth of the *parent* of
-  the object, while the `key` events inside that object are reported one depth deeper (see the event table above);
-  it is easy to get this off by one for nested objects.
-- The thrown exception cannot carry a `parse_error`-style byte offset, because position tracking only exists inside
-  the parser and lexer, not at the callback layer.
-
-For strict validation with precise error positions, implementing a [SAX interface](sax_interface.md) instead gives
-access to the parser's position information directly.

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/types/index.md

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ std::map<
 The choice of `object_t` influences the behavior of the JSON class. With the default type, objects have the following behavior:
 
 - When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on the name-value mappings.
-- When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which one of the values for a given key will be chosen. For instance, `#!json {"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `#!json {"key": 1}` or `#!json {"key": 2}`. To reject duplicate keys instead of silently resolving them one way or another, see [this parsing recipe](../parsing/parser_callbacks.md#recipe-rejecting-duplicate-object-keys).
+- When the names within an object are not unique, it is unspecified which one of the values for a given key will be chosen. For instance, `#!json {"key": 2, "key": 1}` could be equal to either `#!json {"key": 1}` or `#!json {"key": 2}`.
 - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the names. Objects will also be serialized (see `dump`) in this order. For instance, both `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored and serialized as `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
 - When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant. This makes objects interoperable in the sense that they will not be affected by these differences. For instance, `#!json {"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `#!json {"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/features/types/number_handling.md

@@ -63,10 +63,6 @@ In the default [`json`](../../api/json.md) type, numbers are stored as `#!c std:
 number without loss of precision. If this is impossible (e.g., if the number is too large), the number is stored as
 `#!c double`.
 
-Positive integers are stored as `#!c std::uint64_t`, while negative integers are stored as `#!c std::int64_t`. This
-distinction is determined at parse time: if the JSON number has a leading minus sign, it uses signed integer storage;
-otherwise, it uses unsigned integer storage.
-
 !!! info "Notes"
 
     - Numbers with a decimal digit or scientific notation are always stored as `#!c double`.

docs/mkdocs/docs/home/exceptions.md

@@ -326,9 +326,6 @@ An unexpected byte was read in a [binary format](../features/binary_formats/inde
     ```
     [json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 15: syntax error while parsing BSON binary: byte array length cannot be negative, is -1
     ```
-    ```
-    [json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: negative integer overflow
-    ```
 
 ### json.exception.parse_error.113
 
@@ -896,7 +893,7 @@ A JSON Patch `add` operation cannot be applied because the target location's par
 
 !!! note
 
-    This exception was added in version 3.13.0. Before that, this situation hit an internal assertion (aborting the program in debug builds) or was silently ignored when assertions were disabled.
+    This exception was added in version 3.12.x. Before that, this situation hit an internal assertion (aborting the program in debug builds) or was silently ignored when assertions were disabled.
 
 ## Further exceptions
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/home/faq.md

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ See [this section](../features/types/number_handling.md#number-serialization) on
     - Can I use `std::format("{}", j)` on a JSON value?
     - Can I use `fmt::format("{}", j)` or `fmt::print("{}", j)` (the [{fmt}](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt) library) on a JSON value?
 
-`std::format` works out of the box since version 3.13.0, as long as the standard library provides
+`std::format` works out of the box since version 3.12.x, as long as the standard library provides
 `<format>` (see [`JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT`](../api/macros/json_has_std_format.md)); see
 [`std::formatter<basic_json>`](../api/basic_json/std_formatter.md) for details, including the `#!cpp "{:#}"`
 pretty-print spec, indent widths (`#!cpp "{:2}"`), and custom indent characters (`#!cpp "{:.>#}"`).

docs/mkdocs/docs/robots.txt

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-User-agent: *
-Allow: /
-
-Sitemap: https://json.nlohmann.me/sitemap.xml

docs/mkdocs/hooks/copy_markdown_source.py

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-"""Copy each documentation page's Markdown source into the built site."""
-
-# Creates a `<path>.md` sibling of each HTML output (for example,
-# `features/comments/` becomes `features/comments.md`) so agents and tools can
-# fetch the raw Markdown directly instead of parsing rendered HTML.
-
-import os
-import shutil
-
-_pages = []
-
-
-def on_files(files, config):
-    global _pages
-    _pages = [f for f in files if f.is_documentation_page()]
-    return files
-
-
-def on_post_build(config):
-    site_dir = config["site_dir"]
-    for file in _pages:
-        url = file.url.rstrip("/")
-        target = os.path.join(site_dir, (url or "index") + ".md")
-        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(target), exist_ok=True)
-        shutil.copyfile(file.abs_src_path, target)

docs/mkdocs/mkdocs.yml

@@ -367,9 +367,6 @@ markdown_extensions:
       auto_append:
         - ../includes/glossary.md
 
-hooks:
-  - hooks/copy_markdown_source.py
-
 plugins:
   - search:
       separator: '[\s\-\.]'
@@ -392,33 +389,6 @@ plugins:
         - https://nlohmann.github.io/json/*
         - mailto:*
   - privacy
-  - llmstxt:
-      markdown_description: >
-        JSON for Modern C++ is a C++11 header-only library implementing a JSON
-        value type with an STL-like API, JSON Pointer/Patch, CBOR/MessagePack/
-        BSON/UBJSON/BJData binary format support, and a SAX-style parser interface.
-      sections:
-        Home:
-          - index.md
-          - home/*.md
-        Features:
-          - features/*.md
-          - features/binary_formats/*.md
-          - features/element_access/*.md
-          - features/parsing/*.md
-          - features/types/*.md
-        Integration:
-          - integration/*.md
-        API Documentation:
-          - api/*.md
-          - api/basic_json/*.md
-          - api/adl_serializer/*.md
-          - api/byte_container_with_subtype/*.md
-          - api/json_pointer/*.md
-          - api/json_sax/*.md
-          - api/macros/*.md
-        Community:
-          - community/*.md
 
 extra_css:
   - css/custom.css

docs/mkdocs/requirements.txt

@@ -7,6 +7,5 @@ mkdocs-material-extensions==1.3.1                   # extensions
 mkdocs-minify-plugin==0.8.0                         # plugin "minify"
 mkdocs-redirects==1.2.3                             # plugin "redirects"
 mkdocs-htmlproofer-plugin==1.5.0                    # plugin "htmlproofer"
-mkdocs-llmstxt==0.5.0                               # plugin "llmstxt"
 
 PyYAML==6.0.3                                       # linter

include/nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class wide_string_input_adapter
 
     // parsing binary with wchar doesn't make sense, but since the parsing mode can be runtime, we need something here
     template<class T>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN std::size_t get_elements(T* /*dest*/, std::size_t /*count*/ = 1)
+    std::size_t get_elements(T* /*dest*/, std::size_t /*count*/ = 1)
     {
         JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(112, 1, "wide string type cannot be interpreted as binary data", nullptr));
     }

include/nlohmann/detail/macro_scope.hpp

@@ -146,11 +146,6 @@
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
     #elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && _LIBCPP_VERSION < 160000
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
-        // nvcc CUDA 12.0/12.1 chokes on the enable_borrowed_range variable-template
-        // syntax when compiling as CUDA source; fixed in CUDA 12.2 (issue #3907)
-    #elif defined(__CUDACC__) && defined(__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__) && __CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ == 12 \
-        && defined(__CUDACC_VER_MINOR__) && (__CUDACC_VER_MINOR__ == 0 || __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__ == 1)
-        #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
     #elif defined(__cpp_lib_ranges)
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 1
     #else

include/nlohmann/detail/output/serializer.hpp

@@ -465,12 +465,18 @@ class serializer
                             {
                                 if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF)
                                 {
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint));
+                                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
+                                    static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 7, "\\u%04x",
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint)));
+                                    bytes += 6;
                                 }
                                 else
                                 {
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)));
+                                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu)));
+                                    static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 13, "\\u%04x\\u%04x",
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)),
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu))));
+                                    bytes += 12;
                                 }
                             }
                             else
@@ -677,32 +683,6 @@ class serializer
         return result;
     }
 
-    /*!
-     * @brief write a lowercase "\uXXXX" escape sequence into @a string_buffer
-     *
-     * Branch-free replacement for `snprintf(buf, 7, "\\u%04x", codeunit)` in the
-     * string escaping hot path. It writes exactly six characters ('\\', 'u' and
-     * four hex digits) at position @a pos of @a string_buffer via a nibble
-     * lookup table, avoiding the format-string parsing and locale machinery of
-     * `snprintf`. Advances @a pos by the number of bytes written (6).
-     *
-     * @param[in] pos       position in @a string_buffer to write at; there must
-     *                      be at least 6 bytes of headroom
-     * @param[in] codeunit  16-bit value to encode
-     */
-    void write_u_escape(std::size_t& pos, std::uint16_t codeunit) noexcept
-    {
-        JSON_ASSERT(string_buffer.size() - pos >= 6);
-        constexpr const char* nibble_to_hex = "0123456789abcdef";
-        string_buffer[pos + 0] = '\\';
-        string_buffer[pos + 1] = 'u';
-        string_buffer[pos + 2] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 12u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 3] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 8u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 4] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 4u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 5] = nibble_to_hex[codeunit & 0x0Fu];
-        pos += 6;
-    }
-
     // templates to avoid warnings about useless casts
     template <typename NumberType, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<NumberType>::value, int> = 0>
     bool is_negative_number(NumberType x)

include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -3776,6 +3776,17 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         return *this == basic_json(rhs);
     }
 
+    /// @brief comparison: not equal
+    /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
+    bool operator!=(const_reference rhs) const noexcept
+    {
+        if (compares_unordered(rhs, true))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return !operator==(rhs);
+    }
+
     /// @brief comparison: 3-way
     /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_spaceship/
     std::partial_ordering operator<=>(const_reference rhs) const noexcept // *NOPAD*
@@ -3881,6 +3892,10 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
     /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
     friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
     {
+        if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs, true))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
         return !(lhs == rhs);
     }
 

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -2520,11 +2520,6 @@ JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
     #elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && _LIBCPP_VERSION < 160000
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
-        // nvcc CUDA 12.0/12.1 chokes on the enable_borrowed_range variable-template
-        // syntax when compiling as CUDA source; fixed in CUDA 12.2 (issue #3907)
-    #elif defined(__CUDACC__) && defined(__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__) && __CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ == 12 \
-        && defined(__CUDACC_VER_MINOR__) && (__CUDACC_VER_MINOR__ == 0 || __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__ == 1)
-        #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 0
     #elif defined(__cpp_lib_ranges)
         #define JSON_HAS_RANGES 1
     #else
@@ -7267,7 +7262,7 @@ class wide_string_input_adapter
 
     // parsing binary with wchar doesn't make sense, but since the parsing mode can be runtime, we need something here
     template<class T>
-    JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN std::size_t get_elements(T* /*dest*/, std::size_t /*count*/ = 1)
+    std::size_t get_elements(T* /*dest*/, std::size_t /*count*/ = 1)
     {
         JSON_THROW(parse_error::create(112, 1, "wide string type cannot be interpreted as binary data", nullptr));
     }
@@ -19967,12 +19962,18 @@ class serializer
                             {
                                 if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF)
                                 {
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint));
+                                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
+                                    static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 7, "\\u%04x",
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(codepoint)));
+                                    bytes += 6;
                                 }
                                 else
                                 {
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)));
+                                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,hicpp-vararg)
-                                    write_u_escape(bytes, static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu)));
+                                    static_cast<void>((std::snprintf)(string_buffer.data() + bytes, 13, "\\u%04x\\u%04x",
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xD7C0u + (codepoint >> 10u)),
+                                                                      static_cast<std::uint16_t>(0xDC00u + (codepoint & 0x3FFu))));
+                                    bytes += 12;
                                 }
                             }
                             else
@@ -20179,32 +20180,6 @@ class serializer
         return result;
     }
 
-    /*!
-     * @brief write a lowercase "\uXXXX" escape sequence into @a string_buffer
-     *
-     * Branch-free replacement for `snprintf(buf, 7, "\\u%04x", codeunit)` in the
-     * string escaping hot path. It writes exactly six characters ('\\', 'u' and
-     * four hex digits) at position @a pos of @a string_buffer via a nibble
-     * lookup table, avoiding the format-string parsing and locale machinery of
-     * `snprintf`. Advances @a pos by the number of bytes written (6).
-     *
-     * @param[in] pos       position in @a string_buffer to write at; there must
-     *                      be at least 6 bytes of headroom
-     * @param[in] codeunit  16-bit value to encode
-     */
-    void write_u_escape(std::size_t& pos, std::uint16_t codeunit) noexcept
-    {
-        JSON_ASSERT(string_buffer.size() - pos >= 6);
-        constexpr const char* nibble_to_hex = "0123456789abcdef";
-        string_buffer[pos + 0] = '\\';
-        string_buffer[pos + 1] = 'u';
-        string_buffer[pos + 2] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 12u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 3] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 8u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 4] = nibble_to_hex[(codeunit >> 4u) & 0x0Fu];
-        string_buffer[pos + 5] = nibble_to_hex[codeunit & 0x0Fu];
-        pos += 6;
-    }
-
     // templates to avoid warnings about useless casts
     template <typename NumberType, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<NumberType>::value, int> = 0>
     bool is_negative_number(NumberType x)
@@ -24627,6 +24602,17 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
         return *this == basic_json(rhs);
     }
 
+    /// @brief comparison: not equal
+    /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
+    bool operator!=(const_reference rhs) const noexcept
+    {
+        if (compares_unordered(rhs, true))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return !operator==(rhs);
+    }
+
     /// @brief comparison: 3-way
     /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_spaceship/
     std::partial_ordering operator<=>(const_reference rhs) const noexcept // *NOPAD*
@@ -24732,6 +24718,10 @@ class basic_json // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,hicpp-spec
     /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator_ne/
     friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
     {
+        if (compares_unordered(lhs, rhs, true))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
         return !(lhs == rhs);
     }
 

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -68,11 +68,7 @@ target_compile_options(test_main PUBLIC
     #       Disable warning C4566: character represented by universal-character-name '\uFF01'
     #                              cannot be represented in the current code page (1252)
     #       Disable warning C4996: 'nlohmann::basic_json<...>::operator <<': was declared deprecated
-    #       Disable warning C4702: unreachable code; wide_string_input_adapter::get_elements()
+    $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>:/W4;/wd4566;/wd4996;$<$<CONFIG:Release>:/wd4702>>
-    #                              is annotated JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN (it always throws), which
-    #                              makes MSVC flag the code following its call in binary_reader.hpp
-    #                              as unreachable for that instantiation, in both Debug and Release
-    $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>:/W4;/wd4566;/wd4996;/wd4702>
     # https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1114
     $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:MSVC>:/bigobj> $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:-Wa,-mbig-obj>
 

tests/cuda_example/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,18 +3,7 @@ project(json_cuda LANGUAGES CUDA)
 
 add_executable(json_cuda json_cuda.cu)
 target_include_directories(json_cuda PRIVATE ../../include)
-
+target_compile_features(json_cuda PUBLIC cuda_std_11)
-# nvcc added C++20 support in CUDA 12.0 and C++17 in CUDA 11.0; pick the
-# newest standard the detected compiler actually supports (see #3907)
-# instead of hard-requiring one standard for every CUDA version.
-if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 12.0)
-    set(json_cuda_std 20)
-elseif(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 11.0)
-    set(json_cuda_std 17)
-else()
-    set(json_cuda_std 11)
-endif()
-target_compile_features(json_cuda PUBLIC cuda_std_${json_cuda_std})
 set_target_properties(json_cuda PROPERTIES
     CUDA_EXTENSIONS OFF
     CUDA_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON

tests/cuda_example/json_cuda.cu

@@ -16,20 +16,4 @@ int main()
     // regression for #3013 (ordered_json::reset() compile error with nvcc)
     nlohmann::ordered_json metadata;
     metadata.erase("key");
-
-    // exercise comparisons (operator==/operator<=>, gated by
-    // JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON, independent of JSON_HAS_RANGES) and
-    // range-based iteration (exercises iteration_proxy/ranges machinery
-    // beyond just the enable_borrowed_range specialization) — see #3907
-    nlohmann::json a = {1, 2, 3};
-    nlohmann::json b = {1, 2, 3};
-    static_cast<void>(a == b);
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-    static_cast<void>(a <=> b); // *NOPAD*
-    static_cast<void>(a <=> 1); // *NOPAD*
-#endif
-    for (const auto& element : a)
-    {
-        static_cast<void>(element);
-    }
 }

tests/src/unit-algorithms.cpp

@@ -232,9 +232,6 @@ TEST_CASE("algorithms")
             // only the first four elements are expected to be sorted, the rest are
             // unspecified by the standard
             const json expected({nullptr, false, true, 3});
-            // std::equal below only bounds-checks the first range; assert the
-            // second range is at least as long to rule out an over-read (CWE-126)
-            CHECK(std::distance(begin(expected), end(expected)) >= 4);
             CHECK(std::equal(j.begin(), j.begin() + 4, begin(expected)));
         }
     }

tests/src/unit-allocator.cpp

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct bad_allocator : std::allocator<T>
     template<class U> bad_allocator(const bad_allocator<U>& /*unused*/) { }
 
     template<class... Args>
-    [[noreturn]] void construct(T* /*unused*/, Args&& ... /*unused*/) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
+    void construct(T* /*unused*/, Args&& ... /*unused*/) // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
     {
         throw std::bad_alloc();
     }

tests/src/unit-alt-string.cpp

@@ -322,12 +322,14 @@ TEST_CASE("alternative string type")
 
     SECTION("JSON pointer")
     {
-        // Direct conversion from a json literal to alt_json is not supported due to issue #3425:
+        // conversion from json to alt_json fails to compile (see #3425);
-        // alt_json's string_t (alt_string) is not directly constructible from std::string, so the
+        // attempted fix(*) produces: [[['b','a','r'],['b','a','z']]] (with each char being an integer)
-        // cross-basic_json conversion falls back to the array-conversion path, incorrectly representing
+        // (*) disable implicit conversion for json_refs of any basic_json type
-        // objects as arrays of [key, value] pairs and strings as arrays of character codes.
+        // alt_json j = R"(
-        // See https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/3425 for details.
+        // {
-        // Workaround: use alt_json::parse() instead of implicit conversion.
+        //     "foo": ["bar", "baz"]
+        // }
+        // )"_json;
         auto j = alt_json::parse(R"({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})");
 
         CHECK(j.at(alt_json::json_pointer("/foo/0")) == j["foo"][0]);

tests/src/unit-comparison.cpp

@@ -369,7 +369,6 @@ TEST_CASE("lexicographical comparison operators")
         SECTION("comparison: not equal")
         {
             // check that two values compare unequal as expected
-            // operator!= now means exactly !(a==b) without special cases for NaN/discarded
             for (size_t i = 0; i < j_values.size(); ++i)
             {
                 for (size_t j = 0; j < j_values.size(); ++j)
@@ -377,12 +376,25 @@ TEST_CASE("lexicographical comparison operators")
                     CAPTURE(i)
                     CAPTURE(j)
 
-                    CHECK((j_values[i] != j_values[j]) == !(j_values[i] == j_values[j]));
+                    if (json::compares_unordered(j_values[i], j_values[j], true))
+                    {
+                        // if two values compare unordered,
+                        // check that the boolean comparison result is always false
+                        CHECK_FALSE(j_values[i] != j_values[j]);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // otherwise, check that they compare according to their definition
+                        // as the inverse of equal
+                        CHECK((j_values[i] != j_values[j]) == !(j_values[i] == j_values[j]));
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
             // compare with null pointer
             const json j_null;
+            CHECK((j_null != nullptr) == false);
+            CHECK((nullptr != j_null) == false);
             CHECK((j_null != nullptr) == !(j_null == nullptr));
             CHECK((nullptr != j_null) == !(nullptr == j_null));
         }
@@ -582,34 +594,3 @@ TEST_CASE("lexicographical comparison operators")
     }
 #endif
 }
-
-#if JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON
-// JSON_HAS_CPP_20 (do not remove; see note at top of file)
-
-TEST_CASE("regression #3868 - heterogeneous comparisons compile under C++20 (P2468R2)")
-{
-    // Issue #3868: operator!= was preventing compiler from synthesizing reversed
-    // operator== candidates under C++20's P2468R2 rewritten candidate rules.
-    // Verify that heterogeneous comparisons now work.
-
-    SECTION("string vs json")
-    {
-        std::string s = "string";
-        json j = "string";
-        CHECK(s == j);
-        CHECK(j == s);
-        CHECK_FALSE(s != j);
-        CHECK_FALSE(j != s);
-    }
-
-    SECTION("other heterogeneous types")
-    {
-        int i = 42;
-        json j = 42;
-        CHECK(i == j);
-        CHECK(j == i);
-        CHECK_FALSE(i != j);
-        CHECK_FALSE(j != i);
-    }
-}
-#endif

tests/src/unit-constructor1.cpp

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ TEST_CASE("constructors")
             const auto t = j.get<std::tuple<int, float, std::string>>();
             CHECK(std::get<0>(t) == j[0]);
             CHECK(std::get<1>(t) == j[1]);
-            CHECK(std::get<2>(t) == j[2]);
+            // CHECK(std::get<2>(t) == j[2]); // commented out due to CI issue, see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/3985 and https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/4025
         }
 
         SECTION("std::tuple tie")

tests/src/unit-convenience.cpp

@@ -168,32 +168,6 @@ TEST_CASE("convenience functions")
         CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(check_escaped("\xC2"), "[json.exception.type_error.316] incomplete UTF-8 string; last byte: 0xC2", json::type_error&);
     }
 
-    SECTION("string escape with ensure_ascii")
-    {
-        // control characters are escaped regardless of ensure_ascii
-        check_escaped("\x01", "\\u0001", true);
-        check_escaped("\x1f", "\\u001f", true);
-
-        // non-ASCII code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane are emitted as
-        // a single lowercase \uXXXX escape (exercises every nibble position)
-        check_escaped("\xC2\x80", "\\u0080", true);         // U+0080
-        check_escaped("\xC3\xBF", "\\u00ff", true);         // U+00FF (ÿ)
-        check_escaped("\xDF\xBF", "\\u07ff", true);         // U+07FF
-        check_escaped("\xE4\xBD\xA0", "\\u4f60", true);     // U+4F60 (你)
-        check_escaped("\xEA\xAF\x8D", "\\uabcd", true);     // U+ABCD
-        check_escaped("\xEF\xBF\xBD", "\\ufffd", true);     // U+FFFD (replacement char, all-f nibbles)
-
-        // code points outside the BMP are emitted as a UTF-16 surrogate pair
-        // of two lowercase \uXXXX escapes
-        check_escaped("\xF0\x90\x80\x80", "\\ud800\\udc00", true); // U+10000 (lowest astral)
-        check_escaped("\xF0\x9F\x98\x80", "\\ud83d\\ude00", true); // U+1F600 (😀)
-        check_escaped("\xF4\x8F\xBF\xBF", "\\udbff\\udfff", true); // U+10FFFF (highest code point)
-
-        // with ensure_ascii disabled, non-ASCII input is passed through verbatim
-        check_escaped("\xE4\xBD\xA0", "\xE4\xBD\xA0", false);
-        check_escaped("\xF0\x9F\x98\x80", "\xF0\x9F\x98\x80", false);
-    }
-
     SECTION("string concat")
     {
         using nlohmann::detail::concat;

tests/src/unit-conversions.cpp

@@ -1761,27 +1761,16 @@ TEST_CASE("std::filesystem::path")
 }
 #endif
 
+#if !JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS
 TEST_CASE("std::optional")
 {
     SECTION("null")
     {
-        const json j_null;
+        json j_null;
-        const std::optional<std::string> opt_null;
+        std::optional<std::string> opt_null;
 
         CHECK(json(opt_null) == j_null);
         CHECK(j_null.get<std::optional<std::string>>() == std::nullopt);
-
-        // Constructing std::optional<T> directly from JSON null throws because
-        // std::optional's own converting constructor is chosen over basic_json's
-        // operator T(). This is a language-level limitation (std::optional<T> is
-        // constructible from T, and T is constructible from basic_json via the
-        // operator); there is no SFINAE path that distinguishes "call from inside
-        // std::optional's constructor" from "direct call". Use get<std::optional<T>>()
-        // or get_to() instead for correct null handling. See #4864 and #5246.
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(std::optional<std::string>(j_null),
-                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be string, but is null", json::type_error&);
-        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(std::optional<int>(j_null),
-                             "[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be number, but is null", json::type_error&);
     }
 
     SECTION("string")
@@ -1830,6 +1819,7 @@ TEST_CASE("std::optional")
     }
 }
 #endif
+#endif
 
 #ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
     #undef JSON_HAS_CPP_17

tests/src/unit-iterators2.cpp

@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ TEST_CASE("iterators 2")
                 json j_expected{5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
 
                 auto reversed = j | std::views::reverse;
-                CHECK(reversed == j_expected);
+                CHECK(std::ranges::equal(reversed, j_expected));
             }
 
             SECTION("transform")