Make basic_json::insert() provide its documented strong exception guarantee (#5986)

A failed allocation while the new elements were copied left the value
changed, and with JSON_DIAGNOSTICS stale parent pointers behind. The
extra work now happens almost only on the failure path:

- Array insert(pos, cnt, val) and insert(pos, first, last) append the
  copies at the end and rotate them into place. If a copy throws, the
  appended elements are erased again (noexcept) and the parents are set.
  Moving a basic_json cannot throw, so reallocation is safe. This is no
  slower than vector::insert (faster for numbers), needs no temporary
  array, and keeps the elements that libstdc++ lost on reallocation.
- Array insert(pos, val) copies a non-scalar value first and inserts it
  by move, except at the end, where vector::insert is strong. Scalars
  keep the direct path.
- The object range insert(first, last) into an empty object uses the
  container's own range insertion and clears the object on an exception.
  Into a non-empty object it inserts member by member and logs one bit
  per source member (a new member is detected by the size change; no
  allocation for the first 256 members); on an exception the members
  added are erased by walking the source range. No assumption that
  key_type is string_t.
- The parents are set when a failed insertion is undone.

The regression test fails every allocation of every insert() overload in
turn, for json and ordered_json, and checks the value and its parents.

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -42727,9 +42727,83 @@ public:
         return result;
     }
 
-    /// @brief inserts element into array
-    /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
-    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& val) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+  private:
+    /// whether copying a value cannot throw: the types whose copy allocates nothing
+    /// (a mask of the types, tested with one shift)
+    static bool copy_cannot_throw(const basic_json& v) noexcept
+    {
+        constexpr unsigned scalar_types = (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::null)) |
+                                          (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::boolean)) |
+                                          (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::number_integer)) |
+                                          (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::number_unsigned)) |
+                                          (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::number_float)) |
+                                          (1U << static_cast<unsigned>(value_t::discarded));
+        return ((1U << static_cast<unsigned>(v.m_data.m_type)) & scalar_types) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /// Undoes an array insertion that did not complete: erases the elements
+    /// appended at the end and sets the parents, which the container may have
+    /// left stale when it reallocated. Does nothing on the success path but
+    /// setting the parents.
+    class array_append_rollback
+    {
+      public:
+        array_append_rollback(basic_json* v, std::size_t old_size) noexcept
+            : m_value(v), m_old_size(old_size) {}
+        array_append_rollback(const array_append_rollback&) = delete;
+        array_append_rollback& operator=(const array_append_rollback&) = delete;
+
+        void commit() noexcept
+        {
+            m_committed = true;
+        }
+
+        ~array_append_rollback()
+        {
+            if (!m_committed)
+            {
+                auto& arr = *m_value->m_data.m_value.array;
+                arr.erase(arr.begin() + static_cast<typename array_t::difference_type>(m_old_size), arr.end());
+            }
+            m_value->set_parents();
+        }
+
+      private:
+        basic_json* m_value;
+        std::size_t m_old_size;
+        bool m_committed = false;
+    };
+
+    /// Inserts the elements that fill() appends to the array at pos. Copying
+    /// elements into the middle of a vector (vector::insert) leaves the array
+    /// changed when a copy throws. Appending is safe (elements are moved on
+    /// reallocation, and moving a basic_json cannot throw): if fill() throws,
+    /// the appended elements are erased again; if it succeeds, they are
+    /// rotated into place, which cannot throw either.
+    template<typename Fill>
+    iterator insert_by_appending(const const_iterator& pos, Fill fill)
+    {
+        JSON_ASSERT(m_data.m_value.array != nullptr);
+        auto& arr = *m_data.m_value.array;
+        const auto old_size = arr.size();
+        const auto insert_pos = std::distance(arr.begin(), pos.m_it.array_iterator);
+
+        array_append_rollback rollback(this, old_size);
+        fill(arr);
+        if (static_cast<std::size_t>(insert_pos) != old_size)
+        {
+            std::rotate(arr.begin() + insert_pos, arr.begin() + static_cast<typename array_t::difference_type>(old_size), arr.end());
+        }
+        rollback.commit();
+
+        iterator result(this);
+        result.m_it.array_iterator = arr.begin() + insert_pos;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /// inserts a copy of val after checking the arguments; copy before the array is touched
+    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
+    iterator insert_checked(const const_iterator& pos, const basic_json& val)
     {
         // insert only works for arrays
         if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array()))
@@ -42743,7 +42817,187 @@ public:
             throw_iterator_from_other_value(this);
         }
 
-        // insert to array and return iterator
+        basic_json tmp(val);
+        return insert_iterator(pos, std::move(tmp));
+    }
+
+    /// inserts cnt copies of val after checking the arguments
+    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
+    iterator insert_checked(const const_iterator& pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json& val)
+    {
+        // insert only works for arrays
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array()))
+        {
+            throw_insert_wrong_type(*this);
+        }
+
+        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
+        {
+            throw_iterator_from_other_value(this);
+        }
+
+        if (copy_cannot_throw(val))
+        {
+            return insert_iterator(pos, cnt, val);
+        }
+
+        return insert_by_appending(pos, [cnt, &val](array_t& arr)
+        {
+            // no reserve(): val may refer to an element of this array
+            for (size_type i = 0; i < cnt; ++i)
+            {
+                arr.push_back(val);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// inserts copies of the elements of the array range [first, last); appending
+    /// them is no slower than vector::insert, also for numbers, so no type check
+    template<typename ArrayIterator>
+    JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE
+    iterator insert_range(const_iterator pos, ArrayIterator first, ArrayIterator last) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+    {
+        return insert_by_appending(pos, [first, last](array_t& arr)
+        {
+            detail::reserve_array(arr, arr.size() + static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(first, last)), detail::priority_tag<1> {});
+            for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it)
+            {
+                arr.push_back(*it);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// inserts member v at the end of the object, with a hint where the container takes one
+    template<typename Object>
+    static auto insert_member(Object& o, const typename Object::value_type& v, detail::priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
+    -> decltype(o.insert(o.end(), v), void())
+    {
+        o.insert(o.end(), v);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Object>
+    static void insert_member(Object& o, const typename Object::value_type& v, detail::priority_tag<0> /*unused*/)
+    {
+        o.insert(v);
+    }
+
+    /// Undoes an object range insertion into an empty object that did not
+    /// complete: all members present were added by it, so clear the object.
+    class object_clear_on_failure
+    {
+      public:
+        explicit object_clear_on_failure(basic_json* v) noexcept : m_value(v) {}
+        object_clear_on_failure(const object_clear_on_failure&) = delete;
+        object_clear_on_failure& operator=(const object_clear_on_failure&) = delete;
+
+        void commit() noexcept
+        {
+            m_committed = true;
+        }
+
+        ~object_clear_on_failure()
+        {
+            if (!m_committed)
+            {
+                m_value->m_data.m_value.object->clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+      private:
+        basic_json* m_value;
+        bool m_committed = false;
+    };
+
+    /// Undoes an object range insertion that did not complete: erases the
+    /// members it added, then sets the parents. Which members were added is
+    /// remembered as one bit per source member (no allocation for the first
+    /// 256 members), so the happy path costs a size comparison per member.
+    template<typename SourceIterator>
+    class object_insert_rollback
+    {
+public:
+        object_insert_rollback(basic_json* v, SourceIterator first) : m_value(v), m_first(first) {}
+        object_insert_rollback(const object_insert_rollback&) = delete;
+        object_insert_rollback& operator=(const object_insert_rollback&) = delete;
+
+        /// call before each run of up to 64 members is inserted; may throw, which leaves the log complete
+        void start_chunk()
+        {
+            if (m_count != 0)
+            {
+                if (m_flushed < inline_words)
+                {
+                    m_inline[m_flushed] = m_word;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_more.push_back(m_word);
+                }
+                ++m_flushed;
+                m_word = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// call after a member was inserted (or found to exist)
+        void record(bool added) noexcept
+        {
+            m_word |= static_cast<std::uint64_t>(added) << (m_count % 64);
+            ++m_count;
+        }
+
+        void commit() noexcept
+        {
+            m_committed = true;
+        }
+
+        ~object_insert_rollback()
+        {
+            if (!m_committed)
+            {
+                auto& object = *m_value->m_data.m_value.object;
+                auto it = m_first;
+                for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m_count; ++i, ++it)
+                {
+                    const std::size_t chunk = i / 64;
+                    const std::uint64_t word = chunk >= m_flushed ? m_word : (chunk < inline_words ? m_inline[chunk] : m_more[chunk - inline_words]);
+                    if (((word >> (i % 64)) & 1U) != 0)
+                    {
+                        object.erase(it->first);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            m_value->set_parents();
+        }
+
+private:
+        static constexpr std::size_t inline_words = 4;
+
+        basic_json* m_value;
+        SourceIterator m_first;
+        bool m_committed = false;
+        std::size_t m_count = 0;
+        std::size_t m_flushed = 0;
+        std::uint64_t m_word = 0;
+        std::uint64_t m_inline[inline_words] {};
+        std::vector<std::uint64_t> m_more {};
+    };
+
+  public:
+    /// @brief inserts element into array
+    /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
+    iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& val) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
+    {
+        // The common cases are inlined: an array, a fitting iterator, and either
+        // a value whose copy cannot throw or the end position (vector::insert
+        // has no effects on failure there). Everything else, including the
+        // exceptions, is out of line.
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array() || pos.m_object != this ||
+                                 (!copy_cannot_throw(val) && pos.m_it.array_iterator != m_data.m_value.array->end())))
+        {
+            return insert_checked(pos, val);
+        }
+
         return insert_iterator(pos, val);
     }
 
@@ -42773,19 +43027,12 @@ public:
     /// @sa https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/
     iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json& val) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
     {
-        // insert only works for arrays
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array()))
+        // see the single-element overload
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!is_array() || pos.m_object != this || !copy_cannot_throw(val)))
         {
-            throw_insert_wrong_type(*this);
+            return insert_checked(pos, cnt, val);
         }
 
-        // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
-        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(pos.m_object != this))
-        {
-            throw_iterator_from_other_value(this);
-        }
-
-        // insert to array and return iterator
         return insert_iterator(pos, cnt, val);
     }
 
@@ -42822,8 +43069,7 @@ public:
             detail::throw_literal<invalid_iterator>(detail::exception_id::iterator_from_other_value, "iterators first and last must point to arrays", this);
         }
 
-        // insert to array and return iterator
-        return insert_iterator(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
+        return insert_range(pos, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
     }
 
     /// @brief inserts elements from initializer list into array
@@ -42876,8 +43122,34 @@ public:
             detail::throw_literal<invalid_iterator>(detail::exception_id::iterator_from_other_value, "iterators first and last must point to objects", this);
         }
 
-        m_data.m_value.object->insert(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
-        set_parents();
+        // Strong exception safety: range insertion into the container offers
+        // only the basic guarantee, so insert member by member (as the
+        // container does) and, if one insertion throws, erase the members this
+        // call added.
+        auto& object = *m_data.m_value.object;
+        if (object.empty())
+        {
+            // all members are new, so the container's own (faster) range
+            // insertion can be used, and a failure leaves only new members
+            object_clear_on_failure clear_on_failure(this);
+            object.insert(first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
+            clear_on_failure.commit();
+            set_parents();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        object_insert_rollback<decltype(first.m_it.object_iterator)> rollback(this, first.m_it.object_iterator);
+        for (auto it = first.m_it.object_iterator; it != last.m_it.object_iterator;)
+        {
+            rollback.start_chunk();
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 64 && it != last.m_it.object_iterator; ++i, ++it)
+            {
+                const auto old_size = object.size();
+                insert_member(object, *it, detail::priority_tag<1> {});
+                rollback.record(object.size() != old_size);
+            }
+        }
+        rollback.commit();
     }
 
     /// @brief updates a JSON object from another object, overwriting existing keys