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</code></pre></div> <p>When defined to <code>1</code>, the <code>error_handler</code> parameter of the binary writers <a href=../../basic_json/to_cbor/ ><code>to_cbor</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/to_ubjson/ ><code>to_ubjson</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/to_bjdata/ ><code>to_bjdata</code></a>, and <a href=../../basic_json/to_bson/ ><code>to_bson</code></a> defaults to <a href=../../basic_json/error_handler_t/ ><code>error_handler_t::strict</code></a> instead of <code>error_handler_t::keep</code>. These writers then check every string value and object key for valid <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 and throw <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptiontype_error316><code>type_error.316</code></a> for ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, like <a href=../../basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a> does. Without it, they write the bytes unchanged. An <code>error_handler</code> passed explicitly always takes precedence.</p> <p>The macro does not affect:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_msgpack/ ><code>to_msgpack</code></a>: the MessagePack specification allows a <code>str</code> value to contain bytes that are not valid <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, so its <code>error_handler</code> always defaults to <code>keep</code>.</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bon8/ ><code>to_bon8</code></a>: <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr> always checks, because the <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 lead bytes mark where a string ends.</li> <li>The binary readers (<a href=../../basic_json/from_cbor/ ><code>from_cbor</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_msgpack/ ><code>from_msgpack</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_ubjson/ ><code>from_ubjson</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_bjdata/ ><code>from_bjdata</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_bson/ ><code>from_bson</code></a>): none of these formats requires a decoder to reject ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, so they always return the bytes unchanged.</li> </ul> <h2 id=default-definition>Default definition<a class=headerlink href=#default-definition title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The default value is <code>0</code> (disabled, the behavior of version 3.12.0 and earlier is preserved).</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#define JSON_STRICT_BINARY_UTF8 0</span>
<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_strict_binary_utf8/" rel="canonical"><link href=../json_skip_unsupported_compiler_check/ rel=prev><link href=../json_strict_nul_handling/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>JSON_STRICT_BINARY_UTF8 - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#json_strict_binary_utf8 class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../../.. title="JSON for Modern C++" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="JSON for Modern C++" data-md-component=logo> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON for Modern C++ </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_STRICT_BINARY_UTF8 </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo 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</code></pre></div> <p>When defined to <code>1</code>, the <code>error_handler</code> parameter of the binary writers <a href=../../basic_json/to_cbor/ ><code>to_cbor</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/to_ubjson/ ><code>to_ubjson</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/to_bjdata/ ><code>to_bjdata</code></a>, and <a href=../../basic_json/to_bson/ ><code>to_bson</code></a> defaults to <a href=../../basic_json/error_handler_t/ ><code>error_handler_t::strict</code></a> instead of <code>error_handler_t::keep</code>. These writers then check every string value and object key for valid <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 and throw <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptiontype_error316><code>type_error.316</code></a> for ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, like <a href=../../basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a> does. Without it, they write the bytes unchanged. An <code>error_handler</code> passed explicitly always takes precedence.</p> <p>The macro does not affect:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_msgpack/ ><code>to_msgpack</code></a>: the MessagePack specification allows a <code>str</code> value to contain bytes that are not valid <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, so its <code>error_handler</code> always defaults to <code>keep</code>.</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bon8/ ><code>to_bon8</code></a>: <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr> always checks, because the <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 lead bytes mark where a string ends.</li> <li>The binary readers (<a href=../../basic_json/from_cbor/ ><code>from_cbor</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_msgpack/ ><code>from_msgpack</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_ubjson/ ><code>from_ubjson</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_bjdata/ ><code>from_bjdata</code></a>, <a href=../../basic_json/from_bson/ ><code>from_bson</code></a>): none of these formats requires a decoder to reject ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, so by default they return the bytes unchanged (<code>error_handler_t::keep</code>), independent of this macro. Pass an <code>error_handler</code> argument explicitly to validate or sanitize the strings they read.</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/from_bon8/ ><code>from_bon8</code></a>: <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr> always validates, because the <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 lead bytes mark where a string ends.</li> </ul> <h2 id=default-definition>Default definition<a class=headerlink href=#default-definition title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The default value is <code>0</code> (disabled, the behavior of version 3.12.0 and earlier is preserved).</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#define JSON_STRICT_BINARY_UTF8 0</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=notes>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Background</p> <p><abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr>, and <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr> all require strings to be <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8. Up to version 3.12.0, the writers did not check this, so they could produce output that other decoders reject. Checking by default would break code that stores other encodings (for instance <abbr title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> 8859-1) in a string and only ever writes it to a binary format. You can pass <code>error_handler_t::strict</code> to each call, or use this macro to check by default ahead of version 4.0.0, where <code>strict</code> is planned to become the default (see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5529">#5529</a> and <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/5651">#5651</a>).</p> </div> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Opt-in only</p> <p>This macro must be defined <strong>before</strong> including <code>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</code>. Defining it after the include has no effect.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>ABI compatibility</p> <p>The value of this macro is encoded in the <a href=../../../features/namespace/ >namespace</a> (tag <code>_sbu8</code>), resulting in distinct symbol names. Translation units compiled with and without it can therefore be linked into the same program without One Definition Rule (ODR) violations, but they cannot exchange instances of library types.</p> </div> <h2 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <details class=example> <summary>Example: default behavior (macro not defined)</summary> <p>Without the macro, the bytes are written unchanged:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
<span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>auto</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>v</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>to_cbor</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"</span><span class=se>\xFF</span><span class=s>"</span><span class=p>));</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// throws type_error.316: invalid UTF-8 byte at index 0: 0xFF</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_cbor/ ><strong>to_cbor</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_ubjson/ ><strong>to_ubjson</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bjdata/ ><strong>to_bjdata</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bson/ ><strong>to_bson</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/error_handler_t/ ><strong>error_handler_t</strong></a> - how <a href=../../basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a> treats ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Planned to become the default (with the macro removed) in version 4.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 4, 2026 15:18:19 UTC">October 4, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_cbor/ ><strong>to_cbor</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_ubjson/ ><strong>to_ubjson</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bjdata/ ><strong>to_bjdata</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/to_bson/ ><strong>to_bson</strong></a> - create a <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr> serialization of a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value</li> <li><a href=../../basic_json/error_handler_t/ ><strong>error_handler_t</strong></a> - how <a href=../../basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a> treats ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Planned to become the default (with the macro removed) in version 4.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 11, 2026 06:21:51 UTC">October 11, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+2 -1
View File
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ The macro does not affect:
- [`to_msgpack`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_msgpack/index.md): the MessagePack specification allows a `str` value to contain bytes that are not valid UTF-8, so its `error_handler` always defaults to `keep`.
- [`to_bon8`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/to_bon8/index.md): BON8 always checks, because the UTF-8 lead bytes mark where a string ends.
- The binary readers ([`from_cbor`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_cbor/index.md), [`from_msgpack`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_msgpack/index.md), [`from_ubjson`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_ubjson/index.md), [`from_bjdata`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bjdata/index.md), [`from_bson`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bson/index.md)): none of these formats requires a decoder to reject ill-formed UTF-8, so they always return the bytes unchanged.
- The binary readers ([`from_cbor`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_cbor/index.md), [`from_msgpack`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_msgpack/index.md), [`from_ubjson`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_ubjson/index.md), [`from_bjdata`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bjdata/index.md), [`from_bson`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bson/index.md)): none of these formats requires a decoder to reject ill-formed UTF-8, so by default they return the bytes unchanged (`error_handler_t::keep`), independent of this macro. Pass an `error_handler` argument explicitly to validate or sanitize the strings they read.
- [`from_bon8`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/from_bon8/index.md): BON8 always validates, because the UTF-8 lead bytes mark where a string ends.
## Default definition