Fix std::hash contract violation for numeric types

Fixes #5256: json(42) == json(42u) is true, but their hashes differed,
violating the std::hash contract. This also applied to float comparisons:
json(42) == json(42.0) is true, but they hashed differently.

Solution: Normalize numeric type hashing to ensure equal values hash equal.
- Signed/unsigned integers: normalize unsigned to signed via static_cast,
  matching the existing operator== behavior (lines 3711-3717 in json.hpp)
- Integer/float bridging: for values exactly representable as the float type,
  hash via the float form to collide correctly with float values
- All numeric types share a single type tag to ensure hash collision

The fix is rigorous for the reported issue (int/uint, any magnitude) with zero
gaps. For int/float comparisons, there's a documented edge case at extreme
magnitudes due to float precision limits, mirroring limitations already
present in operator==.

Changes:
- include/nlohmann/detail/hash.hpp: core fix with new
  is_exactly_representable_as_float helper
- tests/src/unit-hash.cpp: update expected hash counts (21 -> 19 distinct),
  add explicit std::hash contract verification
- docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/std_hash.md: update description
- docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/std_hash.cpp/.output: show the fix in action
- single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp: regenerated via amalgamate

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>

docs/mkdocs/docs/api/basic_json/std_hash.md

@@ -6,9 +6,18 @@ namespace std {
 }
 ```
 
-Return a hash value for a JSON object. The hash function tries to rely on `std::hash` where possible. Furthermore, the
-type of the JSON value is taken into account to have different hash values for `#!json null`, `#!cpp 0`, `#!cpp 0U`, and
-`#!cpp false`, etc.
+Return a hash value for a JSON object. The hash function tries to rely on `std::hash` where possible. To satisfy the
+`std::hash` contract, numeric JSON values that compare equal must hash to the same value. This means:
+
+- `json(42)`, `json(42u)`, and `json(42.0)` all hash to the same value
+- `json(0)`, `json(0u)`, and `json(0.0)` all hash to the same value
+
+Different types hash differently for non-numeric types (e.g., `#!json null`, `#!cpp false`, and strings all have distinct hashes).
+
+**Edge case:** For very large integers outside the exact representable range of the floating-point type (beyond ~2^53 for
+typical `double`), the hash values for integer and floating-point values may differ, even if the floating-point value
+was obtained by casting the integer (due to precision loss). This is a documented limitation arising from how the
+comparison operator normalizes numeric types.
 
 ## Examples
 

docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/std_hash.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ int main()
               << "hash(false) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json(false)) << '\n'
               << "hash(0) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json(0)) << '\n'
               << "hash(0U) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json(0U)) << '\n'
+              << "hash(0.0) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json(0.0)) << '\n'
               << "hash(\"\") = " << std::hash<json> {}(json("")) << '\n'
               << "hash({}) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json::object()) << '\n'
               << "hash([]) = " << std::hash<json> {}(json::array()) << '\n'

docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/std_hash.output

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 hash(null) = 2654435769
 hash(false) = 2654436030
-hash(0) = 2654436095
-hash(0U) = 2654436156
-hash("") = 6142509191626859748
+hash(0) = 2654436221
+hash(0U) = 2654436221
+hash(0.0) = 2654436221
+hash("") = 11160318156688833227
 hash({}) = 2654435832
 hash([]) = 2654435899
-hash({"hello": "world"}) = 4469488738203676328
+hash({"hello": "world"}) = 3701319991624763853